DOCSLIB.ORG

The Kingdom of Strathclyde, AD 4001100 Timeline 410 the End Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Kingdom of Strathclyde, AD 4001100 Timeline 410 the End Of The Kingdom of Strathclyde, AD 400­1100 Timeline 410 The end of Roman Britain. With the Roman army gone, the native Britons have to defend themselves against raids by Picts and Scots. They continue the Roman policy of hiring Anglo­Saxon mercenaries from Germany and Denmark to guard the coasts. 400­450 Small kingdoms emerge among the Britons. One of these is centred on the fortress of Alt Clut ('Rock of Clyde') at Dumbarton. c.470 Coroticus, king of Alt Clut, sends his soldiers on slave­raiding expeditions to Ireland. Many young Irish Christians are captured, and sold to the pagan Picts. 500 Local Christians are burying their dead at Govan, which probably has a small church at this time. 550 The Anglo­Saxon mercenary colonies along the coasts of Britain have become the centres of new, English­speaking kingdoms. Two of these are in the North: Deira (in Yorkshire) and Bernicia (in Northumberland). 550­600 The Anglo­Saxon kingdoms expand at the expense of the Britons. King Rhydderch Hael ('the Generous') is ruling Alt Clut at this time. c.612 Deaths of Rhydderch Hael and his chief bishop St Kentigern (Mungo) of Glasgow. 642 (or 643) Battle of Strathcarron, near Falkirk. King Owain of Alt Clut defeats the Scots of Kintyre whose king Domnall Brecc ('Freckled Donald') is killed. 655 Bernicia and Deira are united under one king as the Anglo­Saxon (English) realm of Northumbria. 685 The Picts win a major victory over the Northumbrians at the Battle of Dunnichen in Angus. 750 Battle of Mugdock, where King Teudubur of Alt Clut defeats an invading Pictish army. 756 The Pictish king Oengus and his English ally Eadberht, king of Northumbria, launch a combined attack on Alt Clut. On 1st August, the Britons surrender. Nine days later, the Northumbrian army is ambushed on its way home from Govan (where the formal surrender ceremony probably took place). 780 The burning of Alt Clut at the beginning of January. 793 First Viking raid on Britain: the Northumbrian monastery of Lindisfarne is attacked. 858 Death of Cinaed mac Ailpin (‘Kenneth MacAlpine’), king of the Picts. In his time, the lands of the Picts and Scots are ruled as a single realm. 867 The last English kings of Northumbria are slain by Vikings, who seize control of the kingdom. Its capital, York, becomes the seat of a new Scandinavian dynasty. 870 Siege of Alt Clut by Olaf and Ivar, rulers of the Viking kingdom of Dublin. After four months, the well on the summit of the Rock runs dry, and the defenders surrender. The Vikings plunder and destroy the fortress, capturing King Artgal and many of his people. 871 Olaf and Ivar return to Dublin with a great number of captives ­ English, Picts and Britons ­ in a fleet of 200 ships. 872 Artgal, king of Alt Clut, is slain by Olaf and Ivar at the instigation of Constantin, king of the Picts. Artgal is succeeded by his son Rhun, brother­in­law of Constantin. The royal dynasty of the Britons moves away from Alt Clut in the Firth of Clyde to a new capital further up the river, around an ancient ford between Govan and Partick. This is the beginning of the kingdom of Strat Clut (Strathclyde), also known as 'Cumbria' and 'Cumberland' (i.e. the land of the Cumbri or North Britons). 875 The Viking warlord Healfdene (Halfdan the Black) goes from Mercia (the English midlands) to Northumbria, from where he attacks the Picts and Strathclyde Britons. 878 Death of Aed, king of the Picts. He is succeeded by his nephew Eochaid, son of King Rhun of Strathclyde. Eochaid seems to have ruled Pictland jointly with a mysterious figure called Giric. 