,i,11.16-APT INPUT SHEET .SDET Population PA00-0000-G662 CLASSI- ".S[ODR Fi'CATION General-lndonesia' "+:
2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Indonesia, country report
3.AUTHORIS) (100) Rierson,Michael;. (101) Smithsonian institution. 'InterdisciplinaryCommunications Program " . +: _ __ 4. DOCUMENT OATE kN.MBER OF PAGES 16. ARC NUMBER.. 1976 - I ARC 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS , Smithsonian
8. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponorling OfIgnaIAllon, Publiahora, A vallablfly) .
9. ABSTRACT.
10. CNTRO NUMER11. PRICE OF DOCUMENT EN-AA-559 !Z. DESCRIPTORS . 2. PROJECT.NUMBER
Indonesia 13. __PROJECT___NUMBER_ Projects Projects.."14. CONTRACTCSD-3598 NUMBER GTS. Research . . IS. TYPE OF DOCUMENT
AND3 man. v I -A I. . .,:, ,. . ., , ,-...... I THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN EVALUATED AS.SUBSTANDARD COPY FOR
ROUTINE REPRODUCTION. EFFORTS IN AID/W TO OBTAINA MORE-
ACCEPTABLE COPY OF-THE DOCUMENT HAVE NOT BEENISUCCESSFUL.
DESPITE THIS DISADVANTAGE, WE HAVE CHOSEN TO REPRODUCE THE
DOCUMENT BECAUSE OF THE SUBJECT TREATED AND .TOMAKE THE
,DISCERNI BLEI INFORMATION AVAILABLE. COUNTRY REPORT.,
INDONESIAq
:-December '1976
'Interdisciplinary Communications Program Smithsonian I 1nsti tution
M. C. Shelesnyak, Vto..... ,
John Holloway,ST. A.:siroate R ectoo,- 6o Opeati.on Shirley-Sirota Rosenberg, EcWto4% December 1976 INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM Smithsonian Institution" Washington, D.C.
This -Country Summary, published under Contract' No. AIDksd-3598, may be quoted-without prior permission. Credit should.be given',, to the publisher. - FOREWORD
In.June 1972, the Interdisciplinary Communication Program (ICP) of the Smithsonian Institution undertook an integrated effort-the International Program for Population Analysis (IPPA)--to encourage policymakers and social scientists--particularly those from the Third World who are interested in policy solutions to population problems-to become involved in the study of problems and solutions of contemporary conditions related to population dynamics.
Several components make up the IPPA: o Support.of short-term research projects of the social science aspects of population problems in developing countries that are amenable to change. communications network--implemented by small workshop/seminars, o andA a publications program which includes a quarterly news-, letter, edited workshop/seminar proceedings, and an Occasional ,,Monograph Series. o Technical resource facilities to aid and develop the community of interest in population concerns.
In an effort to introduce policymakers and social scientists to the ongoing population dynamics research in-a number of countries, and the way in which that research has been supported by.IPPA, ICP has prepared a Country Summary ior each of 15 countries--Colombia, Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Tanzania, Thailand, and Venezuela. One Country Summary is presented in this compilation. All countries and compilations were selected on the basis of the amount of effort- primarily work agreements and workshop/seminars--expended by ICP in that cou1,try. No report is meant to be a comprehensive study of either the ,1Pactivities or the population-related interests of any country featured in this collection.
The material was 'collected and edited by Michael Rierson.
M. C. -SHELESNYAK, VNL~eeto4% Interdisciplinary Communications Program INDONESIA
1. INTRODUCTION
Population programnin Indoae'sia, the fifth most populous nation in the world (134.7 million), are primarily and jointly conducted by'the Family.Planning Coordinating Board and the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association.
With a rate of natural increase estimated at 2.1 percent for 1976, a crude birth rate at thirty eight per 1000 population, and a crude death rate estimated at seventeen per 1000 for the same year, the government has a long range goal of reducing the country's crude birth rate by fifty percent by the year 2000. A variety of family planning services are offered through the Ministry of Health clinics, numbering 2,400 (Population Reference Bureau, Inc; 1976a, 1976b).
ICP/IPPA received twelve proposals to study Indonesia; three were signed into work agreements, one was withdrawn and eight were rejected. A conference on "Southeast Asians' Perceptions of their Population Problems" was conducted in Tampak Siring, Bali, fr6m 23 to-26 September 1973. The conference was jointly sponsored by ICP:and LEKNAS (the Indonesian National Institute of Economic and Social Research). An ICP/IPPA social science analyst visited Indonesia during 1973 and 1974 to monitor work agreement progress. Results from three work agree mentsare to be published by ICP/IPPA in monograph form. They are titled "Transmigration Potential in Indonesia" by William S. Johnson and Ahmad Sanusi (inThe Dynamics of Migration: Migration and Fertility and Internal Migration,'Vlume 1--Monograph 5), "Economic-Demographic Simulation for Indonesia" by Hanato Sigit (inNw Perspectives on the Demographic Transi tion--Monograph 4), and "Women in Jakarta: Family Life and Family Planning" by Hanna Papanek, Pauline R. Henrata, T. Omas Ihromi, Ulfita Rahardjo, Aely G. Tan, and Ann Way (in Cultural Factors and Population in Developing Countries--Monograph 6).
.SOURCES
Population"Reference Bureaui Inc. Annual. 1976a. . 1976 World Populat"ion. Data Sheet. Population Reference Bureau, Inc.: Washington, D.C.'
Population Reference Bureau, Inc. 1976b. World Population Growth and. !.Response'-1965-1975--ADecade of Global Action. Population Reference Bureau, Inc.: Washington, D.C'..;--*- .
-1 2. WORK AGREEMENT ACTIVITIES
a. Use of ICP/IPPA Data--Implications of Findings
The study of women in Jakarta by Pipanek et al.'yielded data on a variety of demographic andso:ioeconomjc variables and their relation to fertility.
In the policy relevance area, the authors suggest that female employment be endowed with sufficient economic and psychological rewards to/successfully compete with childbearing"and childrearing in a society where both ideal and actual family size is large.
Another proposed stra:egy in the Papanek study is the utilization of arisans for family planning )urposes. The arisans -- old established !iwomen's associations which pres.-ntly serve a socializing and savings func tion -- could also serve as an ippropriate setting for small group dis cussions about sex and contraception. These associations might serve immediate and long term family )lanning goals. Among other things, they may be useful vehicles for deve.oping among its members a commitment to a particular method of contraceltion, thereby improving its effectiveness.
Results of the Papanek study are thought to be of particular interest to those implementing family planning and population education programs in Indonesia. Several types of reports and publications are expected to come from the study, including special reports in the Indonesian language which would be useful for the population education programs of women s associations, published reports in Indonesian and Engtish which will have implications for -policymakers, and articles or monographs for North American and.international social science publications.
Discussing future research needs, Pipanek et al. ,ask for research to separate the effects of women's employment from education, and from numerous associated factors, in relation to fertility. Such research could employ the investigators' four-stage model of social and structural change as a conceptual framework which considers women's contributions to the development process. Attention should be given to an exploration of the determinants of middle-class status and life style, and of the psychosocial and economic values of children. In addition cultural factors, such as differential norms for sexual behavior by ethnic groups and class levels, and explanations for the widespread popularity of the rhythm method deserve in-depth study.
The Sigit simulation study for Indonesia contains economic and demographic projections, using a neoclassical growth model featuring alternative investment strategies,. "Thestudy demonstrates that policies. wh6se'objective is to slow population grolwth can pay handsome economic dividends in te.ms of increased growth in per capitai'GNP. Bur they may also have. the unwanted side effect of 'slowing the GNP growth rate after 20 or 30 years,.as labor eventually becomes a bottleneck. The GNP growth rate, however, could be maintained if additional investment is forthcom ing,. but the price may be a greater share in the economy for the public sector and foreign invest*6'i..
The Sigit study is thought to be directly useful to policy planners because of its demonstration of alternative fertility rates on which to-help base government expenditure decisions.
The Sigit model is incomplete for future research needs in 4everal respects. The impact of demographic change on economic growth :-fs) considered, but the reverse is neglected. Yet, it is clear from nhumerous empirical studies that economic change iS in itself an important, stimulant for demographic change. The model probably underestimates the economic benefits of slowing population growth byignoring the potential second round fertility-depressing effects of a heightened GNP per capita growth.
Furthermore, the model assumes that slowing population growth has only a small positive effect on domestic savings. Yet it is plausible ,that the impact might be substantial if both added family savings and demographically related government investment were taken into account. The hypothesis that additional public, and private savings will compensate for a slower growing labor force over the l¢,ng-run as population growth slows should not be rejected without additional evidence.
The Johnson, Sanus-, and Tamney transmigration study examines the causes and consequences of Indonesians' willingness and unwillingness to migrate from Java to less densely populated areas of the island,,' In a survey of about 3,000 Javanese residents the investigators examined data relating religious, family and community involvement, economic status and aspirations, and demographic variables to migration behavior and attitudes.
The investigators concluded that there is a large base of perhaps six million people on Java who are potentially willing transmigrants. Awareness of the program greatly increl-ses willingness to move, and most people knew of the transmigration program from radio broadcasts. In the area of policy relevance, this study supports the Indonesian government's transmigration program evidenced by the large number of people predisposed to move from Java. Because of the great number of Jakarta residents, especially those from other parts of Java willing to migrate, the govern ment could initiate a trial transmigration program in Jakarta--particularly among recent migrants to Jakarta who are under 30 years of ages have higher levels of education, and whom the survey shows are apparently the most
willing to migrate. ... Morcover, other results from the study are seen as helpful the Indonesian to gvernment's development of a maximally effective trans migration policy. As an indication of what types of people are most likely to transmigrate sponcaneously, the study is especially relevant to the 2overnmprit',nt Aaml, v .. 1 ...
Work Agreement Summaries
(see attached)
c. Policy Relevance-Statements
(see attached) d. Interest/Involvement of Policymakers in Specific Work Agreement
(see attached) WORX AGREEMENT SU%4ARY
!"INCIPAL NVESTIGATOR (S) ';Professor Miriam Budiardjo Dr. Hanna :Papanek 'RESSi37,Jalan Prokilamasi-, 2 Mason Street
Jakarta, Indonesia Lexington, Mass.e. 02173
tLHONE. _ 83832, 82306 (617) 862-4549
RIOD OF PEP2ORMANCE: 16 Apr 74. 1 0ct 75 .TOTAL- COST-: ' $45,842,
TLE; Study of Urban Women
1SCRIPTION: Study of urban lower-middle and middle class women in Jakarta, with .attention to two factors affecting fertility: extra-familial activity and marital instability. In-depth interviews with sample of about 150 women of varying labor force status, income, religion. Final report to consider policies regarding female employment and family law in Indonesia, and to consider design of family planning and population education programs.
I REPORT SCHEDULE PAYtENT SCHEDULE I DATE DUE DATE RECEIVED AMOUNT, DATE DUE DATE REQUESTED
eo 74 74 8,000 OARO Sep 7'1 3' Sen 74
'15 Jan 75 5 Dec 74 8,000 - OARO Jan 75 9 Dec 74
A 475 10sMay 76 9,842 OARO 1 Nov 75 13
tA1L' PAY.AENT LjDE 18 Juin 76
IPPIA 4-73 Revised 7-17-74 TECIIN XCAL MONITOR: DATE, 19 Mar 74' WORK AGREEMEUIT SUMMARY Revised: 25 Apr 74 WORK AGREEMENT NUMBER: WA-10 $MBER:NROPOSAL P-108 LINCIPAL
:NVESTIGATOR(S): Mr. Han'anto Sigit ...... ___'_...._-______gDRESS: East-West Center i717, East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
LEPHONE: ______....
RIOD OF PERFORMANCEs <7 Jan 74 - 6 Jan 75 TOTAL COST: 45,800
TLE: Demographic Change, Consumption Patterns and Sectoral Shift inIndonesian Economic Development
SCRIPTION: Study of economic-demographic implications of alternative fertility rates. Development of a model which takes account of the effeIcts of these alterna tive rates, both directly-through investment and indirectly through changes in the age structure of the population. Estimation of demand elasticities based on existing budget studies to permit prediction of food-nonfood and rural-urban demand.
