Plant Reproduction

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Plant Reproduction Do Now: Write in your notebooks what would happen if an Oyster farmer cut sea stars into pieces and threw them back into the ocean. Humans(animals) and Plants Plant Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Most plants Can be done from seeds, leaves, roots, stems, etc. Sexual Reproduction HOW? Reproductive Organs Female plants produce Egg Male plants produce Sperm Some plants can have BOTH of the reproductive organisms on it. Usually, when this happens the plant cannot create a zygote from itself. Plant Life Cycle Alternation of Generations: life cycle that involves both diploid and haploid stages. Two Stages 1. Gametophyte 2. Sporophyte Gametophyte Gametophyte stage: When the plant cells go through ____________ to produce spores. spores: unicellular haploid cells that divide to become multicellular Then the spores divide by _________ to form plant structures or an entire new plant. Sporophyte Sporophyte stage: fertilization – the joining of two haploid sex cells (sperm and egg). Cells are joined to restore the original number of chromosomes the ___________ number. Seedless Reproduction Do Now: What are the two stages of a plant’s life cycle and how do they differ? How can a plant reproduce without seeds? Spores The sporophyte stage of these plants produces haploid spores in the spore cases When the spore cases break open, spores are released and spread by wind and water Types of Seedless Plants Vascular Have tubelike cells that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant Nonvascular Do not have structures that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant Water and nutrients move from cell to cell Nonvascular Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Sporophyte stage of these plants is small Life Cycle of Moss Gametophyte: green, low growing masses of plant (produces sex cells) Sporophyte: brown stalks growing upwards, does not carry photosynthesis Spore Case: produces millions of spores Life Cycle of Moss 1. The zygote begins the sporophyte stage and develops into an embryo that grows into the stalk and capsule (spore case). 2. Meiosis occurs in the capsule and produces spores. When the spores fall to the ground, they can grow into mature gametophytes Life Cycle of Moss 3. Sex cells are produced in the reproductive structures of the male and female moss gametophytes 4. During heavy rain/dew, the sperm will swim to the egg and fertilization will occur. Vascular Seedless Plants Ferns, horsetails, club mosses. the gametophyte stage is small Life Cycle of Fern Fronds: Leaves Rhizone: underground stem that has Fronds on it, and grows roots that anchor and absorb water/nutrients Sporophytes make their own food through PHOTOSYNTHESIS Sori: structures that produce spores, (underside of fronds) Prothallus: small, green, heart-shaped gametophyte plant Life Cycle of the Fern 1. Meiosis takes place inside each spore case, producing thousands of spores 2. Spores are ejected and fall to the ground, growing into a prothallus 3. Prothallus forms sex cells, it has BOTH male and female reproductive organs Life Cycle of the Fern 4. WATER is needed for sperm to swim to the egg causing fertilization producing a zygote. 5. The zygote is the beginning of the sporophyte stage and grows into the fern plant. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Plant Reproduction Angiosperm Specific Adaptations Angiosperms
4/15/2013 Gymnosperms Angiosperms Pterophytes Seeds Plant Reproduction Lycophytes Bryophytes Vascular tissue Green algae: BI 103 Plant-Animal A&P Chlorophytes Turn in Homework #1 Land plants Angiosperm specific adaptations • Unlike other plants they have: Why do plants have flowers? In – Flowers other words, what are the – Double fertilization advantages of flowering? – Fruit Discuss this question in groups Alternating Generations In more advanced plants, the sporophyte generation is Angiosperms: the Flowering plants dominant. Why do plants have flowers? Enlists partnerships with insects and other animals Less inbreeding Higher probability the pollen will reach the right plant They don’t have to produce as much pollen 1 4/15/2013 How is pollen an adaptation to land? Alternation of generations modified Allows fertilization to occur even in the absence • Pollen= Male gametophyte of available water. Contains sperm • Ovule= Female gametophyte water Contains egg Moss fertilization Pollen grains Anthers with microspores Microspore to pollen 1. The microspores divides by mitosis to produce two cells Generative cell (1n) Tube cell== vegetative nucleus (1n) 2. A two layered wall develops around the microspore to become the pollen 3. The generative cell undergoes division once more 3n total (3 nuclei) in pollen Double fertilization Fruit development 1. Two pollen nuclei enter ovule 2. One fuses with the egg to form the zygote 3. The other fuses with 2 central cell nuclei to become the endosperm (3n), food for the zygote Becomes the seed! Becomes