900 Around this time, the Pictish kingdom becomes known by a new name: Alba. Its inhabitants ­ Picts and Scots ­ are now one people, a united Gaelic­speaking nation known simply as 'Scots'. Also, around this time, the Strathclyde Britons extend their territory south to the Solway Firth, and even further beyond Carlisle. Their new southern border is probably the River Eamont near Penrith. c.914 The English war­leader Aethelflaed, ruler of Mercia and daughter of King Alfred the Great, makes an alliance with Alba and Strathclyde against the Vikings. The Scots and Britons attack Viking settlements in Northumbria. The Vikings retaliate by ravaging Strathclyde but are unable to overwhelm it. 920 Aethelflaed's brother Edward, the king of Wessex (in Southwest England), receives oaths of allegiance from various rulers, including the kings of Alba and Strathclyde. 924 Edward dies and is succeeded by his son Athelstan. 927 Athelstan expels the Viking kings of Northumbria to become the first king of England (i.e. ruler of all English­speaking territories). In July he comes north to the River Eamont to seal a peace treaty with a number of powerful rulers, including King Constantin of Alba and King Owain of Strathclyde. 934 The treaty of 927 breaks down. King Athelstan returns to the North with a land­army and a naval force. He defeats the kings of Alba and Strathclyde and ravages their lands. Afterwards, both Constantin and Owain pledge allegiance to him, but revert to hostility within a couple of years. 937 The great battle of Brunanburh, in which Athelstan defeats the combined armies of Olaf of Dublin, Constantin of Alba, and Owain of Strathclyde. 939 Death of Athelstan. He is succeeded as king of the English by his brother Edmund. Around this time King Owain is succeeded in Strathclyde by his son Dyfnwal. 941 The monk St Cathroe, travelling on pilgrimage from his home in Alba, passes through Strathclyde. There he receives hospitality from his kinsman, King Dyfnwal, who gives him safe passage to the Northumbrian frontier. 945 King Edmund with an army of English and Welsh soldiers attacks 'Cumberland' [i.e. Strathclyde]. An orgy of slaughter is unleashed upon the Britons. Two of King Dyfnwal's sons are captured and blinded. Then Edmund gives overlordship of Strathclyde to Malcolm I, king of Alba, in exchange for a military alliance. 952 Northumbria, having briefly reverted to Scandinavian rule, is attacked ­ without success ­ by an alliance of Scots, English and Strathclyde Britons. 970 Around this time, Dyfnwal abdicates the kingship of Strathclyde to his son Malcolm. 971 Death of King Cuilen of Alba at the hands of the Strathclyde Britons. It is said that he was slain by Rhydderch, a son of King Dyfnwal, because he had raped Rhydderch's daughter. 973 Dyfnwal, the former king of Strathclyde, accompanied by his son and successor Malcolm, attends a meeting with Edgar, king of the English, at Chester. With other rulers, including the king of Alba, they pledge loyalty to Edgar. 975 Dyfnwal of Strathclyde dies while on pilgrimage to Rome. 997 Death of Malcolm, king of Strathclyde. 1000 The English king Aethelred the Unready launches a raid on Strathclyde by land and sea. His army ravages the kingdom but his fleet is blown off course by a storm and steers instead towards the Isle of Man, where the English soldiers attack Viking settlements. 1018 Owain the Bald, king of Strathclyde, and Malcolm II, king of Alba, defeat an English army at Carham­on­Tweed. 1054 Edward the Confessor, king of England, sends Earl Siward of Northumbria into Alba to depose Macbeth, king of Alba. Siward replaces Macbeth with a Strathclyde prince called Malcolm, described as 'son of the king of the Cumbrians'. 1055 Death of Earl Siward. Macbeth takes back the kingship of Alba. 1066 The Norman conquest of England brings the line of Anglo­Saxon kings to an end. 1070 By now, Strathclyde is no longer an independent kingdom, having been conquered by Malcolm III ('Malcolm Canmore'), king of Alba. 1113 Malcolm Canmore's son King Alexander I appoints his brother David as ruler of the former kingdom of Strathclyde, with the title 'Prince of the Cumbrian region'. 