REPORT SCHDULE PAYMENT SCHEDULE DATE DUE'' DATE RECEIVED AMOUNT :DATE'DUE DATE REQUESTED
______$3,000 OSC______
31May74 :6 JunJ20 74 0 OARO May 746 Jun 74
r~ i 8M OARO.Jan:75 i 75
AL PAYME~NT: MDE: MIar 75
M.IPPA 4-73 Revised 7-17-74.. .i•. TECHNICAL MONITO.. ::I , ine_._ WORK AGREEME?:T SUMMARY
WORK AGREEME11T NUMBER: WA- PROPOSAL "UMBER:
."INCIPAL NVESTIGATOR(S)- ,Dr. William S. Johnson Dr. Ahrad Sanusi
1DRESS:. Department of Sociology Fakultas Ekonomi Ball.State University. .K.I.P/Bandung Muncie, Indiana 47306 Bandung, Indonesia tLEPHONE: 317/285-4049 724-.l6g (H) 81446 (Office); .52508-(Home)
RIOD OF PEIrOPUMAMCE: 11 Nov 74 31 Dec 75 IOTAL-COST: ___44__ . _ __ _ TLE: A Study of Transmigration in Indonesia
SCRIPTION: Investigation of the causes and consequences of Indonesians' (resident in Java) willingness/unwillingness to migrate to less densely populated areas of Indonesia; testing of hypotheses relating each of the following to migration be havior and attitudes: religion, family and community in volvement, and economic status and aspirations.
In pursuance of'the above: preparation of a questionnaire -and conduct of a survey among approximately 3,,000potential transmigrants in Java; the sample is to be' tratified by social class and is.to be drawn from residents of West, Central and East Java.
REPOR.TSCHDULE PAYMENT SCHEDULE DATE DUE DATE R.FC:EIvEO AMOUNT DATE DUE DATE RE 9LES,!ZD
I- ...... oSC 1 .75 - 6 Mar 75 ... 7 M•ar" 75"
10 Jun 75 9Jun 75 , __.__._. .__" __" _ identifying by I10S.ep 75 -line______j~.~mitg__ cost,-;______incurred; invoices
IL31 Jan76 "____..- " ... ~iubmitte. ,_... _'... -
______2" .5. .monthly or at
*'924tiADt: are. r:VE~vinte r197v , , ____ ,______.
heony!/-u.1 'i 3/22/77 (phone T .I...ICAMC' 1YO": Roy H. Haas TRANSM IGRATI ON. POT.ENTIAL IN 'INDONES XA
William S.-Johnson and Ahmad Sanusi
Joseph 'B. Tamney
ABSTRACT
This is a study of the causes and consequences of Indonesians', willingness and unwillingness to migrate from Java to less densely populated areas of Indonesia. A survey of about,,3,000 residents of Java's three provinces developed data that related religion, family and community involvement, economic status and aspirations, and demographic variables to migration behavior and attitudes. Of those interviewed, 14 percent were willing to transmigrate, and more than 60 percent of the Javanese population is aware of the Indonesian government's transmigration program.
SUAMARY
This was designed to produce information useful to the Indonesian government in attempts to increase acceptance and effectiveness of its transmigration program. Under that program, Indonesian residents of Java--the nation's most populous and densely crowded island--are encour aged to move to less densely populated outer islands; some move with government sponsorship and funds to land made available by the govern ment (sponsored transmigration) while others (spontaneous transmigrans), move independently under their own motivation and funds. The study focused upon persons resident in Java--the potential transmigrants. Data for the analysis came from a survey of some 3,000 individuals aged 16 to 40 years in East, West and Central Java and in Jakarta. To maximize chances of equal probability of selection for all dwelling units on Java, a multistage stratified area probability sample was employed. The survey was conducted by the principal investigators from January to 'May 1975.
FINDINGS
It was :found that about 14 percent of the ,sample showed some, willingness. t. .transmigrate; half were, very- will-ng. Thus, about 'six'
-Note: Correspondence should be directed to Dr.: Johnson at Ball-State .University, Muncie,, Indiana 47306,"or to Dr. Sanusi at '46 Jalan Merdeka, Bandung, I"do.nesia.
Detailed analyses.of these studies.appear under the individ.zal: investigator's name in CP's monogrph.seresMonograph Volume-l million people on Java are potentially willing to move to.other islands. Over 60 percent of the sample indicated awareness of tlte government's !--. transmigration program; their principal source of information was radio broadcasts. Residents of cities--especially Jakarta and Purokerto with 80 per-_ cent awareness--were most aware of the program. Rural East Java had the lowest awareness levels and the greatest unwillingness to trans migrate. Jakarta residents were the most willing. Sex differences indicated a clear relationship to willingness to transmigrate; males are more willing than females. However, there was a weak inverse relationship between age and transmigration pdtential. The batter educated are more willing to transmigrate as are those not currently married. Close to 40 percent of the better educated are somewhat will ing to move; 80 percent of the least educated are unwilling. Ethnic identity, as measured by language spoken, affects trans migration potential; individuals who prefer the Indonesian language were much more willing to move than those who preferred Javanese or Sundanese. Individuals who saw overpopulation in their-own areas as a problem showed greater willingness to migrate. Also, people who saw their living conditions as being worse than those of others in the area were much more willing to transmigrate. Those who were bored and saw little hope for fulfillment of their ambitions where they lived were much more willing to transmigrate. Occupation and income were found to be positiveiy related to transmigration potential. Incumbents of higher status or higher income positions were the most willing to transmigrate. However, homeowners were less willing to move than non-homeowners. Christians were the most will ing to transmigrate; adherents to traditional Javanese religion and Moslems were the least willing, but the more intense followers of tradi tional Javanese religions were as willing to move as most others. Respondents, regardless of sex, religion, or education preferred taking their immediate nuclear family when transmigrating; they showed little preference for including members of the extended family, includ ing parents. Residents of the most homogeneous communities of Java were less willing to transmigrate than residents of heterogeneous areas. Community involvement, which is actively encouraged by national and local leaders in Indonesia, was found to enhance willingness to transmigrate.
CONCLUSION
There is a large base of perhaps six million potentially willing trans migrants on Java. Awareness greatly increases willingiess to move, and increased attention to beaming radio transmigration should be directed to the more remote areas of Java. POLICY RELEVANCE
The Indonesian government can move confidently to.spur its transmi gration program because of the large number oflpeople predisposed to move away from Java. The government could initiate a trial transmigration pro gramt in Jakarta, particularly among recent migrants under 30 years of age who have higher levels of education.
FURTHER RESEARCH NEEDS None. COVENTS None. ECONOMIC-DEMOGRAPHIC SIMULATION: FOR INDONESIA
Hananto Siit
ABSTRACT
The study contains economic and demographic projecti'for Indonesia, using a neoclassical growth model featuring alternative investment strategies.
-SUMAtAI?
Sigit has modified a standard economic-demographic simulation model to permit the target growth rate of GNP to be set exogenously. The model then derives the necessary inputs of capital and labor to attain the desired growth rate. Ceilings are set on domestic savings which create the possibility of a shortfall in investment. To avoid this potential bottleneck, foreign savings are assumed to make up the difference.
Runs are made with the model using different rates of population growth, and the resulting impacts on economic growth are compared. Since ilowing population growth eventually results in a slower growing labor korce, the model's Cobb Douglas production function compensates by substituting capital for labor to maintain the required growth rate or GNP, FINVINGS
One important consequence of a demographic slowdown is the require ment for more rapid capital formation. Two additional results logically follow, given the model design. The shortfall between private domestic savings and required investment grows, requiring more investment from the public sector and from foreigners to achieve the targeted GNP growth rate. However, GNP per capita grows more rapidly as the GNP growth rate is maintained while the population growth rate falls. CONCLUSIONS
The author is ambivalent about his findings. On the one hand, he views the increased participation of government and foreigners in the ecouomy as undesirable but, on the other hand, he sees the advantage of a faster rate of growth or GNP per capita.
Note: Correspondence may be addressed to Dr. Sigit at the Central Bureau of Statistics,' Republic of Indonesia, 8, Jln, Dr. Sutomo, Jakarta,. Indonesia.
Detailedanalyses of-these studies appear under the individual investigator's name in ICP's monograph series, Monograph 4. He'does say,that slowing population growth makes morel difficult
the task of attaining a desired target growth raie in a planned economy.
POLICY RELEVANCE
The study demonstrates that policies whose objective is to slow population growth can pay handsome economic dividends in terms 'of increased growth in per capita GNP. But they may also have the unwanted side effect of slowing the growth rate of GNP after 20 or 30 years as labor eventually becomes a bottleneck. However, the growth rate of GNP can be maintained if additional investment is forthcoming but the price may be a greater share in the economy for the public sector and 'foreign investors.
FURTHER RESEARCH NEEDS
The model is incomplete in several important respects. Only the impact of demographic change on economic growth is considered and not the reverse. Yet, it is clear from numerous empirical studies that economic change is in itself an important stimulant for demographic change. The model probably underestimates the benefits of slowing pop ulation'growth by ignoring the potential second round fertility-depressing effects of faster GNP per capita growth.
Furthermore, the model assumes that slowing population growth has only a small positive effect on domestic savings. Yet it is quite plau sible that the impact might be substantial if both added family savings and foregone demographically related government investment were taken into account. More evidence is needed before the hypothesis can be rejected that additional public and private savings will compensate for a slower growing labor force over the long run as population growth slows.
COMMENTS
However, for most purposes, it seems more sensible to this reviewer to plan in terms of GNP per capita growth rather than in terms of GNP growth alone.
!-11 WOMEN IN JAKARTA: FAMILY LIFE ANDFAMILY-PLANNING
Hanna Papanek, Pauline R.'Henrata, T. Omas Ihromi, Ulfita Rahardjo, Mely G. Tan, Ann Way
ABSTRACT Interviews with 146 middle- and lower-middle class women in Jakarta, Indo nesia, yielded data on a variety of demographic and socioeconomic variables. The differential contribution to fertility of some of these variables is partially explained by a model of linking mobility, cultural values, economic development, women's roles, and fertility. Recommended approaches to the reduction of currently high levels of fertility are 1) the linking of women's educational preparati,.n and employment opportunities, and 2) the use of women's informal savings associations (arisan) to inform women about sexuality and family planning, and to promote contraceptive use. Modern methods of family planning are relatively new to Indonesia, but some women have long been concerned with limiting the size of their families. At the same time, children are considered very important for a harmonious family by most of the diverse ethnic groups which make up Indonesian society. SUALMARY Interviews were conducted in socioeconomically homogeneous neighborhoods of Jakarta among 146 middle- and lower-middle class women between the ages of 20 and 50. Each was married, living with her husband, and had at least one living child. Completed family size was 3.8. Three groups of equal size were surveyed: 1) women employed fulltime outside the home (represented equally in the categories of primary school teacher, secretary, typist, pharmacist, and midwife); 2) housewives; and, because most women in the first two groups were primarily Javanese, Sudanese, or Sumatran in ethnicity, 3) a group consisting of two additional subsamples con sidered more Westernized and modern--the Chinese (predominantly Christian) and the Menadonese (entirely Christian). A variety of socioeconomic and demographic data were collected to test hypo theses concerning the timing and spacing of childbearing. Marginal tabulations were obtained, and, subsequently, multivariate analyses conducted, to assesss the relative influence on fertility of the independent variables.
FINDINGS Two of the most widespread and deep-rooted values among these classes in Jakarta are suggested by the research to be attachment to family-building and commitment to children's education. Despite high levels of contraceptive practice and considerable husband-wife communication on this subject, nearly 80 percent of the respondents considered four or more children to be an ideal number, and approval
Note: Correspondence to Dr. Papanek and Dr. Henrata may be directed to 2 Mason Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02173, and Faculty of Social Science, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, respectively.'
Detailed analyses of these studies"appear under the individual inves tigators' name in ICP's monograph'series,.:Monograph .6. of spacing--except prior to the birth of the first child--far exceeded that- of limiting births;.where'limited family size was favored, economic considerations,' especially the cost of educating children, was the reason most often given. With respect to female employment and education, two major findings werel) the occur rence of family size differentials between women who hold jobs outside the home, and those who do not, rather than between women who earn incomes and those who do not,. and 2) a clear inverse relationship between educational level and actual family size, possibly attributable to the major expenditure of children's school ing. Perhaps because of the tendency of respondents to use such traditional contraceptive methods as rhythm (favored mostly by older and/or more educated women), contraceptive use-effectiveness was found to be rather low. The multivariate analyses revealed that, when economic and noneconomic factors were considered separately, age and monthly per capita food expenditures were the m6st important predictors of fertility, followed by age at marriage. Next were monthly school fees and ethnicity, the latter probably operating through other intervening variables. Employment, education, husband's occupation, and family planning use did not have significant effects on fertility.