[Show full text]
Anthocerotophyta
Glime, J. M. 2017. Anthocerotophyta. Chapt. 2-8. In: Glime, J. M. Bryophyte Ecology. Volume 1. Physiological Ecology. Ebook 2-8-1 sponsored by Michigan Technological University and the International Association of Bryologists. Last updated 5 June 2020 and available at <http://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/bryophyte-ecology/>. CHAPTER 2-8 ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA TABLE OF CONTENTS Anthocerotophyta ......................................................................................................................................... 2-8-2 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................................... 2-8-10 2-8-2 Chapter 2-8: Anthocerotophyta CHAPTER 2-8 ANTHOCEROTOPHYTA Figure 1. Notothylas orbicularis thallus with involucres. Photo by Michael Lüth, with permission. Anthocerotophyta These plants, once placed among the bryophytes in the families. The second class is Leiosporocerotopsida, a Anthocerotae, now generally placed in the phylum class with one order, one family, and one genus. The genus Anthocerotophyta (hornworts, Figure 1), seem more Leiosporoceros differs from members of the class distantly related, and genetic evidence may even present
[Show full text]
Plant Reproduction | Topic Notes
Plant Reproduction | Topic Notes Sexual reproduction is the fusion of male and female gametes to produce a diploid zygote. (The new individual is genetically different from both parents). Advantages include genetic variation, reduced competition (between parent & offspring) and good chance of surviving harsh winter. A disadvantage is that there’s a long period of growth required. Structure of flowering plant: Megaspore (egg) formation & microspore (pollen) formation: The carpel (female part of the flower) is composed of the stigma (sticky to trap pollen grains), style (supports stigma in best position to trap pollen grains) and ovary (contains 1 or more ovules which following fertilisation will develop into seeds). The stamen (male part of the flower) is composed of the anther (produces pollen grains) and filament (supports anther in best position to transport pollen grains). Sepals support the developing flower before it blooms. Petals may be bright coloured in insect pollinated plants (to attract them). The receptacle is the organ from which the flower develops and functions in supporting it. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower of the same species. It may be: 1. Self-pollination: the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma in the same plant. 2. Cross-pollination: the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a different plant but of the same species. 1 Plant Reproduction | Topic Notes Fertilisation is the union of a haploid male gamete with a haploid female gamete, to produce a diploid zygote. Once a pollen grain has landed on the stigma, the tube nucleus moves down through the stigma and style forming a pollen tube and enters the ovule at the micropyle, guided towards the egg by chemotropism, the tube nucleus then degenerates.
[Show full text]
Plant Diversity Unique Plant Adaptations Alternation Of
8/9/2010 Land plants Origins Shared ancestor with green algae. Plant Diversity Researchers have identified green algae called charophyceans as the closest The Evolution of the relatives of land plants Photosynthetic Terrestrial Plants Unique Plant Adaptations First true land plants were short Adaptations for a terrestrial existence and required water for reproduction 1) Roots --anchoranchor the plant and absorb water & nutrients from the soil. 2) Cuticle ––aa waxy coating to prevent drying out 3) Stomata ––porespores in the leaves and stems that allow for gas exchange. 4) Conducting vessels ––forfor transport of water , minerals, and sugars through the plant body. 5) Lignin --StiffeningStiffening and support of stems. 6) Unique reproductive structures e.g. pollen –– for transporting gametes. Alternating Generations Alternation of Generations In more advanced plants sporophyte generation dominant. The alternating life cycle of plants that involves changes between a: 1)Sporophyte generation AND………. 2) G ametophyte generation 1 8/9/2010 Mosses & nonvascular plants have life Contrasting the Generations cycles dominated by gametophytes Hairy-cap moss Sporophyte Gametophyte Diploid state (double set Haploid state (half the Brown Capsule of chromosomes in cells –– amount of chromosomes full set) in cells) Sporophyte Produces seeds in seed Produces the gametes bearing plants i.e. (sperm & egg). Makes spores Predominant form in Gametophyte Predominant form in mosses & ferns (lower higher plants e.g. trees. plants). (Green & leafy) Characteristics of Mosses Life Cycle of Mosses Division Bryophytes The sporophyte forms on, and is nourished by, the dominant gametophyte Nonvascular (don’t have special methods of conducting water & minerals) ––tendtend to be very small.
