Jornalismo Turístico - Os Eventos No Centro Da Notícia

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Jornalismo Turístico - Os Eventos No Centro Da Notícia P á g i n a | I ESCOLA SUPERIOR DE HOTELARIA E TURISMO DO ESTORIL Jornalismo Turístico - Os Eventos no Centro da Notícia Susana Correia Ribeiro Dissertação para a obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Turismo, Especialização em Gestão Estratégica de Eventos Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sancho Silva Co-Orientadora: Profª. Ana Rita Peres da Costa Dezembro 2011 P á g i n a | II RESUMO A partir de finais do século XIX, o processo de democratização do turismo e da imprensa desenrolou- se paralelo, quando ambos deixaram de ser bens unicamente acessíveis às elites, passando a estar também ao alcance das massas. Nos dias de hoje o Turismo representa uma indústria de milhões, uma das mais importantes fontes geradoras de riqueza do Mundo, e é ao mesmo tempo uma actividade que promove a socialização e a disseminação de informação e cultura entre povos. Desde os primórdios que a informação é um factor determinante no desenvolvimento turístico, e os media (sobretudo a imprensa) desempenham um papel fundamental na sua disseminação, potenciando e dinamizando a promoção do turismo e dos seus produtos junto da Opinião Pública. Conscientes das sinergias que se desenvolvem entre ambos os sectores, este trabalho irá explorar o tratamento noticioso que a imprensa portuguesa dá aos temas turísticos, tendo o seu foco na cobertura mediática dos mega-eventos na imprensa escrita generalista. Além disso, pretende também reunir um conjunto de pistas que nos permitam entender melhor as relações e os laços que se estabelecem entre ambos. Visando retratar o mais fielmente possível a realidade observada, foi examinada e revista literatura de referência nos campos do estudo dos media, jornalismo, jornalismo de viagens e turismo. A revisão bibliográfica foi complementada por um caso de estudo de vertente mais prática, com a análise da cobertura jornalística, pelos quatro principais jornais generalistas portuguesas, da etapa portuguesa do Red Bull Air Race 2007 – 2009. Concluímos que no âmbito do estudo dos media ainda persiste uma visão estereotipada do jornalismo sobre temas turísticos, remetendo-o para um grau de especialização inferior aos restantes tipos de jornalismo. Um preconceito fundamentado no facto de em muitos dos casos, o jornalismo de turismo assentar no relato de experiências de lazer e de viagens, mas que desconsidera a importância da veiculação sobre turismo nos media, ignorando o papel que estes têm junto dos seus leitores, entre os quais também se incluem potenciais turistas. Analisamos a concepção crítica focada nos aspectos negativos daquilo que definimos como jornalismo de viagens, e pomos em evidência as suas limitações por não contemplar todo o universo do jornalismo de turismo, onde também encontramos o jornalismo turístico. Por fim, este trabalho vem testar teoria de que, cada vez mais, o turismo e os eventos ganham lugar na imprensa escrita portuguesa. E que, contrariamente ao estereótipo q que se verificava no passado estes temas já vão sendo apresentados nas notícias com elementos comuns às hard news, e tendencialmente apresentados junto da Opinião Pública como assuntos «sérios» que fazem parte da actualidade. P á g i n a | III ABSTRACT In late nineteenth century, both tourism products and media began to be accessible to masses, and not only to the elites, thus beginning a simultaneous democratization process. Tourism evolved to be, nowadays, a worldwide strong revenue industry, and, at the same time, an activity which boosts social contacts and the spreads information and culture amongst people. Information is, since the very first moment, an essential factor to tourist development and the media, and mainly printed media, play a key role in this process, contributing to spread and boost tourist promotion and products amongst the public opinion. Aware of the synergies established between both sectors, this paper aims to explore the approach of Portuguese Media to the tourism area, focusing in the large events’ media coverage by general print media. Additionally, the paper also points out some clues that allow us to a better understanding of the relation and bonds established between tourism and media. Aiming to closely report the reality observed, we examined and reviewed reference literature concerning media analysis, travel and tourism press. The bibliographic review was completed by a more practical case study, namely the analysis of the Portuguese Stage of Red Bull Air Race 2007- 2009 coverage made by the four more important general newspapers in Portugal. We conclude that, in what concerns media analysis, there is still a stereotyped vision referring to tourism press, considering it less specialized than other thematic press areas. A prejudice based in the fact that, in many cases, tourism press focuses on leisure and travel experiences, but not accounting the fact that this type of journalism has a great influence in the readers, including potential tourists, having the potentially impacting, in a practical way, in the market which they report. We have also analysed the critical concept focused in the negative issues of what we named “Travel press”, highlighting its limits, which result from the fact it doesn’t consider all tourism press universe, where we also include tourism press. Finally, this work aims to put the test the theory that, increasingly, tourism and events are gaining momentum in the Portuguese printed media. And that, contrary to the previously dominant idea, these themes are, nowadays, presented in the news as common elements of hard news, and also presented to public opinion as “serious” themes integrating the daily news. P á g i n a | IV LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS AICEP – Agência para o Investimento e Comércio Externo de Portugal APCT – Associação Portuguesa para o Controlo de Tiragem ESHTE – Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril FCSH-UNL – Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa OberCom – Observatório da Comunicação OMT – Organização Mundial de Turismo P.P. – Pontos Percentuais RBAR – Red Bull Air Race UR – Unidade de Redacção UNWTO (United Nations World Travel Organization) WTTC - World Travel and Tourism Council P á g i n a | V ÍNDICE GERAL RESUMO ................................................................................................................................................ II ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................................III LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ............................................................................................................. IV ÍNDICE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................................. VIII ÍNDICE DE QUADROS ......................................................................................................................... X CAPÍTULO I - INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1- Objectivos ............................................................................................................................... 3 1.2- Filosofia de Investigação ......................................................................................................... 7 1.3- Metodologia ............................................................................................................................ 9 Revisão Bibliográfica ...................................................................................................................... 9 Caso de Estudo ................................................................................................................................ 9 1.3.1 – Um estudo de Jornalismo Comparado ............................................................................... 13 1.3.2- Recolha e selecção de dados ............................................................................................... 15 1.3.3 - Análise Formal de Conteúdo ............................................................................................. 16 II- PORQUE É QUE AS NOTÍCIAS SÃO COMO SÃO ..................................................................... 26 2.1 – Ideias para Entender as Notícias .............................................................................................. 27 O Quarto Poder ............................................................................................................................. 27 Uma Realidade Construída ............................................................................................................ 28 Agenda-Setting .............................................................................................................................. 29 2.2 – Critérios de Noticiabilidade: Os Valores Notícia ..................................................................... 29 Sistematizando os valores-notícia ................................................................................................. 31 2.3 –Jornalismo, algures entre as hard e as soft news ....................................................................... 33 2.4 – Jornalistas e Fontes................................................................................................................... 36 2.5 - Conclusões ................................................................................................................................ 39 III- O TURISMO NA NOTÍCIA .........................................................................................................
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