CONCLUSION These findings led the investigators to develop a preliminary model describing a series of four developmental stages of economic and structural changes leading towards increasing female labor force participation, declining fertility, and individual value orientation. The model suggests that female employment represents both educational aspirations and class-related nutrition and housing standards, and describes fertility as a function of both educational and economic factors.
POLICY RELEVANCE To counteract the primacy of family building and female economic activity in a society with high levels of both ideal and actual family size, the authors suggest that female employment be endowed with sufficient economic and psychological rewards so it can successfully compete with childbearing and childrearing. Another proposed strategy is the development of experimental, short-term family planning arisan. These associations serve immediate and long-term family goals, and also provide a sociability function in a face-to-face setting independent of other institutions. The arisan might develop a commitment to a particular method of contraception, there by improving use-effectiveness, and provide reinforcement of contraceptives requiring periodic refills. They could also be an appropriate setting for small group discus-. sions about sex and contraception.
FURTHER RWSEARCH NEEDS The authors ask for research to disentangle the effects of women's employment and education from each other, and from numerous associated factors, in relation to fertility. Such research could employ the investigators' four-stage model of social and structural change as a conceptual framework which considers women's contributions to the development process. Attention should be given to an exploration of the determinants of middle-class status and-life style, and of the psychosoc'ial and economic values of children. CQJMENTS DATE: 19 rMar 74 WORK AGREEMENT SUMMARY Revised: 25 Apr 74
WORK AGREEMENT NUMBER: WA-bo: PROPOSAL . .MBER: ......
ATOR(S) Mr. Hananto Siit .__
East-West Center i717 East-West road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
PERFORMANCE: 7 Jan 74 --6 Jan 75 TOTAL COST: $5,800 r
Demographic Change, Consumption Patterns and Sectoral Shift in Indonesian Economic Development
Study of economic-dezqographic implications of alternative fertility rates. Development of a model which takes account of the effects of these alterna tive rates, both directly through investment and indirectly through changes in the age structure of the population. Estimation of demand elasticities based on existing budget studies to permit prediction of food-nonfood and rural-urban demand.
REPORT. SCF" DULE PAYMENT SCHEDULE DUE DATE RECEIVED A.4OUNT DATE DUE DATE REQSTED
$3,000 OSC
74 6 .Jun74, 2,000 OARO May 74 20 Jun7
'71 .-1 rat 7 800 ARJan 75, 7f; ,p., 79
YMENT FADE: Mar 75. WORK AGREEMENT SUMARY
WORK AGREEMENT NUMBER: WA'16- " PROPOSAL- NUMIBER: ;. -P-105
(SAtOR):Professor Miriam Budiirdj0 : Dr. Hanna Papanek'.
37 'Jal'an Proklamasi 2, Mason Street Jakarta, Indonesia. Lexingtoni,Mass. 02173
• 83832," 82306 (617) 862-4549
PERFOrMANCE: 6 Apr 74 - Oct'75 TOTAL COST: $4
Study of Urban Women
Study of urban lower-middle and middle class women in Jakarta,.with attention to two factors affecting fertility: extra-familial activity. and marital instability. In-depth interviews with sample of about 150 women of varying labor force status, income, religion. Final report" to consider policies regarding female employment and family law in Indonesia, and to consider design of family planning and population education programs.
REPORT SCheDULE PAYMENT SCHEDULE DUE DATE0RECEIVED '".MOUNTDATE DUE. DATE REQUESTED
. ...___....._-__-____' $20,000 OSC .
74 28 Aug 74 8,000 OARO:Sep 74- -3 Sen 74
75 -5 nee 74 8,O00 OARO Jan 75 9Dec 74
75' 10'M~y 76 9,842 OARO 1 Nov 7513My7
"MN :.. E: 18 Jun..76 INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM . SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1717 MASSACiUSETs AVENUE, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036. (202) 232-0995
I M.C.SHELESNYAK. Ph.D.. DireCtr
ANNUAL REPORT
on work performed under CONTRACT NO. AID/csd-3598
ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF POPULATION POLICIES AND DYNAMICS.
. during the period I JULY 1975 - 30 'JUNE 1976 This report,'providin'g data on all activities which were carried out under the contract during the period 1 July 1975 through 30 June 1976, is qubmitted in compliance with the pro visions of Section B.12.b of Article I of Contract No. AID/csd
3598, as amended. '
i30 Juliy :1976 SANNUAL,REPORT , ifor. the period 1 JULY1975 - 30 JUNE 1976 on ,CONTRACT:NO.,AID/csd-3598 ANALYSIS 'ANjD 'EVALUATI(N ,OF, POPULATION POLICIES.,AND.'DYNHC :by INTERDISCIPLINARY! COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM -SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
I. INTRODUCTION
This report describes activities of the International Program for
?opulation Analysis (IPPA) conductqd during the fourth year of a contract Lnitiated by the U. S. Agency for International Development in June 1972.
"...to generate brqad, expanded analysis and evaluation of population policies and dynamics, particularly by scholars and analysts in less developed countries, and the development of communication systems to improve the present level of dissemination of knowledge and informa tion in these areas to the social science and decision making communities in less developed countries."
The Program's rationale and guidelines are again attached as Appendix A !or the convenience of those readers who wish to examine the fundamental )remises of this undertaking and who may not have previous Annual Reports -eadily at hand.
In January 1976, AID advised the Smithsonian Institution that the )roposal of May 1975 for continuation of the IPPA beyond 31 May 1976.would xot be supported. Subsequent discussions culminated in a decision to extend :he period of performance to 31 December 1976 and provide additional funds .o permit an-orderly phase-out of activities by that date.
This, then, is the last IPPA Annual Report. It shows a decrease in taff and a drastic -reduction in programmatic activities such 'as travel, :onferences and encouragement of new research proposals, as aresult of the Phase-out decision. The principal effort is now directed toward'maximization _f the returnpn work already undertaken, within the constraints of remaining; ime and money. roposals arid Work Agreements,
During the year, 39 proposals were'received;_all were rejectedror -with rawn. Proposals were for studies in 20 Third.World.countries; Africa - Z proposals on 4 countries; Asia - 12 proposals "on 8:.countries; Latin nerica and the Caribbean - 12 proposals on 8 countries; and Other - 3 pro sals on worldwide topics. Total funds requested fortie 39 proposals were 1,141,800 or an average of $29,275.
Eleven work agreements were executed duringthe reporting period,'all &sed on proposals received in prior years. The l1 work'agreements'for tudies on 12 countries have a total cost of approximately $246-,200; the verage cost is $22,400.
Additional information onproposals :and work agreements.-is provided in ,ie tables below and the text that, follows. ISummaries of all. proposal s and Drk agreements are containedin:Appendices D and E, respectively.
TABLE 1 -0SUMMARY.DATA ONALL PROPOSALS RECEIVED 1 JULY i975 030JUNE 1976
REGION NU!!BEP $ U.S. (Thousands) PERCENT OFS
AFRICA 12 "402.4 35.2 ASIA 12 287.6 25'. 2 LATIN AMERICAT 12 361.6 - 31.7 OTHER 3. 90.2 7.9 J
TOTALS 39 j.1,141.8 100.M
ITABLE.2 - CUMULATIVE DATA ON ALL'PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND WORK AGREEMENTS EXECUTED TO DATE
RE.E' . "WORK TOTAL $ TOTAL $ OBLIGATED IL.p~pmPROPOSALS, AGREEMNTS REQUESTED AS WORK AGREEMENTS REGION RECEIVED WITHDRAWI SIGNED' (Thousands) (Thousands)
271.2 Africa .87 '74: 13 1 2,781.0 505.4 Asia 187 22 2,972.8
!Latin Ameerica 94 78 16 2,904.0 464.6 ,Other 27 26 1 29.7
TOTALS 3170.' "26S 52 . l,2.. 4I503,0
-7 INTERDIS IPLINARY COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1717 MASSAC1IUSETM',AVENUE, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C., 20036 ' (202) 232-0995
M.C.SHELESNYAK, Ph.D.. Director
ANNUAL REPORT
on work performed under CONTRACT NO. AID/csd-3598
HALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF POPULATION POLICIES AND DYNAMICS
. during the period 1 JULY 1975 - 30 JUNE 1976 This report, providing data on all activities which were carried out under the contract during the period I July 1975 through 30 June 1976, is submitted in compliance with the pro visions of Section 8.12.b of Article I of Contract No. AID/csd
3598. as amended.
30 July 197.6 Mfg~: 19 mar 74 WORK AGREEMENT- SUMMARY Revised: 25 APr 74
VORK AGREEMENT NUMBER: WA-10 pROPOSAL NUIDER: '' P-108
;AToR(S) Mr. ananto Sigit ______..______
East-West Center 1717 East-West Road V' Honolulu,1, Hawaii 96822
PERFORMANCE: 7 Jant74 -.6 Jan 75 TOTAL COST: ; $5,800
Demographic,Change, Consumption Patterns and Sectoral Shift in Indonesian Economic, Development
Study of economic-deMographic implications of alternative fertility rates. Development of a model'which takes account of the effects of these alterna .tive rates, both directly through investment and indirectly through changes in the age structure of the population.. Estimation of demand elasticities based on existing budget studies to permit prediction of food-nonfood and rural-urban demand.
REPORT SCHE-DULE PAYMENT SCHEDULE DUE DATE RECEIVED AMOUNT DATE DUE DATE REQUESTED $3,000 OSC......
,74 6 Jun 74 2000 CARO May 74 20Jun 74
rat, 7 ." 800 OARO Jan 75 _7A_.p h 7
YHENT MADE: Mar 75 WORK AGREEMENT SUM.,ARY
WORK AGREEMENT NUMBER: WA-'6 PROPOSAL NUMBER: P-0OS f.ATOR(S): Professor Miriam Budiardjo Dr. Hanna Papanek
37 Jalan Proklamasi 2 Mason Street Jakarta, Indonesia Lexington, Mass. 02173 -,...(617). 6 - 5 9 ".:. i " . / •
83832, 82306 862-4549
PERFOrMuACE: 16 Apr 74 -1 Oct 75 'TOTAL COST: $45,842 -
Study of Urban Women
11ON: Study of urban lower-middle and middle class women in Jakarta, with attencion to two factors affecting fertility: extra-familial activity and marital instability. In-depth interviews with sample of about 150 women of varying labor force status, income, religion. Final report to consider policies regarding female employment and family law in Indonesia, and to consider design of family planning and population education programs.
REPORT SCHEDULE PAYENT SCHEDULE
DUE DATE RECEIVED . AMOUNT DATE DUE DATE:REQUESTED
__$20,000 OSC
74 2A Aua 74 8,000 OARO Sep 74 3 Sen 74
755 De 74 8,000 OARO Jan 75 9.-Dec 74
75 __10 May 76 9,842 OARO 1 Nov 75 13,May,76
HAD];:, 18 Jun'76 'EETSUMARYr 973
WCAJ I STIGATOR (s) GRE ~ i UM E X XPAL . _ __ _ . ... . •R: __ _ __ D _ .,anus Ba'- ~*. E~ s:~ ~ . .P/an aft ltas Eko n j : M-. 47306 'HONE:" 3 Bandung, Indonesia "-" - Dec 75 81446 (Officey.52508 D So~'dPFof1¥ T-. (ome) . 1 De1 75 TOTAL COST: *: Study of Tra L:-;:M 4 = 7- - IPTION 3 Ir7esig*.- --he causes and consequence (re-±'; s of Indonesians less d -:- Za-s W*llingness/nwllng aed areas of 1 . s to migrate Indonesia; testing to ~ :ea~i~each of havI= az a::: of the following religion, to migration be V.-cmic fi and colnunity status in- In - and aspirations. !e above; preparation of a questionnaire ard - trarx *- =yong , ---s --va; approximately 3,000 social the sample is potential c: aaz I:s to to be stratified be drawn from residents by Central a.d Zas of West,
S6~'DULE r- PAYMENT -SCHED~ "^DATT DU E IDATE R.L QATST-D -6Mar 75 ...... 775. Ma7 75 a71 9 Jun 75 identifying by
fl,76incurred; invoices
Smonthly or at :47.b 1q74DE -12 -7 Proposals and Work Agreements,
During t'Ni year, 39 proposals were received,a1 rejected'we or with-' Irawn. Propos,,is were for studies in20 Third World.countries; Africa, 12 pro sAsia - 12 proposals on 8 counries; Latin ,Werica and the Caribbean - 12 proposals :onA8, countries; and, Other - 3 pr posals on worldwide topics. Total funds requested for the 39-proposals were $1,141,800 or an average of $29,275.