[Show full text]
Lesson 6: Plant Reproduction
LESSON 6: PLANT REPRODUCTION LEVEL ONE Like every living thing on earth, plants need to make more of themselves. Biological structures wear out over time and need to be replaced with new ones. We’ve already looked at how non-vascular plants reproduce (mosses and liverworts) so now it’s time to look at vascular plants. If you look back at the chart on page 17, you will see that vascular plants are divided into two main categories: plants that produce seeds and plants that don’t produce seeds. The vascular plants that do not make seeds are basically the ferns. There are a few other smaller categories such as “horse tails” and club mosses, but if you just remember the ferns, that’s fine. So let’s take a look at how ferns make more ferns. The leaves of ferns are called fronds, and brand new leaves that have not yet totally uncoiled are called fiddleheads because they look like the scroll-shaped end of a violin. Technically, the entire frond is a leaf. What looks like a stem is actually the fern’s equivalent of a petiole. (Botanists call it a stipe.) The stem of a fern plant runs under the ground and is called a rhizome. Ferns also have roots, like all other vascular plants. The roots grow out from the bottom of the rhizome. Ferns produce spores, just like mosses do. At certain times of the year, the backside of some fern fronds will be covered with little dots called sori. Sori is the plural form, meaning more than one of them.
[Show full text]
Seedless Plants Key Concept Seedless Plants Do Not Produce Seeds 2 but Are Well Adapted for Reproduction and Survival
Seedless Plants Key Concept Seedless plants do not produce seeds 2 but are well adapted for reproduction and survival. What You Will Learn When you think of plants, you probably think of plants, • Nonvascular plants do not have such as trees and flowers, that make seeds. But two groups of specialized vascular tissues. plants don’t make seeds. The two groups of seedless plants are • Seedless vascular plants have specialized vascular tissues. nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants. • Seedless plants reproduce sexually and asexually, but they need water Nonvascular Plants to reproduce. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts do not have vascular • Seedless plants have two stages tissue to transport water and nutrients. Each cell of the plant in their life cycle. must get water from the environment or from a nearby cell. So, Why It Matters nonvascular plants usually live in places that are damp. Also, Seedless plants play many roles in nonvascular plants are small. They grow on soil, the bark of the environment, including helping to form soil and preventing erosion. trees, and rocks. Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts don’t have true stems, roots, or leaves. They do, however, have structures Vocabulary that carry out the activities of stems, roots, and leaves. • rhizoid • rhizome Mosses Large groups of mosses cover soil or rocks with a mat of Graphic Organizer In your Science tiny green plants. Mosses have leafy stalks and rhizoids. A Journal, create a Venn Diagram that rhizoid is a rootlike structure that holds nonvascular plants in compares vascular plants and nonvas- place. Rhizoids help the plants get water and nutrients.
[Show full text]
Crosstalk Between Sporophyte and Gametophyte Generations Is Promoted By
Genetics: Early Online, published on April 13, 2016 as 10.1534/genetics.115.180141 Crosstalk between Sporophyte and Gametophyte Generations Is Promoted by CHD3 Chromatin Remodelers in A. thaliana Benjamin Carter*, James T. Henderson*, Elisabeth Svedin§, Martijn Fiers†, Kyle McCarthy*, Amanda Smith*, Changhua Guo†, Brett Bishop*, Heng Zhang*, Tjitske Riksen†, Allison Shockley*, Brian P. Dilkes§, Kim Boutilier†, Joe Ogas* * Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana § Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana † Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands 1 Copyright 2016. CHD3 Remodelers in Reproductive Development Keywords: PICKLE, PKR2, ovule, pollen tube, seed size Corresponding author: Joe Ogas 175 S. University St. West Lafayette, IN 47907 765-496-3969 [email protected] 2 ABSTRACT Angiosperm reproduction requires the integrated development of multiple tissues with different genotypes. To achieve successful fertilization, the haploid female gametophytes and diploid ovary must coordinate their development, after which the male gametes must navigate through the maternal sporophytic tissues to reach the female gametes. After fertilization, seed development requires coordinated development of the maternal diploid integuments, the triploid endosperm, and the diploid zygote. Transcription and signaling factors contribute to communication between these tissues, and roles for epigenetic regulation have been described for some of these processes. Here we identify a broad role for CHD3 chromatin remodelers in Arabidopsis thaliana reproductive development. Plants lacking the CHD3 remodeler PICKLE exhibit various reproductive defects including abnormal development of the integuments, female gametophyte, and pollen tube as well as delayed progression of ovule and embryo development. Genetic analyses demonstrate that these phenotypes result from loss of PICKLE in the maternal sporophyte.