1117 David establishes a new Scottish bishopric at Glasgow on the site of an ancient church founded by Saint Kentigern. 1124 David becomes king of Alba. c.1130 King David gives the church of Govan, once the premier church of the kings of Strathclyde, to the Bishop of Glasgow. The bishop sets up residence at the old royal estate across the river in Partick. 1136 Consecration of Glasgow Cathedral. The church of Govan fades into obscurity. * * * * * * * TC 12/07/13.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE MYTHOLOGY, TRADITIONS and HISTORY of Macdhubhsith
    THE MYTHOLOGY, TRADITIONS and HISTORY OF MacDHUBHSITH ― MacDUFFIE CLAN (McAfie, McDuffie, MacFie, MacPhee, Duffy, etc.) VOLUME 2 THE LANDS OF OUR FATHERS PART 2 Earle Douglas MacPhee (1894 - 1982) M.M., M.A., M.Educ., LL.D., D.U.C., D.C.L. Emeritus Dean University of British Columbia This 2009 electronic edition Volume 2 is a scan of the 1975 Volume VII. Dr. MacPhee created Volume VII when he added supplemental data and errata to the original 1792 Volume II. This electronic edition has been amended for the errata noted by Dr. MacPhee. - i - THE LIVES OF OUR FATHERS PREFACE TO VOLUME II In Volume I the author has established the surnames of most of our Clan and has proposed the sources of the peculiar name by which our Gaelic compatriots defined us. In this examination we have examined alternate progenitors of the family. Any reader of Scottish history realizes that Highlanders like to move and like to set up small groups of people in which they can become heads of families or chieftains. This was true in Colonsay and there were almost a dozen areas in Scotland where the clansman and his children regard one of these as 'home'. The writer has tried to define the nature of these homes, and to study their growth. It will take some years to organize comparative material and we have indicated in Chapter III the areas which should require research. In Chapter IV the writer has prepared a list of possible chiefs of the clan over a thousand years. The books on our Clan give very little information on these chiefs but the writer has recorded some probable comments on his chiefship.
    [Show full text]
  • Erin and Alban
    A READY REFERENCE SKETCH OF ERIN AND ALBAN WITH SOME ANNALS OF A BRANCH OF A WEST HIGHLAND FAMILY SARAH A. McCANDLESS CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION. PART I CHAPTER I PRE-HISTORIC PEOPLE OF BRITAIN 1. The Stone Age--Periods 2. The Bronze Age 3. The Iron Age 4. The Turanians 5. The Aryans and Branches 6. The Celto CHAPTER II FIRST HISTORICAL MENTION OF BRITAIN 1. Greeks 2. Phoenicians 3. Romans CHAPTER III COLONIZATION PE}RIODS OF ERIN, TRADITIONS 1. British 2. Irish: 1. Partholon 2. Nemhidh 3. Firbolg 4. Tuatha de Danan 5. Miledh 6. Creuthnigh 7. Physical CharacteriEtics of the Colonists 8. Period of Ollaimh Fodhla n ·'· Cadroc's Tradition 10. Pictish Tradition CHAPTER IV ERIN FROM THE 5TH TO 15TH CENTURY 1. 5th to 8th, Christianity-Results 2. 9th to 12th, Danish Invasions :0. 12th. Tribes and Families 4. 1169-1175, Anglo-Norman Conquest 5. Condition under Anglo-Norman Rule CHAPTER V LEGENDARY HISTORY OF ALBAN 1. Irish sources 2. Nemedians in Alban 3. Firbolg and Tuatha de Danan 4. Milesians in Alban 5. Creuthnigh in Alban 6. Two Landmarks 7. Three pagan kings of Erin in Alban II CONTENTS CHAPTER VI AUTHENTIC HISTORY BEGINS 1. Battle of Ocha, 478 A. D. 2. Dalaradia, 498 A. D. 3. Connection between Erin and Alban CHAPTER VII ROMAN CAMPAIGNS IN BRITAIN (55 B.C.-410 A.D.) 1. Caesar's Campaigns, 54-55 B.C. 2. Agricola's Campaigns, 78-86 A.D. 3. Hadrian's Campaigns, 120 A.D. 4. Severus' Campaigns, 208 A.D. 5. State of Britain During 150 Years after SeveTus 6.