Eleven work agreements were executed during the, reporting period; all based on proposals received inprior years. The 11 work,'agreements for studies on 12 countries have a total cost of approximately $246,200; the average cost is $22,400.
Additional information on proposals and work agreements is provided in ,the tables below and the text.that follows.,. Summaries of'all proposals and work agreements are contained in Appendices D and , respectively.
TABLE 1 -%SUMMARY DATA ON ALL PROPOSALS RECEIVED 1 JULY 1975 - 30rJUNE 1976
REGION NUMBER $ U.S. (Thousands) PERCENT OF $
AFRICA 12 402.4 35.2 ASIA 12 287.6 25.2 LATIN AMPRICAI 12 361.6 31.7 OTHER 3 90.2 7.9 TOTALS 39 1,141.8 [ 100.0
TABLE 2 -CUMULATIVE DATA ON,ALL PROPOSALS RECEIVED AND WORK AGREEMENTS EXECUTED TO DATE
WORK TOTAL $ TOTAL $ OBLIGATED ALL PROPOSALS REJECrED/ AGREEMENTS REQUESTED AS WORK'AdREEMENTS REGION RECEIVED WITHDRAW1 ,SIGNED (Thousands) (Thousands)
Africa 87 74 13 2,781.0 271.2
Asia 109 87 22 2,972.8. 505.4
Latin Aierica 94 '78, 16 1,904.0 464.6
Other 27 - 26 1 845.2 9.7_ __
TOTALS 317 265 529p503. 0 ' 1,249.9 00 PUS AT STATISTIK MinJobutkan T. i dan 6jalan Dr.' Sutoi 8. Tromclpos -3 Na m.dksmnlawabnla,ner I aua 'DJAKARTA., Alamnal kawat: XKBVS a ...... e......
Nampr : )ZA.DA Lamphan...... Per.ha ...... • o l le ......
....,..,.....,.,,,......
Dr. Roy H. Haas Social Science Analyst Interdisciplinary Communications Program Smithsonian Institution 1717 Massachusetts Av., N.W. Washington D.C. 20036
Dear Dr. Haas: I am writing to.you concerning Mr. Sigit's request to get financial support from ICP to finish his.Ph. D.1 dissertation. I have known Mr. lHananto Sigit since 1960 when he first came to the Academy of StatiStics as a student. He made exce lent progress during his 3 year academic period such that he graduated in 1963 with Bachelor of Statistics (Magna Cum Laude). He was already teaching in the Academy and became the counterpart of three United Nation experts, Dr. P. B. Patnaik, Dr. V. N. Murty and Dr. Lal, since his school year in 1962. He has written two books in statistics, Mathematical Statistics for intern use in the Academy and Statistik for General use. Being very active in his work he was nominated by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) for an East-West Center Grant to'study Population Economics in Hawaii for Master's degree in 1969. Upon the completion of his M.A. in 1971 he got his grant extended and also he received one year financial support from the Population Council for studying toward Ph.D degree in Hawaii. He has made an approved dissertation prospectus and field research proposal on demographic economic growth relationship.- He is the first person to analyze the National Socio-Economic Survey data which have been collected every two year since 1963. This indicates that we in Indonesia, particularly in CBS, are lacking good and qualified researchers, who can analyze the abundant data we have been collected for years. His completion of his degree, therefor, will give a big lift to CBS in this field. His interest in research and experience will greatly enhance the activities in research in CBS and in Indonesia in general. I therefor fully support his efforts to get any financial help to finish his degree. Supporting him 'to complete his degree means supporting CBS and Indonesia. Thank You and Best Regards.
You( iGe ncerlyl
(Si Gde Nid mamas) _1A whlnf_ pnniiArtfnvi flivninn W.,
nit' :-uTra,:rat' r ' , on 3 a o.,I na'
.ro... arta, July ,!, 1974
lour2. 13C.j.;.attr : 2.co:..:.alion for . ,rof.Dr. - .i'armi.
011 C, &fladuanc;
Dear,:Srf
AitI referenceL to your',lettebr 0o uno10 1074, concornin; Survcy on Transmigration in indonecia, wd re very enhuciastic ane awireciate your effort..
I would li:e to. adtipe that 'Oir Director General of Tras:i:.:ation
throuj,2h our Local .. ead of, the Dep rtment i.ll belp ?rovide the data you uay noed.
,Jo ouldlike. to e:-,rzs, our sincere thms:Ef6r. your kind cooo oration.
cc:" ' .i. . - :i ti
1. nc.tioor of Labour, r'ns:?-Cration : :anCoo-,eratve (as a reort) 2oal .,Cc of he oart:Icnt of Io of thouD.in LLp~1 :a o.ui, '-i:t avInLntnu aouu. J ",; -t Java, ontrnl java, Jast Jav, .... eralIi:,e ,19o,-ya DJL LL!T. .GUN. AI(JONO ,T._ (TJ1KOKO) IN.0. IOXv. 317 D)KT., DiJArARTA "'INDONESIA
'cii : DITDJFr.ITRANS. DJAKARTA .Phone Numbcrf : 82212 - 83011 - 83012
4 Decombet 1973.' Mr. lt.C Shelesnyak, Director Interdisciplinary Communications ;Program Smithsonian Institution 1717 Mcssachusetts Aye, 21 . Washington D.C. 20036. U.S.A.
Dear Sir, I would like to express my gratitude to the Smithson- ' dn ion Institution and to Prof. 11, Bachtiar from Leknas for the' opportunity recently extended to me to be present along with colleogues from nei hbourin countries at the "exchange of viewvs and thoughts about current population policies. I feel that I personally hove learnt much from the three-day seminar in-so far as it did make possible inter disciplinary comfiuunications, as the title of the progrzmi in dicates. Besides the additional kncwledrze that I have obtain ed, I feel even more convinced th=* ever that aamily "±lanning and Transmigration together form a combined policy that must be carried out in a serious md overall fashion-; in the ul timate interests of national development. The intensive discussions,. along with the information about experi ences in other countries, proved very beneficial; at the same time they opened up new paths for future cooperat ion in this field. Indones a today has somethine; like 124 million people, living on an archipelaCio of thousands of islands. AlthouGh the IMd area of the country is 755,000: souare miles, two-thirds of the population is crowded into :"the island 0f Java, which, wth an .area of 51,000 square iles, has loss thnnsev'en por cent of the land. According to the most recent census, taken n. 1971, population over thc last;,*tcnIncal.aln years has been g.t si rate o.' 2.3- .c year',Y so obvidO i s ly thce si zo:'0f the lahot:r force is crca.. rpid.. .oo.. YetYe: .Ie ccono,.OIc pci:nt' of vi e- ow ' ci try- is1ili ver, 1 artyil " -. ' and nlthouhir ec'ooiic :ro\th. du*5 nr. the lst.f:ivo;y Cl'h + averr.ed 5";".-a' , ii -ins flCVeth(1 essllot..tbcn+'oni.bl, t:o Sncr a.e io.b oIrtiitic' t )e.n. .it:Igh c61;.t.ant. 1t. ,i nlc r )Vasa When the Indoneslan natlon obtained its indcCndencc In 1945, literacy in the country -woS 'extremely limited;.in fact, only 4i1 of the population could read anfd write, whilut only a mere hnndful of people had obtained secondary and tertiary education. At the saMe time, there was a great lack of educ ational institutes thdt were concerned with technology. It is not herd to imagine the immensity of the taski we foced in managing such a large population without experienced monagcrs veth proper educational nuclifications. At the some time, communication factors such as roads, ships, and the like were in v.i- .short supply. Indonesia today needs population policies that are more carefully drarn., more comprehensive and more in keeping with the different stages df our dcvelorment plans. The :?res ident of our country expressed the whole meaning and philos ophy of development in the Indonesian context in the policy stated early in 1973 when hepresented the results of the discussIons held by the People's -RepresentativeCouncil. Dcvel: opment is to be undertaken in stares, starting Y.-th agrarian development and apro-bnsed industries, then moving on to ogro-allied industries and later resources-based industries. Efforts must be made to ensure that our vast populat ion can participate to the madmum in the development of areas that offer potential but have never been used. This involves the problem of manpoer distribution and manpower utilisation, At the same time care must be taken to safeguard the desire of the Indoneain nation for true social justice, as expressed in the 1945 Constitution and the philosophy olPancnsila. ' In attempting to overcome .our national problems, the Governm ent sees Transm.ration as a means to carry out one of its finctions. Experiences so far have revealed that there are -still many- technical hindrances, such as trnnsportation to settle ment areas, health and the like, which we must deal with, not to mention more "humcn" problems that are now beginning to appear, such as attitudes to a new environment, relations between groups of people, confidence in and understanding of family plannin, young people and their hopes for the future, cnd.dependents who form an extra load on the head of a family. tany of these thin s have already boon considered, but more and more uncxpected' ro blems are still apprena.inL. I myself, aware of the.resoosibilityentrustd to me by the Government, as I am sure my colleagues are too, readily admit that there are many c o at reasonI om constantly open to a-ny help that can .bo given, in thleform :of ideas and opinions that will improve my, workz. To 1.O.2. I not only expess thaU:a forh4:h results o,our recent wvrhtsho; but also offer o.,ortunitiesi.fer fluuiv. part!c" ipation of idonh, in the formul,,tj on Of poac0.L . tt arc ieui - : able to populcvtion problcms in ,ur coun"tI'lin tnno ithriutere:s Of (flW p 'oj1lj'.' '"LCc'U)ld. Ve1'll MUch nilt Icl 1t 1'" , )I1) 1i c.-t.i10!1 reports on scrien.IIicnc::innr:, .t'itis Lnd soGh o4%! IdoiU w.A th popu].:tioe poli ciLi in otier coI..r . ne take this Opp.ortuylitY to thank you ,or Lot'me o'ofromnthe printed publicntons that 'I reccivcd a few days United States. that In conclusion, I would -liketo express the hopc days to the mUtuJl our relations vill be continued in coming benefit of all.
.ours siperely,•
R. Soebiantoro
cc.: Prof. H.T7. Bachtior Director Leknas Lipi Jn,. Gondangdia Lama 39 Jakarta, Indonesia, 3. PROPOSAL ACTIVITIES
a. Statement on Proposals Received
ICP/IPPA received twelve proposals to study Indonesia--three were signed as work agreements, one was withdrawn and eight were rejected. Two of the work agreements were contracted to collaborative U.S./Indonesian teams;|ihe third work agreement was carried out by an Indonesian national. All o ',the rejections went to Indonesian nationals, although three of them were lin residence in the U.S. at the time of their proposal. The withdrawal came from an Indonesian national.
The total amount of dollars requested was $284,135. The average proposed expenditure for all twelve Indonesian proposals was $23,677. The average work agreement proposed expenditure totaled $31,942 and for the rejections the average was $17,609. The withdrawal had requested $47,434.
b. Principal Areas of Research Interest
Several distinct areas of research interest can be identified from the proposals. The role of women in a changing society was a primary topic with two studies aimed at determining the new status of women--"Legal Aspects of Divorce and the Role of Women in a Changing Society" and "Study of Urban (Jakarta) Women," which was funded as a work agreement.
Another area of research interest revolved around the Indonesian government's transmigration policy. A case study of transmigrants in Lampung was proposed and a general analysis of the transmigration policy and its future, "A Study of Transmigration in Indonesia," was accepted as a work agreement.