[Show full text]
Mosses and Ferns
Mosses and Ferns • How did they evolve from Protists? Moss and Fern Life Cycles Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants • Live in moist environments to reproduce • Grow low to ground to retain moisture (nonvascular) • Lack true leaves • Common pioneer species during succession • Gametophyte most common (dominant) • Ex: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts Moss Life Cycle 1)Moss 2) Through water, 3) Diploid sporophyte 4) Sporophyte will gametophytes sperm from the male will grow from zygote create and release grow near the gametophyte will haploid spores ground swim to the female (haploid stage) gametophyte to create a diploid zygote Diploid sporophyte . zygo egg zygo te egg te zygo zygo egg egg te te male male female female female male female male Haploid gametophytes 5) Haploid 6) The process spores land repeats and grow into new . gametophytes . Haploid gametophytesground . sporophyte . zygo egg zygo te egg te zygo zygo egg egg te te male male female female female male female male Haploid gametophytes • Vascular system allows Group 2: Seedless, – Taller growth – Nutrient transportation Vascular Plants • Live in moist environments – swimming sperm • Gametophyte stage – Male gametophyte: makes sperm – Female gametophyte: makes eggs – Sperm swims to fertilize eggs • Sporophyte stage – Spores released into air – Spores land and grow into gametophyte • Ex: Ferns, Club mosses, Horsetails Fern Life Cycle 1) Sporophyte creates and releases haploid spores Adult Sporophyte . ground 2) Haploid spores land in the soil . ground 3) From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil Let’s zoom in Fern gametophytes are called a prothallus ground 4) Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia)…zygote created Let’s zoom back out zygo zygo egg egg te te zygo egg te 5) Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote sporophyte Fern gametophytes are called a prothallus ground 6) Fiddle head uncurls….fronds open up 7) Cycle repeats -- Haploid spores created and released .
[Show full text]
Plant Reproduction
AccessScience from McGraw-Hill Education Page 1 of 10 www.accessscience.com Plant reproduction Contributed by: Scott D. Russell Publication year: 2014 The formation of a new plant that is either an exact copy or recombination of the genetic makeup of its parents. There are three types of plant reproduction considered here: (1) vegetative reproduction, in which a vegetative organ forms a clone of the parent; (2) asexual reproduction, in which reproductive components undergo a nonsexual form of production of offspring without genetic rearrangement, also known as apomixis; and (3) sexual reproduction, in which meiosis (reduction division) leads to formation of male and female gametes that combine through syngamy (union of gametes) to produce offspring. See also: PLANT; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. Vegetative reproduction Unlike animals, plants may be readily stimulated to produce identical copies of themselves through cloning. In animals, only a few cells, which are regarded as stem cells, are capable of generating cell lineages, organs, or new organisms. In contrast, plants generate or produce stem cells from many plant cells of the root, stem, or leaf that are not part of an obvious generative lineage—a characteristic that has been known as totipotency, or the general ability of a single cell to regenerate a whole new plant. This ability to establish new plants from one or more cells is the foundation of plant biotechnology. In biotechnology, a single cell may be used to regenerate new organisms that may or may not genetically differ from the original organism. If it is identical to the parent, it is a clone; however, if this plant has been altered through molecular biology, it is known as a genetically modiﬁed organism (GMO).