    [Show full text]
  • 106 Proceedings of the Society, 1952-53. Scottish
    106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1952-53. VI. SCOTTISH BISHOPS' SEES BEFOR E REIGTH EF NO DAVID I. BY GORDON DONALDSON, M.A., PH.D., D.LiTT., F.S.A.ScoT. The attribution to David I of the establishment of most of the Scottish episcopal sees has, if only through repetition, become a convention. Yet, while historians have bee generan ni l agreement about David's work, they have differed profoundly as to the details. A very recent writer has gone so far as to remark, "Before David's time St Andrews was the only bishopric Scotlann i d proper addedmorr e o h ; x esi probably eight." 1 Other modern historians have allowe r thredo thao e tw tsee s were founde e reigth nn i d of David's predecessor, Alexander I.2 The older historians and chroniclers were less confident about the extent of David's work. Boece attributed to Davi foundatioe dth onlf no y four bishoprics addition i , previouslx si o nt y existing,3 and he was followed by George Buchanan.4 John Major says of David, "Finding four bishoprics in his kingdom, he founded nine more." 8 Two versions of Wyntoun, again, tell each a different story: Bischopriki fan e t thresh dbo ; deite Both . i lefr x ,o he ,t Or Bischopis he fande bot foure or thre; Bot, or he deit, ix left he.6 This confusion might have suggested tha e conventioth t n requires critical examination. The source of the convention is undoubtedly the Scotichronicon; but the Scotichronicon is content to reproduce the statement of David's contemporary, Ailred of Rievaulx,7 who says something quite different from all later works, versione th wit f exceptioe o hWyntoun f th e o s on sayf e no H se .tha th n ti 1 Mackenzie, W.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom of Strathclyde from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Kingdom of Strathclyde From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Strathclyde (lit. "Strath of the Clyde"), originally Brythonic Ystrad Clud, was one of the early medieval kingdoms of the Kingdom of Strathclyde Celtic people called the Britons in the Hen Ogledd, the Teyrnas Ystrad Clut Brythonic-speaking parts of what is now southern Scotland and northern England. The kingdom developed during the ← 5th century–11th → post-Roman period. It is also known as Alt Clut, the Brythonic century name for Dumbarton Rock, the medieval capital of the region. It may have had its origins with the Damnonii people of Ptolemy's Geographia. The language of Strathclyde, and that of the Britons in surrounding areas under non-native rulership, is known as Cumbric, a dialect or language closely related to Old Welsh. Place-name and archaeological evidence points to some settlement by Norse or Norse–Gaels in the Viking Age, although to a lesser degree than in neighbouring Galloway. A small number of Anglian place-names show some limited settlement by incomers from Northumbria prior to the Norse settlement. Due to the series of language changes in the area, it is not possible to say whether any Goidelic settlement took place before Gaelic was introduced in the High Middle Ages. After the sack of Dumbarton Rock by a Viking army from Dublin in 870, the name Strathclyde comes into use, perhaps reflecting a move of the centre of the kingdom to Govan. In the same period, it was also referred to as Cumbria, and its inhabitants as Cumbrians. During the High Middle Ages, the area was conquered by the Kingdom of Alba, becoming part of The core of Strathclyde is the strath of the River Clyde.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    33_056819 bindex.qxp 11/3/06 11:01 AM Page 363 Index fighting the Vikings, 52–54 • A • as law-giver, 57–58 Aberfan tragedy, 304–305 literary interests, 56–57 Act of Union (1707), 2, 251 reforms of, 54–55 Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of reign of, 50, 51–52 William IV, 268, 361 Alfred, son of King Aethelred, king of Áed, king of Scotland, 159 England, 73, 74 Áed Findliath, ruler in Ireland, 159 Ambrosius Aurelianus (Roman leader), 40 Aedán mac Gabráin, overking of Dalriada, 153 Andrew, Prince, Duke of York (son of Aelfflaed, queen of Edward, king Elizabeth II) of Wessex, 59 birth of, 301 Aelfgifu of Northampton, queen of Cnut, 68 as naval officer, 33 Aethelbald, king of Mercia, 45 response to death of Princess Diana, 313 Aethelbert, king of Wessex, 49 separation from Sarah, Duchess of York, Aethelflaed, daughter