There were several other proposals seeking to measure the specific effects of family planning in various areas of Indonesia, though none were funded. Other rejected topics ranged from "The Impact of Electricity on Population Growth in Rural Areas of East Java, Indonesia" to "Physical Environ mental Influences on Human Fertility in Indonesia" to "Emotional and Social Development of Young Indonesian Children: A Sample of Jakarta First Graders."
c. Proposals Summaries
(see.attached, ,?UNTRYOF PROPOSAL NUMnER: P-42 .IGIN: TIndonesia/USA DISPOSITION: WA-27 - 11 Nov 74
ROPOSER(S): Professor Achmad Sanusi AND Professor William S. Johnson Department of Economics Department of Sociology 7 I.KI.p'/Bandunq BardunqgIndonesia Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
LLABORATOR(S):
ITLE: A Study of Transmigration in Indonesia
ATE SUBMITTED: 23 Mar 73 DATE RCD.: 26 Mar 73 DURATION:_ 15 Months
OTAL AMOUNT: $45,259 START DATE: 1 Jun 73
PPA FUNDS REQ.: $45,259 ALSO SENT TO: None stated
THER FUNbING: Possible provision of key punch ($3500) and counter-sorter ($750) by ,si&,. Society or Ford. THER KNON WORK INVOLVE1.ENT:
ESCRIPTION: 1. The stated goal of the research is to help the Indonesian government evelop a maximally effective transmigration policy 2. A series of hypotheses relating to religion and migration, Family and Iransmigration and Community Involvement and Migration will be tested. The applicants -ill determine the extent to which people who are more or less influenced by traditional avanese religion, Islam, religiosity, family,ties, traditional and modern forms of ommunity involvement are willing to migrate from Java to the outer islands. Informa ion will also be gathered on respondents; perception of the attitudes of different eligious leaders toward migration and on the extent of family involvement (e.g. shared ecision making, intimacy, etc.) Data will be collected to answer questions such as he following: (a)which, if any, segments of the Javanese population have inadequate nformation about the government transmigration program? (b)why are Javanese unwilling o transmigrate. Economic variables will also be tested. 3. A survey of the Javanese population using a sample size of 3,000 tratified by region (in Java) and social class is proposed; all major types of • tential respondents (e.g. rural and urban, male and.female, lower-class and non ower class) will be administered a closed ended questionnaire; the sample will include ;nly people 16-40 years old since migrants in Indonesia tend to be young. 4. IPPA funding is sought for twelve months; no IPPA funding is sought or the three (3)month period in which the questionnaire will be constructed. ,MMENTS" Revised 18 June 1973 to reflect additional information contained, in a letter :rom Professor William S. Johnson, dated 25 May 1973.
PREPARED BY: -Roy H., Haas.., DATE: 27 Mar,73 'ORM 1-72 -PPA
-20 COUNTRY' OF PROPOSAL NUMBER: P-105 ORIGIN: Indonesia DISPOSITION:. UAiG - 22 Apr 74
PROPOSER(S) :Hanna Papanek, Visiting Professor. University of Indonesia; Mely Tan, Head, Population Institute, LEKNAS (National Institute of Social and Economic Research); Omas Ihromi, Dean of Research, Faculty of Social Science, University of Indonesia and Caroline Strout, psychiatric social worker, University of Indonesia. COLLABORATOR(b):
TITLE: Study of Urban Women
DATE SUBMITTED: 11 Nov 73 DATE, RCD.: 19 Nov 73 DURATION: 12 months
TOTAL AMOUNT:- 44,769 START DATE: ASAP
IPPA FUNDS REQ.: $44,769 ALSO SENT TO: Pathfinder, Ford
TNR FUNDING: Not stated
DTHER KNOWN WORK INVOLVEMENT:
DESCRIPTION: Researchers plan a study of a small sample (150) of urban women in Jakarta, with attention to theextent of and manner in which two factors affect fertility: extra-familial activity (employment and volunteer) and marital instability.
Results of the study should be of interest for policy regarding female employment and family law, and for the design of family planning and population edusation programs.
Respondents will be selected from six different sampling pools for a two part in-depth interview by trained Indonesian women.
COMMNTS:
'PREPARED BY: Nancy Birdsall DATE: 29 January 1974 FORM IPPA 1-72 (Revision of earlier summary of' REV. 1'-8"73* November 20, 1973)
-21 COUNTRY OF PROPOSAL NUMBER: P-1na ORIGIN: Indonesia DISPOSITION: w-] n'. 18 Jan 74 PROPOSER(S): Hananto Sigit East-West Center, Box 1811 1717 East-West Road Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 COLLABORATOR(S):
TITLE: Demoqraphic Change, Consumption Patterns and Sectoral Shift in Indonesian Economic Develooment
DATE SUBMITTED: 19 Nov 73 DATE RCD.: 23 Nov 73 DURATION: 12 months
TOTAL AMOUNT: $5,800.00 START DATE: 1 Jan 74
IPPA FUNDS REQ.: $5,800.00 ALSO SENT TO: Not stated
HER FUN;DING: Not stated
,:MR KOEWN WORK INVOLVEMENT:
DESCRIPTION: Will analyze economic implications of certain demographic changes looking at direct effects through investment and indirect effects through demand. Included in examination is impact of fertility change and urbanization on economic growth and structure. Analysis will be conducted for food and non-food sectors of Indonesian economy and will project income for both sectors under different conditions of fertility and urbanization.
Field research in Indonesia was financed by the East-West Population Institute. The remaining work is to be done in the U. S.
POMMENTS:
PREPARED BY: Willim .Paul.-Mcbreevey . DATE: 4-December :1973'-:, '' _IPPXAI; IIOUI1-72 REV. 1-8-73",.'
-22 bOuNTHy OF PROPOSAL NUMBER: P-258 ORIGIN: Indonesia DISPOSITION: Withdrawn 3 Fab 76
PROPOSER(S): Dr. S. B. Joedono Lembaga -Pe:nelidikan Ekonomi dan Masharakat Fakultas Ekonomi. Universitas Indonesia J1n, Salemba Rava 4. Jakarta, Indonesia- ,
COLLABORATOR (S):___
TITLE: Migration, Economic Development and Population Growth: A Case Study ...... of0 .nmrgr~. - 4rn T.m r~wn. T n
DATE SUBMITTED: 22 Anr 75 DATE RCD.: 2 may is DURATION: 12 Month
TOTAL AMOUNT: S47.434 . START DATE: SAP
•IPPA FUNDS REQ.; $47,434, ALSO SENT TO: Not stated
OTHER FUNDING: Not stated
OTHER KNOWN WORK INVOLVEMENT:.
DESCRIPTION: In-depth comparative study of migrants in Lampung and non-migrants in identical areas of origin in Java test the hypothesis that migration and cultivable land area through changing cultivation patterns has changed supply and demand conditions for labor, income and additional births resulting in higher desired and actual family size among Javanese in Lampung Province. Investigators will collect information from 1,000 women between the ages 25-44 consisting of 400 in Pringsewu, an old settlement area in Lampung, 400 in Way Abung, a new settlement area and 200 in Java during 2 months of field study.
The province of Lampung which has the longest history of resettlement and which continues to be'the most important receiving area had the highest intercensal (1961-71) average annual population growth rate of 5.2% among all 26 provinces with an average number of births of 3.83 per women. Migrant women in Lampung mostly originating from Java have been found to have higher fertility than the average Javanese women.
Investigators note that if the findings of this study indicate that trans migration is associated with increased family size through increased income, then it should follow that intensification of the transmigration program under'similar conditions will lead to increased population growth in Indonesia. Apart from showing light on mechanisms of fertility behavior among transmigrants investigators expect to provide the foundations for policy proposals regarding changes to be made in transmigration program objectives and implementation. COMMENTS:
PEPRED BY: - -- . . - Form IPPA 1-72 DATE:, 6 May 1 7S Roy.4:1-8-73 *z COUNRY Oi I'ROJO. L IU:II:,: .,P-306 ORIGIN: Indonesia DIS'OITIO.lRejected 24 Feb 1976
PROV'OS.:R(5)• Dr. Abdullah Heidar Fakulas Ekoncmi Universitas Negri Jemer Jember, Java Timur, INDONESIA
COLLAsOIATOR (S):
TITE: Effects of a Family Planning Program on Fertility: A Case Study of the Islamic Society at Cakru, East Java
DATE SUBMITTED: 15 Jan 76 DATE RCD.: 22 Jan .76' DURJTION: 12 months
TOTAL AyOtmT: $6,300 START DATE: S
IPPA FUNDS REQ. ; $6,300 ALSO SENT TO: Not Stated
OTHER FUNDIN'G: None stated
OTHER KNOWN WO.K INVOLVEMENT:
DESCRIPTION: Study of the impact of Muslim religious affiliation upon willingness of elligible couples to obtain family plahning program services. Data collection. involves a survey of 1,000 couples, half of whom are program acceptors. KAP, socio-economic and demographic data obtained .through the administration of a questionnaire. Survey to be conducted in an all Muslim village, Cakra, ,in Indonesia.
CO.WfINTS:
)'Iri:tA1Iy: James.M. Creager JA.'I.._)II.... 5 February 1976 COUNTRY'OF PROPOSAL NUMBER: P-291 ORIGIN: Indonesia DISPOSITION: F.ojc tcc 22 Ucc(mbur I
PROPOSER(S): Mr. Sofian Effendi Graduate School of Public and International Affairs University of Pittsburgh, 202 Bruce Hall Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
COLLABORATOR (S):
TITLE: Family Planning Decisions: A Micro Level Analysis of Modern Contraception's
Adoption in Indonesia
DATE SUBMITTED: 8 Aug 75 DATE RCD.: 13 Aug 75 -DURATION: 12 ,onths
TOTAL AMOUNT: $28,980 START DATE: 1 Oct 75
IPPA FUNDS REQ.; $28,980 ALSO SENT TO: Not.stated
'OTHERFUNDING: Not stated
OTHER KNOWN WORK INVOLVEMENT:.
DESCRIPTION: The research is to analyze Indonesian women's family planningar6 determined decisions and family planning intentions and to specify the degree to which they (1)by her attitudes to ward smaller family size and adopting contraceptivemethods and (2)by her beliefs about the likelihood that members of influential reference .groups expect her to adopt contraceptive methods together with her motivation to comply with ,those perceived expectations.
There will be a main probability sample of women between the ages of15 and 4F years old living in the provinces of Yogyakarta and Bali and a purposive sample representing the most influential referents.
COMMENTS:
PREPARED BY: Calman J. Cohen rm IPPA 1-72.. DATE: 9 September 1975 vey1--73. 6UDNTR OF PROPOSAL NUMDER: P-248 ORIGIN: Indonesia DISPOSITION: Rejected 16 Apr 75.
PROPOSER(S): nra _M,,vA~v~ne P~thangknrn Lter-arra Peneli4 tin Ek'onomi dan Maslareikat Fakultas Universitas Negeri Jember Jember. Tntinydocin
COLLABOPATOR(S):
TITLE: Study Comparing Acceptors' Fertility with that of Matched Non-Acceptors in Trenggalek, East Java
DATE SUBMITTED: 18 Mar 75 DATE RCD.: 25 Mar 75 DURATION: 10 Mont.hs
TOTAL AMOUNT: $8650 (Ro.3,460,000) START DATE: ASAP
"IPPA FUNDS REQ.; $8650 ALSO SENT TO: Not stated
OTHER FUNDING: Not stated
OTHER KNOWN WORK INVOLVEMENT:
DESCRIPTION: Analysis of'the impact of family planning programs in East Java on fertility in Trenggalek Regency. Interviews will be conducted with 4,000 ever married women ages 15-44 years including equal"numbers of family planning acceptors (2,000) and non-acceptors; among acceptors only those who have practiced family planning continuously for five years will be interviewed. Study areas within the Regency will be selected at random (N=100) and within each study zone, a further random sample of acceptors (N=20) and non-acceptors (N=20) will be interviewed.
COMMENTS: Proposal requires substantial . additional: iinformation 'and clarification on methodologyand qesiionnaire.
PREPARED BY: ..Roy H. Haas. Form IPPA- 7 2 DATE:: I Apr.U S .... Rev. 1-8-r 73 =UNTRY OF PROPOSAL NUMBER: P-207...P ORIGIN: Tndn___ _ _ DISPOSITION: P~itpd 22 1,6Vi.74
PROPOSER(S): • rwr i•rn_ : ,, , ~~1777 - , _= ;;d ... ": . . ;: " .. " , nnn1ti1it- Hawa.: 96922 : :::;....