[Show full text]
Plant Reproduction Main Idea Reproduction in Plants Can Be Asexual Or Sexual
Plant Plants have adaptations that enable them to reproduce in specific habitats. Reproduction Section 1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Main Idea Reproduction in plants can be asexual or sexual. Plant life cycles include an alternation of generations. Section 2 Seedless Reproduction Main Idea The joining of a seedless plant’s egg and sperm requires moist condi- tions and produces a spore. Section 3 Seed Reproduction Main Idea Reproduction in seed plants involves pollen grains—the sources of sperm, and ovules—the sources of the eggs. The joining of eggs and sperms can produce seeds. A Forest from Ashes Saplings and other plants are growing among the remains of trees destroyed by fire. Where did these new plants come from? Some may have grown from seeds, and others may have grown from roots or stems that survived underground. These plants are the result of plant reproduction. Science Journal List three plants that reproduce by forming seeds. 270 Massimo Mastrorillo/CORBIS Start-Up Activities Plant Reproduction Make the following Foldable to compare and contrast the sexual and Do all fruits contain seeds? asexual characteristics of a plant. You might know that most plants grow from seeds. Seeds are usually found in the fruits of STEP 1 Fold one sheet of paper lengthwise. plants. When you eat watermelon, it can contain many small seeds. Do some plants produce fruits without seeds? Do this lab to find out. STEP 2 Fold into thirds. 1. Obtain two grapes from your teacher. Each grape should be from a different plant. 2. Split each grape in half and examine the STEP 3 Unfold and draw overlapping ovals.
[Show full text]
AS Flower Reproduction
2/11/19 AMOEBA SISTERS: VIDEO RECAP ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Plant Reproduction in Angiosperms 1. What characteristics are common in angiosperms? 2. A topic emphasized in this clip is that not all fruits are sweet. Or even edible! Every plant that forms a flower must have a fruit. How would you define a “fruit?” How can fruits be • Flowering plants helpful in seed dispersal? • Bear fruit Fruit is something that has flesh AMOEBA SISTERS: VIDEO RECAP around ANGIOSPERMseeds. REPRODUCTION Amoeba Sisters Video Recap of Plant ReproductionWhen animals in Angiosperms eat them, seeds move away from parent plant. 1. What characteristics are common in angiosperms? 2. A topic emphasized in this clip is that not all fruits are sweet. Or even edible! Every plant that forms a flower must have a fruit. How would you define a “fruit?” How can fruits be helpful in seed dispersal? 3. Flowers can contain one or both genders of flower parts. 4. Flowers can contain one or both genders of flower parts. Label A, B, and C. Label D, E, F, and G. A is the ____________________________________________. D is the ____________________________________________. B is the ____________________________________________. E is the ____________________________________________. C is the ____________________________________________. F is the ____________________________________________. All of these3. Flowers are can contain one or ?both _________________________ genders of flower parts. 4. FlowersG is cathen co ____________________________________________.ntain
[Show full text]
GENERAL BOTANY Lecture 32 - Bryophytes
Jim Bidlack - BIO 1304 GENERAL BOTANY Lecture 32 - Bryophytes COMMENT: WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF PLANTS!! (WE'RE NOW IN KINGDOM PLANTAE) I. General characteristics of the Bryophyte Phyla A. Similarities to algae 1. Produce free-swimmin' sperm that travel through water to reach the eggs 2. No vascular system 3. No lignified tissue 4. Lack roots and true leaves B. What makes Bryophytes members of the Kingdom Plantae? 1. Eucaryotic 2. Lack chitinous walls (cellulose instead) & photosynthesis 3. Embryos have a jacket of sterile cells encasing reproductive cells C. Special characteristics of Bryophytes 1. Eggs formed in archegonia; sperm produced in antheridia 2. Chief photosynthetic body is the gametophyte (haploid) - note that Bryophytes demonstrate the sporic life cycle (sporophyte & gametophyte) 3. Structure is usually thallus 4. Uses: ecological importance, aesthetic value, absorbing ability, food, and medicine 5. May be the evolutionary link between algae and higher plants II. Characteristics of Bryophyte Phyla A. Phylum Hepaticophyta (liverworts - "HHHHEEEEPPPPPTTTTT!!!! [liver]") - small, green, ribbon-shaped plants 1. Two generations: gametophyte (predominant) and sporophyte 2. Ribbon-shaped thallus can often form a rosette 3. Female part (archegonia) has a head that looks like a palm tree (archegoniophore); male part (antheridia) has a head that looks like an umbrella (antheridiophore) 4. Collective term for archegonia and antheridia is gametangia B. Phylum Antherocerotophyta (hornworts - "antlers [horns]"): looks like liverwort except that the sporophyte has a much longer structure 1. Two generations: gametophyte is a ribbon-shaped thallus and sporophyte towers over the gametophyte 2. Hornworts are unique because they only have one large chloroplast per cell and those chloroplasts have pyrenoids (mosses and liverworts have many chloroplasts and lack pyrenoids) C.
[Show full text]