of Alfred, king of 309 Wessex, 46 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 57, 58, 63 Aethelfrith, Saxon king, 43 Anglo-Saxons Aethelred, king of England, 51, 65–66 appointing an heir, 16 Aethelred, king of Mercia, 45, 46, 55 invasion of Britain, 39–41 Aethelred, king of Wessex, 50 kingdoms of, 37, 42 Aethelstan, king of Wessex, 51, 61–62 kings of, 41–42 Aethelwold, son of Aethelred, king of overview, 12 Wessex, 60 Anna, queen of Scotland, 204 Aethelwulf, king of Wessex, 49 Anne, Princess Royal, daughter of Africa, as part of British empire, 14 Elizabeth II, 301, 309 Agincourt, battle of, 136–138 Anne, queen of England Albert, Prince, son of George V, later lack of heir, 17 George VI, 283, 291 marriage to George of Denmark, 360–361 Albert of
    [Show full text]
  • A Welsh Classical Dictionary
    A WELSH CLASSICAL DICTIONARY DACHUN, saint of Bodmin. See s.n. Credan. He has been wrongly identified with an Irish saint Dagan in LBS II.281, 285. G.H.Doble seems to have been misled in the same way (The Saints of Cornwall, IV. 156). DAGAN or DANOG, abbot of Llancarfan. He appears as Danoc in one of the ‘Llancarfan Charters’ appended to the Life of St.Cadog (§62 in VSB p.130). Here he is a clerical witness with Sulien (presumably abbot) and king Morgan [ab Athrwys]. He appears as abbot of Llancarfan in five charters in the Book of Llandaf, where he is called Danoc abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 179c), and Dagan(us) abbas Carbani Uallis (BLD 158, 175, 186b, 195). In these five charters he is contemporary with bishop Berthwyn and Ithel ap Morgan, king of Glywysing. He succeeded Sulien as abbot and was succeeded by Paul. See Trans.Cym., 1948 pp.291-2, (but ignore the dates), and compare Wendy Davies, LlCh p.55 where Danog and Dagan are distinguished. Wendy Davies dates the BLD charters c.A.D.722 to 740 (ibid., pp.102 - 114). DALLDAF ail CUNIN COF. (Legendary). He is included in the tale of ‘Culhwch and Olwen’ as one of the warriors of Arthur's Court: Dalldaf eil Kimin Cof (WM 460, RM 106). In a triad (TYP no.73) he is called Dalldaf eil Cunyn Cof, one of the ‘Three Peers’ of Arthur's Court. In another triad (TYP no.41) we are told that Fferlas (Grey Fetlock), the horse of Dalldaf eil Cunin Cof, was one of the ‘Three Lovers' Horses’ (or perhaps ‘Beloved Horses’).
    [Show full text]
  • Names-In-Myfarog1.Pdf
    Names Mythic Fantasy Role-playing Game Below is a list of common Jarlaætt and Þulaætt first Hâvamâl stanza 43 names in Þulê. Most of the masculine names can be turned into feminine names by adding a feminine “Vin sînum ending or by exchanging the masculine (-us, -i et cetera) ending with a feminine ending. E. g. Axius skal maðr vinr vera, becomes Axia and Ailill becomes Aililla. Players with religious characters can come up with a name for their þeim ok þess vin; character's father and then add “-son” or “-dôttir” (“daughter”) to find his or her surname. Players with en ôvinir sîns traditional characters can come up with a name for their character's mother and then add “-son” or “- skyli engi maðr dôttir” to find his or her surname. vinar vinr vera.” The common name combination in Þulê includes: First Name+Surname+(af) Tribe name+(auk) Nationality. (You shall be friend E. g.; Rhemaxa (a woman) Acciusdôttir (her father's with your friend name+dôttir, so we know she is religious) af Zumi (her and his friends; but no man shall ever tribe) auk Tawia (her nationality). (“Af” means “of” be friend and “auk” means “and”.) It is in Þulê expected from with the friend of an enemy.) everyone that when they meet strangers they first of all introduce themselves with their full name. Jarlaætt & Þulaætt Ailill (-a) Annius (-a) Atilius (-a) From A to Æ Ainstulfus (-a) Ansprandus (-a) Atreus (-a) Aburius (-a) Airgetmar (-a) Api (♀ ) Atrius (-a) Acamas (-a) Alahisus (-a) Appuleius (-a) Atrius (-a) Accius (-a) Alalius (-a) Aquillius (-a) Atronius (-a) Acilius
    [Show full text]
  • 4, Excavations at Alt Gl