COLLABORATOR (S):
TITLE: .'Physical Environmental Influences on Human Fertility in Indonesia
DATE SUBMITTED: 6 Nov 74 DATE RCD.: 11 Nov 74 DURATION: 12 Months
TOTAL AMOUNT: $16,740 START 'DATE: ,
!IPPA FUNDS REQ.; $16,740 ALSO SENT TO: Not stated
TER FUNDING: -Not stated
THER KNOWN WORK INVOLVEMENT:
ESCRIPTION: The applicant proposes to study,the interrelationship between altitude, female body type, and fertility in Indonesia. He hypothesizes that endonorphs are especially prevalent in high altitude areas, and that endomorphs have lower fertility than ectomorphs. Data will be provided by'questionnaires and body measurement of one thousand persons in four areas in Yogyakarta and Central Java Province.
i'Ot*ENTS:
PREPARED BY: MeCook jorm IPPA 1-72 DATE: 22 November "974 ,ev.-J-8- 73 ..- i cONIRY, ,OF PROPOSAL TUIMDER: P-155 DISPOSITION: Rejected 20 Sep 74 PROPOSER(S): Mr. Moh. Saloh Lembaga Demografi, Universitas Brawijaya Jln. Majen Haryona, 165 Malang, Indonesia COLLABORATOR(S):
JTITLE: Effect.of Family Planning in Ka'residenan,Malang,East Java
ID&TE SUBMITTED: no date DATE RCD.1 21 Mar 74 IDURATION: 3 months jOTAL AMIUNT: $3,000 (p. 1,200,000) START DATE: ASAP IPPA FUNDS REQ.: $3000 ALSO SENT TO: Not:stated
THER FUNDING: Not stated
)TiER .10OWN WIORIK INVOLVEMENT:
IESCRIPTION: The applicant will gather KAP and demographic data from a sample(N=?) of men and women in the ages 15-49 .years in East Java. The purposes are to assess positive and negative effects the of the family planning effort in Malang to date and assist in improving to the impact and accomplishments of the program..
',INTS: Substantial additional information on a aspects ,of -,the proposed work must Pe forthcoming ifrlom: the*:appiicant if favorable action is 6obe considered..
PREPARED BY: RoyH,.Haas
,! 1A-72 ...TE: . 11April1A74 7 2 1- 8 - 1-2S COUNTRY O PROPOSAL tUMBER:'. ,P-132 ORIGIN: Indonesia DISPOSITION: P'-t'Ir. Mr '74
PROPOSER(S): Mrs. Caroline S. Strout P. 0. Box 2073 Jakarta, Indonesia
COLLABORATOR(S):
TITLE: Emotional and Social Development of Younq Indonesian Children:. a,Sample of Jakarta First Graders
DATE SUBMITTED: 28 Jan 74 DATE RCD..: 28 Jan 74 DURATION: 12 months
TOTAL AMOUNT: 9.000 START DATE: ASAP
IPPA FUNDS REQ.: $9,000 ALSO SENT TO: Not stated
'OTHER FUNDING: Not stated
OTHER KNOWN WORK INVOLVEMENT:
DESCRIPTION: The proposal is for.a study of child-rearing-practices and parental attitudes among Javanese Moslem families. About'45 mothers whose-,youngest child is between 6 and 8 years would be. interviewed, in order to 1) establish common child-rearing practices, 2) analyze any relationships -between these practices and adult behavioral patterns, and 3) analyze what factors c6ntribute to the termina tion of child-bearing.
CO.MENTS %
PREPARED BY: ',Nancy Birdsall D .Aim 4 February 1974 FORM IPPA 1-72 REV. 1-8-73, -29 6OUZ4TR . OF ORIGIN: Indonesia PROPOSALNUMBER:' P-83 DISPOSITION: 'Rolect d A Anril 1975 PROPOSER(S): Dr. Fuad Amsari Jalan Darmawanpa Dalam A Surabaya, Indonesia
COLLABORATOR(S):
TITLE: The Impact of-Electricity on Population Growth in Rural Areas-of East Java, Indonesia, DATE SUBMITTED:- 9 July 1973 DATE RCD.- 18 July 197 DURATION: 12 months TOTAL AMOUNT: $16,810 START DATE: 1 Jan,73 IPPA FUNDS REQ.: $18,810 ALSO SENT TO: "'1Uot stated OTHER FUNDING: Not stated OTHER KNOWN WORK INVOLVEMENT:
DESCRIPTION: Dr. Amsyari intends to study the impact of electrification growth "as measured on population by such indices as fertility rate, rate of natural migration rate and the health increase,, status of the population." He hypothesizes that'with electrification the fertility, natural increase and migration will be lower and that the health status of East Javanese will be improved. 1., The Applicant proposes to carry out rural desas (villages) a survey among residents of 10 in the Province of East Java; there are 7532 such Province.* 'Five of the subject desas in the desas will be more than 80% electrified; the five will be among those with no other electrification. Demographic data would be collected on families in each desa; no indication is given of what percentage of families would, be surveyed. -
2. Data would be gathered monthly by the Kepala every three months the investigator Desa (village head); would !"observeeach family in the study check by himself the vital area to • events and their recording by the Kepala Desa."
'O.NMENTS:i
PREPARED '-BY. Roy: H. Haas, DATE: rORM IPPA 1-72, AV. 1-8-73
-30 PROPOSAL SUMMARY
:OUNTRY OF PROPOSAL NUIMBER: P-76 )RIGIN: Indonesia/U.S.A. DISPOSITION: Rejected 13 Mar 74
?ROPOSER(S): Hermien Hadiati Koeswadji 2510 Bancroft Way #212 Berkeley, California 94704
:OLLABORATOR (S):
TITLE: Lgil Amppri+ mf fli nvtrn .h v~1~ Women in rhaindi nr..
DURATION: 12 months )ATE SUBMITTED: 22 June 1973 DATE RCD.: 2 July 1973
IrOTAL AMOUT: $49,393 START DATE:
IPPA'FUNDS REQ.: $49,393 ALSO SENT TO:______
DHER FUDING:
{OTHER KNOWN WORK, INVOLVEMENT:
1DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the proposed research is to study family and child law in Indonesia, particularly those aspects, such.as divorce law, which affect the status of women in a changing society. Indonesia is presently preparing a new code of law, to be based upon traditional, religious (Islamic, Christian and Hindu), and the Dutch codified law. This study would provide information on how the present family law, which the proposer states is not grounded in indigenous Indonesian culture, affects women's position; it would suggest how the new codification could rectify this situation, based on the use of and attitudes toward family law among more and less traditional economic and social groups.
The study would involve a review of legal history and analysis ofi clippings; inter views of 50 persons. in each of five income, categories; and two,seminars for, pre paration of and discussion of interviews. The seminars would bring together scholar. public figures including' top women. figures, andthe =chairmanof,the law codification committee.
CONM1ENTS3
PRiPAR.ED BY: b T44,AiAal
DATE: ______:______FOR'M 1lPA 1-72 RLV. 1-0-73 -31 OTHER ACTIVITIES a. Workshop/Conference participants List and Agendaa (see attached) _____ INTERDISCIPLINARY: CONIUUN CATIO.QNS -PROG RAM *SMITHfSONIAN INSTITUTION 1717 ,MASSACHUSEs AVENUE, N.W.. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 (202) 232.0995'
WC. SIiELESNYAK, PhlD., Di4ector
SOUTHEAST ASIAN!S PERCEPTIONS OF THEIRPOPULATION PROBLEMS
An interdisciplinary conference co-sponsored. by LEKNAS and ICP
Tampaksiring, .Bali 23-26 September 1973
PARTICIPANTS LIST
DR. MOHD NOR ABDULLAH DR. PETER SHOU JEN CHEN Director-General Department of Sociology Malaysian Centre for University of Singapore Development Studies Republic of Singapore 10 Prime Minster's Department (and) E.N.E. Building, 2nd floor Population Division 111 Jalan Pudu ECAFE/United Nations Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Bangkok, Thailand
DR. JAMES N. ANDERSON PROFESSOR RAMON GARCIA Institute for Medical Research Director University of California Administrative Development ICMR (Hooper) Programme Jalan Pahang College of Public Administration Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia P.O. Box 474 Manila, The Philippines DIRECTOR HARSIA W. BACHTIAR National Institute of Economic MR. ROY H. HAAS and Social Research Social Science Analyst (LEKNAS LIPI) Interdisciplinary Communications Jalan Gondangdia"Lama 39 Program (and) Smithsonian Institution Dean, Faculty of Letters" Washington, D.C. 20036 University fIndonesia Rawamangun PROFESSOR A. HAFID Jakarta, Indonesia Vice-Chairman Family Planning Board Jakarta, Indonesia -2-
MR. A. RAHIM ISHAK MELY G. TAN. Senior Minister of State for National Institute of Economic Foreign Affairs and Social Research' Ministry of Foreign Affairs .(LEKNAS LIPI) Republic of Singapore 6 jalan Gondangdia Lima 39 Jakarta, Indonesia MR. GHAZALLt BIN MOHD NOR, P.J.K. Secretary -DR. AMNUAY TAPINGKAE National Family Planning Board Director Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development ANAK AGUNG GDE RAKA, M.A., M.P.A. c/o University of Singapore Udayana University Republic of Singapore 10 Bali, Indonesia PROFESSOR SOMSAKDI XUTO DR. KERNIAL S. SANDHU Director Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Department of Asian Studies Cluny Road Chulalongkorn University Republic of Singapore Bangkok, Thailand
DR. M. C. SHELESNTYAK KWOK YUEN FONG Director Assistant Secretary Interdisciplinary Communications' Population Studies Program Economic Planning Unit Smithsonian Institution Prime Minister's Department Washington, D.C. 20036 'alan Datuk Onn Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia MRS. ROSLYN SHELESNYAK Conference Programmer Interdisciplinary Communications Program Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20036
MR. R. SOEBIANTORO Director General of Transmigration Ministry of Manpower, Trans migration Cooperative Jalan Mt. Haryono, Cikoko' Jakarta, Indonesia INTERDISCIPLINARY. COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM :.!:SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1717 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE. N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 *"(202) 232.099s
M. C.SHELESNYAK. Ph.D., Difector
SOUTHEAST ASIAN'S PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR POPULATION PROBLEMS
-An interdisciplinary. conference co-sponsored by LEKNAS andICP
Tampak Siring, Bali 23-26. September 19.73
AGENDA
Opening Statements and Self Introductions Sunday. 23rd:Seotember Working Sessions Monday and Tuesday, 24th & 25th, September
I. The nature and progress ofvarious population policies and plans formulated and implemented In Southeast Asian countries.
II. What are the economic, politicaland 'cultural constraints affecting population policy formulation and implementation in Southeast Asia?
InI. How can the effectiveness of existing and proposed population policies and plans be increased?
.a. By utilization of indigenous resources:. b. :By utilization of external resources.
Summation and Conclusion Wednesday, 26th Septe.mber
Inasmuch as the format of this workshop/seminar is designed to, generate maximal interaction of dialogue, the agenda forms a matrix for discussion, rather than a rigid and sharply defined schedule. "Nonethe less, and without assigning specific-time-ailotments, we hope to touch on the themes above, acceptingthe fact that priorities arise-out of dis cussions. b. Trip Reports
16 September - 22 October 1973
IPPA Workshop/Seminar, Tampak Siring, Bali - 23-26 September, 1973
In addition to the value of the conference-table discussions? the Bali meeting provided the opportunity to renew contacts, meet people who would be seen again during the course of the trip, discuss national population policies, and consider prospective research topics.
The Malaysians and Indonesians expressed considerable interest in studies which would provide an indication on how rural land development schemes could have tied in more effectively with other social development services, including family planning. For the Malaysians this is an article of political faith; the government is committed to distributing more equally the economic resources and effective base of the country. In effect, this means moving to broaden the economic base of the Malays; the government is clearly concerned that the economic benefits reaped by families in land development schemes will be lost if rural fertility does not drop. They are attempting to assess whether the greater costs will occur at the micro (family) level or at the macro (national) level with government having to provide very large numbers of classrooms, hospitals, et cetera.