    Proc Soc Antiq Scot, (1990)0 12 , 95-149, fiche 2:A1-G14 Reconnaissance excavations on Early Historic fortification othed an s r royal site Scotlandn si , 1974-84 , Excavation:4 t GlutAl t ,sa Clyde Rock, Strathclyde, 1974-75 Leslie Alcock Elizabetd *an AlcockhA * SUMMARY As part of a long-term programme of research historically-documentedon fortifications, excava- tions were carried 1974-75in out Dumbartonat Castle, anciently knownClut Alt Clydeor as Rock. These disproved hypothesisthe that nucleara fort, afterpatternthe of Dunadd Dundurn,or couldbe identified on the Rock, but revealed a timber-and-rubble defence of Early Historic date overlooking the isthmus which links the Rock to the mainland. Finds of especial interest include the northernmost examples of imported Mediterranean amphorae of the sixth century AD, and fragments from at least six glass vessels ofgermanic manufacture. Discussion centres on early medieval harbour sites and trade in northern and western Britain. A detailed excavation record and finds catalogue will be found in the microfiche. CONTENTS EXCAVATION SYNTHESIS & DISCUSSION (illuS 1-19) Introduction: character of the excavation and report..................................... 96 Early history.......................................................................8 9 . Clyd setting...........................................................es it Roc d kan 9 9 . The excavation: structures and finds ................................................... 104 Synthesis: history, artefact structures& s ..............................................3
    [Show full text]
  • Symbols of Power in Ireland and Scotland, 8Th-10Th Century Dr
    Symbols of power in Ireland and Scotland, 8th-10th century Dr. Katherine Forsyth (Department of Celtic, University of Glasgow, Scotland) Prof. Stephen T. Driscoll (Department of Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Scotland) d Territorio, Sociedad y Poder, Anejo Nº 2, 2009 [pp. 31-66] TSP Anexto 4.indb 31 15/11/09 17:22:04 Resumen: Este artículo investiga algunos de los símbolos utilizaron las cruces de piedra en su inserción espacial como del poder utilizados por las autoridades reales en Escocia signos de poder. La segunda parte del trabajo analiza más e Irlanda a lo largo de los siglos viii al x. La primera parte ampliamente los aspectos visibles del poder y la naturaleza del trabajo se centra en las cruces de piedra, tanto las cruces de las sedes reales en Escocia e Irlanda. Los ejemplos exentas (las high crosses) del mundo gaélico de Irlanda estudiados son la sede de la alta realeza irlandesa en Tara y y la Escocia occidental, como las lastras rectangulares la residencia regia gaélica de Dunnadd en Argyll. El trabajo con cruz de la tierra de los pictos. El monasterio de concluye volviendo al punto de partida con el examen del Clonmacnoise ofrece un ejemplo muy bien documentado centro regio picto de Forteviot. de patronazgo regio, al contrario que el ejemplo escocés de Portmahomack, carente de base documental histórica, Palabras clave: pictos, gaélicos, escultura, Clonmacnoise, pero en ambos casos es posible examinar cómo los reyes Portmahomack, Tara, Dunnadd, Forteviot. Abstract: This paper explores some of the symbols of power landscape context as an expression of power.
    [Show full text]
  • Family Tree Maker
    The Bloodline of the MacTavish Chiefs Generation No. 1 1. King of Connacht Eochaidh1 Muighmheadhoin1. Notes for King of Connacht Eochaidh Muighmheadhoin: Copyright: Patricia Adams, July 1, 2000, USA Please keep in mind that the pedigree of Clan MacTavish reaching this far back in history is in ancient times. There are no existing birth records, death records, etc., with the exception of the ancient annals and chronicles. There were no computers, no CDs, no microfilm, etc. Not everyone could read and write. The name of the same person was many times spelled differently by different scribes. We have to depend on the Annals of the Four Master, Annals of Ulster, Annals of Tigernach, and these records often time disagree on the year of the event. Later published materials may have picked up on incorrect information, or may have found newer documentation. Clans may very well have changed pedigrees over the years, sometimes because they learned of factual information and sometimes because they simply took advantage to change the line of a Chief to what they felt was a loftier claim. (The Clan Campbell, for example, changed their published Chief's line between 1975 and 1992.) I take this opportunity to caution you when reading history or pedigrees based on ancient documents or documents 1700, which may be written in another language (such as Latin) and call for translations. The line of any chief of a Clan (just as our personal family research) becomes speculation and opinion as you go back before the year 1000. Some of us in our own personal family research may not even be searchable before the year 1700.