General Soebiantoro expressed great interest in the study proposed by Sanusi Johnson; I described the project to the general in great detail without indicating the names of the applicants. He said that the results of such a study would be very useful to the Transmigration Department.
Mohd. Nor and Ghazali from Malaysia and Mely Tan, Dr. Hafid from Indonesia and Samsakdi Xuto indicated strongly--and independently from one another--that there is growing resentment in their countries over the behavior and role of foreign scholars. In the past, foreign scholars have been provided willing cooperation from government departments, access to sensitive data and freedom to carry out research they saw fit. The scholars, on the other hand, had provided little input in terms of train ing local personnel in research methodology and had shared little of their intellectual experience or data with "locals"; many had also not kept promises to provide individuals who assisted them and government depart ments with reports on the results of the findings. As a result, the countries were all establishing mechanisms for closer scrutiny of planned foreign research before giving approval for scholars' visits. They were also attempting to insure that all research by foreigners would contribute in some way to national social, economic, or political development objec tives.
Thomas H. Reese, III -Meeting on 27 September 1973
Mr. Reese is Deputy Population Officer, USAID/Jakarta; it was not ' possible to meet Dr."J.Jarrett Clinton,, the Population Officer, who iwas out of town. Reese is responsible for reviewin ,research proposals'. Mr. Reese said that he had had to convince Dr.- Clinton that there was good reason for the Smithsonian Program (that il the ICP's IPPA) to work iniIndonesia. Dr. Clinton had felt that there were enough funding source; already available, and that USAID/Jakarta could just as well, and probably more quickly, fund the same type of social science projects as might come r¢ ICP. Mr. Reese's position, accepced by Dr. Clinton, wAs that useful work might well go undone, particulrly since ICP might sui.urt smaller projects by people moving into the population field for the first time; these would be the kinds of things which the major fu:iding sources would be unlikely to support and which might not come to AID's attention. There were, Mr. Reeee said, no restrictions on my activities; I should make as many contacts as possible. He would appreciate being informed of how the visit to Indonesia worked out. Subsequently I called Mr. Reese several times to inform him of contacts and plans; he seemed pleased.
USAID denied concurrence for the ICP/LEKNAS meeting because when they contacted Dr. Haryono 'yono, Deputy for Research at the BKKBN (National Family Planning Coordinating Board) and an official at LEKNAS, neither the genesis knew anything about the proposed meeting. I explained in detail of the Bali meeting, the co-sponsorship, and the fact that LEKNAS which was responsible for the invitation and other arrangements had informed ICP of the plans only at the last minute and only after considerable prodding. Thus, Sinding's office could not go out with a cable requesting concurrence earlier. It became clear to Reese that all intentions had been good and that communications within BKKBN and LEKNAS were a major problem--another BKKBN deputy and two other people from LEKNAS attended the meeting. USAID's annoyance and doubts about the cultural awareness of ICP were fully assuaged, I believe.
Reese made two key points with regard to USAID/Jakarta (that is, his) review of proposals being considered by ICP. I) His office will 'non-concur' in the future only in instances where: the proposals clearly goes against the policy ends of USAID or the BKKBN; the BKKBN objects to the proposals; where the budget is clearly inflated or out of line. In other cases--for example where he thinks a project unnecessary or some methodology ques tionable--he is quite content to let Smithsonian make some mistakes. Good results, important results may come out of projects over which he has some doubts; the IPPA project review process already has so many loops, that unless a proposal is faulted on the narrow grounds listed above, he will not be still another interlocutor. 2) Reese suggested that Dr. Shelesnyak or I (however ICP found it convenient) should feel free to send him directly, without carbon copies to Sinding (he was sure Sinding would agree) proposals under consideration; he would read them promptly and return comments, if any. His idea is to help us learn very early ifthere are problems with a proposal which could prevent concurrence later; if there were, ICP could work to iron them out early and prevent delay or, in mind that this decide not to move forward on a proposal. Reese had process might occur while ICP processed a proposal; he thought ICP should not wait for his response.
-37 Nathaneal Iskander -- Meeting on.27 September, 1973
Dr. Iskander is Director of the Demographic Institute, University of Indonesia; he is the country's senior demographer.
Iskander suggested that I meet several people recently traineda.' the Institute; these individuals are all teaching at regional universities and have all worked with Iskander on previous-national surveys. They generally served as province team-leaders; 13 recent trainees were in Surabaya receiving intensive English language instruction. Many of the trainees were competent to initiate and carry out studies on their own; they had the obvious advantage over Jakarta-based people of knowing their own regions, and the problems worth investigating.
Iskander is unlikely to submit proposals to ICP; he has ample funds. The Institute will probably coordinate the Indonesian portion of the World Fertility Survey.
Siti Zainab Bakir -- Meeting on 27 September 1973
Miss Zainab teaches in the Economics Faculty, Srijaya University in Palembang, South Sumatra; she has worked witli Iskander before and is one -of the people who received training in demography at the.Institute." Iskander thinks she is very competent.
Miss Zainab is developing two research projects; one would examine the capacity of the Palembang labor market to absorb current and future manpower and to test the KAP of female workers. She expects to be able to make recommendations regarding industrial development to absorb current surplus labor and regarding the need for family planning motivation and services. Miss Zainab and I spent some time discussing the project. Another project Miss Zainab considers relates to population education; specifically she considers a curriculum development project which could be done in conjunction with a teacher's training college.
Sam Suharto -- Meeting on 27 September 1973
Dr. Suharto is Director, Data Processing Center, Central Bureau of" Statistics; he had responsibility for analysis and processing of the 1971* Indonesian Census.
Suharto gave permission for use and editing of the article he wrote with McNicoll and Lee-Jay Cho on the Indonesian Census. He pointed out' that the Indonesian government (that is,his office) is quite prepared to make census tapes available to Indonesian and foreign' scholars; they" recognize that CBS does not have manpower or time to do all the cross-. tabulations which might be useful.
He indicated that he hopes over the next si x months' to develop a,',,. research design which would lead to the :development of effectivei classifi cation 'ofi ur ban and rural areas; 'henoted'that •planning for u ban growth is virtually impossible based as it now is on unclear classifications. The, urban/rural differentiation in.the census data has,,therefore, to be treated with considerable skepticism. Reclassification and redefini tion is important also for family planners.,
Haryono Suyono, Abdul Hafid, Sugeng Supari -- Meeting on 28 September 1973
Dr. Haryono and Dr. Hafid are Deputy Directors of BKKBN (The National Family Planning Coordinating Board); Haryono is Deputy for Research and bevelopment and Hafid is Deputy responsible for relations with external aid sources. Dr. Sugeng is an obstetrician-gynecologist; he is responsible for clinic development and management.
Proposals which USAID considers funding itself or which come to USAID for concurrence are referred to Dr. Haryono. Dr. Haryono indicated that he has ultimate responsibility for family planning related research; his job involves coordinating broader population research with government departments. He said that for reasons which he could not understand the Transmigration Department had not been as cooperative as they should be with respect to research and program implementation. He said he might occasionally be in a position to refer investigators to ICP directly or through Tom Reese with whom he has a very good working relationship. While he does not want to 'veto' proposals before they are sent to funding agencies, it would be helpful if applicants (to ICP and other offices) contacted him at an early date. He could advise them whether similar work was underway and would be in a position to make substantive suggestions which in some cases would make the research more relevant and raluable to the BKKBN.
I described P-42 (Sanusi/Johnson proposal on transmigration) and P-83 (Amsyari on rural electrification) to Dr. Haryono and Dr. Hafid; both thought that the proposals could make a useful contribution. Dr. Hafid said that in his capacity as Rector of Hasanuddin University, Ujung Pandang, Makassar, he may be in a position to encourage some of the Hasanuddin faculty to submit proposals to ICP. Accordingly, he sought further explanation of ICP's goals, interests, etc. Dr. Sugeng Supari discussed his responsibilities; he noted the need for research on the evaluation of family planning programs. He is parti cularly interested in fostering maximum efficiency within the BKKBN.
Maj. Gen. R. Soebiantoro and David Butcher -- Meeting on 28 September 1973
Soebiantoro is Director-General, Department of Transmigration, Ministry of Manpower, Transmigration and Cooperative Butcher, a UKcitizen, is WHO adviser toSoebiantoro. Soebiantoro, who attended the ICP/LEKNAS workshop seminar in-Bali had requested that I come to see him in Jakarta. He had llittle to talk about except to express considerable interest in the Sanusi/Johnson proposal (P-42) which I had described to him.
Butcher and Coebiantoro indicated that the major problem they face is selecting transmigrants; the key issue is the optimum age groups. Currently, only married men aged 20 to 40 years who also have children are selected; they believe, intuitively, that the program would work better if they were able to select younger men, whether married or unmarried, as these people would be more adaptable and flexible. They might also be more amenable to training and retraining. They would like to see some research done on this problem and the (perceived) problem of increased family size in receiving areas.
I. B. Teken -- Meeting on 29 September 1973
Dr. Telen, a Balinese, is head of the Agricultural Economics Depart ment of the Bogor Agricultural University. The University is partic-Uarly interested in problems of rural development; it has traditional agricul ture-school departments in addition to a strong emphasis on rural sociology and economics.
Much of the research carried out in Agricultural Economics is done in government departments; they work closely with Departments of Agriculture, Public Works, Electricity and Power, Central Bureau of Statistics and Trade. This department and rural sociology cooperate closely with kabupaten (regency) governments in helping to formulate development planning in the kabupaten planning boards. The University (I.P.B.) assists in assess ing data requirements, carrying out surveys to collect essential data and in analysis.
The Agricultural Economics Department has, for example, carried out projects on the socio-economic impact of irrigation projects in Java; in each case the impact study involves analysis before and after the development project.
S. P. Tjondronegoro -, Meeting on 29 September 1973
Dr. Tjondronegoro is Acting Director of the Rural Sociology Institute and Head of the Department of Rural Sociology of. the Bagor Agricultural University. He is currently completing the writing of the national Applied Nutrition Study which was carried out for the national government by his department under UNICEF funding. Tjondronegoro is probably the most impressive person I met in Indonesia; the Applied Nutrition Survey has touched on population growth questions. He will explore the possibility of submitting a proposal to ICP once the A.N.S. is completed.
He noted that most of the I".P.B., graduates serve in rural administra4 tion and are thus in touch with the bulk of the Indonesian population., Omas T. Ihromi and Hanna Papanek -- Meeting on 29 September 1973 Mrs. Ihromi and Dr. Papanek wanted to discuss a proposal which Dr. Papanek had formulated for possible submission to ICP: key Indonesian personnel would include Mrs. Ihromi', Dean for Research and member of the Social Science Faculty at University of Indonesia; Mely Tan, Head, Population Studies Department at LEKNAS; and, perhaps, Mrs..Saparini Sadhli, psychologist, University of Indonesia. Dr. Papanek is Research Associate, University of Chicago; until -December 1973 she will be visiting professor of sociology at University of Indonesia.
The focus of the study would be women, active in associational activities in Jakarta. In-depth interviews (case studies)'of about 150 urban, middle class women would elicit information on factors which affect thinking on the subjects of desired family size and decisions to stop having children. Variable will include employment, education, associa tional activity, religion, education, etc.
Papanek and Ihromi are interested in women's concern for family instability and the impact on fertility: what are the causes and implica tions of decisions to have children to solidify a marriage or not to have children in fear that a marriage will be terminated in divorce, a common phenomenon in Indonesia. Of interest also are women's economic activities: are these activities needed to meet higher costs or desired increase in living standards? Do they affect a women's role in the family? Is it a supplementary or alternative activity?
The focus is on urban middle class women because the investigators assume that these women, bound somewhat less by tradition and somewhat less by day to day considerations of subsistence, are in better positions than most Indonesian women to make decisions--i.e. have options--regarding work, having children, etc. Thus, if these women can be influenced, it is expected that other Indonesian women can also be motivated. The study would focus on women in associational activities because of the importance of women's groups in Indonesian society traditionally and the new importance as anticipated communicators of modernist and sometimes official thinking on social questions (including family planning, marriage law, abortion, etc.). Since women's groups are a pan-Indonesian phenomenon, it is hoped that the results of the study will have meaning for regions outside Jakarta, particularly since it is felt that Jakarta is the opinion leading center of the country.