    [Show full text]
  • Open; the Third Door Was Closed, That Subject
    The Powvs Review NUMBER SEVENTEEN The Powys Review Editor Belinda Humfrey Reviews Editor Peter Miles Advisory Board Glen Cavaliero Ben Jones Ned Lukacher Correspondence, contributions, and books for review may be addressed to the Editor, Department of English, Saint David's University College, Lampeter, Dyfed, SA48 7ED. Copyright (c), The Editor The Powys Review is published with the financial support of the Welsh Arts Council. We are grateful to Mr Francis Powys and Laurence Pollinger Ltd., for permission to quote from the writings of John Cowper Powys and T. F. Powys, and to the late Mrs Evelyn Elwin for permission to quote from the writings of Llewelyn Powys. The Powys Review may be obtained from Booksellers for £2.50, or from Gomer Press, Llandysul, Dyfed, for £2.50 plus 60p postage. The Powys Review is printed by J. D. Lewis & Sons Ltd., Gomer Press, Llandysul, Dyfed. Enquiries about advertisement in The Powys Review should be made to James Dawson, 99 Corve Street, Ludlow, Shropshire. Tel. Ludlow (0584) 2274. Contents Roland Mathias Reviews John Cowper Powys and 'Wales'. A Limited Study 5 Gillian Clarke Selected Poems Colin Style ANN STEVENSON 63 On Hardy's Sacred Ground: Gwyn A. Williams JohnCowperPowys's Weymouth Sands 27 When was Wales? A History of the Welsh Wynford Vaughan Thomas Peter G. Christensen Wales: A History Middlemarch: A Point of Reference in PAUL BENNETT MORGAN 64 Weymouth Sands 39 John Cowper Powys Margaret Moran Paddock Calls "Premonitory Hints and Embryo ANTHONY HEAD 67 Suggestions in J. C. Powys's Wood and Stone and Rodmoor 48 Valentine Ackland For Sylvia: An Honest Account CLAIRE HARMAN 70 G.
    [Show full text]
  • The True Roots and Origin of the Scots
    THE TRUE ROOTS AND ORIGIN OF THE SCOTS A RESEARCH SUMMARY AND POINTERS TOWARD FURTHER RESEARCH “Wherever the pilgrim turns his feet, he finds Scotsmen in the forefront of civilization and letters. They are the premiers in every colony, professors in every university, teachers, editors, lawyers, engineers and merchants – everything, and always at the front.” – English writer Sir Walter Besant Copyright © C White 2003 Version 2.1 This is the first in a series of discussion papers and notes on the identity of each of the tribes of Israel today Some Notes on the True Roots and Origin of the Scots TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory Remarks 3 Ancient Judah 6 Migrations of Judah 17 British Royal Throne 25 National and Tribal Emblems 39 Scottish Character and Attributes 44 Future of the Scots – Judah’s Union with the rest of Israel 55 Concluding Remarks 62 Bibliography 65 “The mystery of Keltic thought has been the despair of generations of philosophers and aesthetes … He who approaches it must, I feel, not alone be of the ancient stock … but he must also have heard since childhood the deep and repeated call of ancestral voices urging him to the task of the exploration of the mysteries of his people … He is like a man with a chest of treasure who has lost the key” (The Mysteries of Britain by L Spence) 2 Some Notes on the True Roots and Origin of the Scots INTRODUCTORY REMARKS Who really are the Scottish peoples? What is their origin? Do tradition, national characteristics and emblems assist? Why are they such great leaders, administrators and inventors? Is there a connection between them and the ancient Biblical tribe of Judah? Why did the British Empire succeed when other Empires did not? Was it a blessing in fulfillment of prophecies such as that in Gen 12:3? Why were the Scots so influential in the Empire, way beyond their population numbers? Today book after book; article after article; universities, politicians, social workers spread lies about the British Empire, denigrating it.
    [Show full text]