The study would have as an adjunct a project being carried out by Carolie Strout, a psychiatric social worker. Strout's work focuses on in-depth interviewing of about 50 women on why they have decided to stop having children. The discussion provided the opportunity to make several substantive suggestions and to recommend that the applicants clearly discuss the policy relevance of the study should they submit the proposal to ICP; budget items should also be explained, etc. Fuad Amsyari -- Meeting on 30 September 1973
Dr. Amsyari, a medical doctor, teaches at Univesistas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. He is co-principal investigator of P-83. Dr. Amsyari and I discussed his proposed research; this provided a valuable opportunity to assess the applicant. He had a clear understanding of his project and the required methodology; he has good contacts with local officials to facilitate his work. I made a number of suggestions regarding existing data sources, coordination with officials in Jakarta, and the desirability of collecting retrospective information on infant mortality, migration, abortion, etc. On the basis of the discussion, it was possible to recommend that the proposal be sent to panelists. (Amsyari agreed to send. additional information on his survey instruments. He is working with Mr. Suroso, a sociologist, with experience in survey research in East Java.)-
Henry Pardoko -- Meeting on 30 September 1973
Dr. Pardoko is Director, Lembaga Kesihatan Nasional (National Health Institute) in Surabaya, Indonesia. Pardoko, a medical doctor, has exten sive experience in social science survey research in East Java; his Institute is a principal source of data and analysis on population growth, fertility and community health problems in East Java. Pardoko is currently contem plating preparing a study comparing fertility, completed family size, children ever born and KRP in East Java; he hopes to compare the ethnic Indonesian and ethnic Chinese communities. There is considerable resistence to family planning in Surabaya specifically and in the province of East Java generally because of perceptions of ethnic Indonesians (Javanese) that Chinese have many more children and that the Chinese community is growing in size very rapidly. Pardoko expects that because of better education, more modern attitudes, better health standards, etc. reality is at variance with Javanese perceptions. If he i3 correct, the new information can be used by family planning,officials in an effort to break down resistence on these grounds to family planning.
Pardoko, who has known and taught Amsyari, says that he is an honest,. competent investigator; Pardoko has worked on several projects and written with Suroso, Amsyari's co-investigator. He thinks highly of both. Agus Salim, Jorrie Tan, Effendi Bachtiar and others -- Meeting on 30 September 1973
Messrs. Salim, Tan and Bachtiar and eight other young, scholars Indonesian teach at regional universities throughout Indonesia; they are all social scientists; have received training in demography from Dr. Iskander.. at Demographic Institute, Jakarta; have all worked with and for Iskander. on various national surveys. Currently, they are taking a four-month intensive English language course; this is Ford-funded. The meeting with these people provided the.opportunity to discuss IPPA witha group of young, energetic, not-overcommitted Indonesian schola:s. As they come from regional'universities,.they are not regularly , ' assulted by traditional fundingsources. The three above-mentioned people had specific research interests, communicated effectively and were highly rated by Iskander.
Suleiman Sumardi:and Saadillah Mursjid -- Meeting on 1 October 1973
Dr. Sumardi and Mr. Mursjid are Special Assistants to the Deputy Chairman for Social Development at BAPPENAS; Sumardi is also Chairman of the Sociology Department at the University of Indonesia and in charge of research in his faculty.
Mursjid's responsibilities are: health, family planning, population and religion. Sumardi's responsibilities are education, law, culture, and information, education and communication.
Mursjid is working on family planning administration problems. He says that coordination of top and lower level management is a serious problem;targets are set, but low administrative capacity lessens impact. .Government is attempting to work with army and bureaucracy; also attempt ing to involve voluntary groups like Muhammidyah (political/religious). Most serious problem is that while groups now feel cut off, cut out and dominated--the spirit of voluntarism is being questioned.
Mursjid considering developing study proposal to consider role of various sectors in influencing population growth and role of population considerations in sectoral planning.
Sumardi is concerned with urban growth and rural/urban development. His focus is development of alternative growth modes to slow growth of Jakarta where urban population grows about 5.5 percent annually while lowest income strata grows about 12 percent annually.
BAPPENAS -- Director is Dr. Widjojo Nitisastro (noted populationist) Dep. I for Economic Development -- Dr. Salik Dep. II for Social Development -- Mr. Swioto
Suharso and Mely Tan -- Meeting on 2 October 1973
Drs. Suharso and Tan are sociologists at LEKNAS, Jakarta. Suharto is currently working on an AID/Jakarta funded study.of back migration. It seems evident from discussion with Suharso that IPPAis not likely to receive proposals for major projects from LEKNAS staff; most are already engaged in a number of studies.
I discussed with Mely Tan the project she is likely to work on with Hanna Papanek and Omas Ihromi; Mely has been working on the status of women project and with Papanek for the past year. The int'endedcollabora tion in the project to be submitted to our program .seems: completely genuine. 1 November -16 December 1974
INDONESIA
Indonesia gives the impression of consistent and considerable activity in the population field. It also appears that in Indonesia, more than in other countries, a close, continuous and effective working relationship exists between Indonesia and USAID population officials. Population program development and research funds appear to be both more abundant and less restricted than in other countries of the region.
1. Dr. Haryono Suyono, Deputy Director 1 (for Research and Develop ment) of the BKKBN travels extensively in Indonesia, frequently with Thomas Reese III, Deputy Population Officer, USAID/Jakarta. Haryono and Reese attempt to encourage and stimulate research on demography and socioeconomic variables affecting population growth in the regional universities. They also work together in two rural areas of Java in attempting to develop new, less bureaucratized, more flexible and community based contraceptive delivery systems. The Indonesian population planners have realized that they must place more emphasis both on stimulating demand for family planning services and on making certain that supplies of contraceptives are easily available to current and potential clients. This strategy involves setting up district-level delivery points making it possible for one person from a village to come weekly or monthly for new supplies for her village so that not all clients have to travel great distances for a re-supply of pills; at the same time, simple data collec tion techniques are being devised so that the BKKBN will know more effec tively the extent and regularity of contraceptive coverage. Haryono and Reese recognize that systems will have to be modified according to the region of the country, but--probably correctly--believe that only this type of community-based effort, separate from clinics, can be effective in areas less densely populated than Java. In Central Java, satisfied family planning clients serve as recruiters and Haryono and Reese plan to create the first house-to-house distribution system.
2. The Ford Foundation, currently funding a social science/popula tion training program in Aceh province of Sumata, the area farthest North and West of Jakarta, is planning similar programs for Indonesian Borneo. In this program, Ford officers and Pedro Flores (IDRC/SEAPRAP) travel extensively to regional universities encouraging and giving technical support, and preparing to offer funding to scholars in regional univer sities. More than twenty proposals received by SEAPRAP came from Indonesians, mainly in the regional universities.
3. Numerous religious and communited-based organizations have developed their own village-oriented development, health, and population programs. It is possible that ICP will receive proposals from these organizations in conjunction with local scholars; the studies would be directed toward providing information for program development or evalua tion. Dr. Lukas Hendrata, Executive Director of the Council of Churches in Indonesia, Haryono, and I discussed Hendrata's plans for a study to be carried out with assistance from Masri Singarimbun, Institute for Population Studies, Gadja Mada University. The investigator would ev4luate the effectiveness of the council's program in Central Java, when it has established a low-cost community health insurance scheme, run at the local level, with the clinic providing basic/total family care, nutrition instruction, and family planning services. The scheme is operated by the village near Solo and covere about 5,000 people in 700 households. Hendrata envisages studying the organization of the scheme and measuring its contribution to health levels and family planning acceptance, if any, as compared to similar villages without the scheme.
Detailed discussions were held with Mr. Hadjid Harnawidagda of the Muhammidivah. Moslem religious and community organization, and Mr. Agustiar, Zccurer at the State Institute of Islamic Studies. Hadjid and Agustiar plan a study "to supply data on the attitudes of traditional Moslems toward family planning and to compile recommendations for the improvement of family planning motivation services for the Moslem group." We discussed in detail how the study might be conducted; recommendations were made for the study to include interpretation by the Korean Muhammidayah religious leaders at local level, and that the study go beyond KAP work to also measure the attitudes and leadership or opposition of local Moslem leaders to family planning.
4. -Reese and I discussed ICP support for migration studies and ,possible support for Proposal 83 (Fuad Amsyari), a study of electification, rural development, and demographic change. Reese indicated that he had pushed vigorously for approval of the Sanusi/Johnson study of transmigra tion. Reese sees this study of "sending areas" as a valuable compliment to a USAID-supported study of migration flows and discounted earnings for migrants costing over $100,000, and being done by Sam Suharto at LEKNAS. Reese hoped also that our efforts to bring forth a study of fertility differentials among migrants and non-migrants would be successful; the study planned by Miss Mayling Oey would "round-out" the picture of the impact and potential of the transmigration program. USAID sees this as desirable. (Subsequently, discussions were held with Miss Oey and a draft proposal commented upon; the proposal can be expected by 1 March 1975 after University of Indonesia approval is obtained.)
Reese met with Amsyari and us to discuss Amsyari's proposed study. Reese indicated that he hopes the project can be approved as it should provide useful information on relationships between development and demographic change; he thought also that it would serve as a useful check on vital registration and the last census. He was informed that ICP would support the project only if Sam Suharto, Chief, Data Processing Center, Central Bureau of Statistics, joined the. study as consultant. 5. Miss Sri Juarini, Chief Family Planning Research Officer, Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association, discussed the work of her program. Juarini is effectively in-charge of a training program for administrators, field workers, and information officers. The PKBI sees its role (and is seen by the National Family Planning Coordinating Board) as primarily concerned with motivation and information work out side Java, in areas where the National Family Planning Coordinating Board program is not yet established. PKBI is launching programs in Sulawesi (Celebes) and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Like other organizations, the approach is moving toward a comprehensive community education program, going beyond a family-planning-only approach. Juarini hopes to prepare a proposal for a study to assess the effect and efficacy of PKBI programs as basis for planning new directions.
6. Dr. S. M. P. Tjondronegoro, rural sociologist, and Mrs. Sajogyo, sociologist of the Rural Sociology Institute, Bogor Agricultural University (ITB) discussed their work on rural community organization and nutrition. This work, done for Government of Indonesia ministries under WHO and FAO support, is leading them also to a total community approach. ITB research, community leadership training, and education programs are among the best established for rural Indonesia. They plan a study of the relationship between household size, nutrition levels, and health and modernity attitudes, including fertility and family planning behavior.
7. We were strongly urged by Dr. Haryono and Dr. A. Hafid of BKKBN and by Dr. N. Iskander, Director of the Demographic Institute, University of Indonesia, to travel to Palembang, South Sumatra to discuss research planned by Siti Zainab Bakir and Effendi Bachtiar. Bachtiar is currently engaged in devising estimates of Palembang's population size and growth expectations for the city administration. Bakir is completing a study of vital registration rates designed to provide both the first information on birth and death rates for the region and to devise and test vital regis tration systems. These people have available only a simple, pocket-size calculator and manual Facit calculators for their work; they are committed full-time to their research. We discussed possible research on labor force utilization and inmigration to Palembang, but it is uncertain whether they will develop a proposal for ICP given their on-going research.
c. ICP/IPPA PUBLICATIONS
(see attached) 5. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Cunningham, E.E. 1958. The Postwar Migration of the Toba-Bataks to East Sumatra. Yale University Southeast Asia Studies: New Haven.
Committee on Legal Aspects of the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association. 1972. Legal Aspects of Family Planning in Indonesia. Law and Population Monograph Series No. 4. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy; Medford, Massachusetts.
Direktorat Transmigrasi Propinsi Lampung. 1974. Risalah Singkat Proyek Transmigrasi Way-Abung, Kabupaten Lampung Utara. Department for Transmigration and Cooperatives: Jakarta.
Dobby, E. H. G. 1952. Resettlement transforms Malaya. Economic Development and Cultural Chan.e.
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Geertz, Clifford. 1963. The Religion of Java. The Free Press: Glencoe, Illinois.
Geertz, Hildred. 1963. Indonesian Cultures and Communities. Human Relations Area Files: .New Haven.
Geertz, Hildred. 1961. The Javanese Family. The Free Press: Glencoe.
Glassburner, Bruce, ed. 1971. The Economy of Indonesia: Selected Readings. Cornell University Press: Ithaca. Go, Pur ita. 1971. Indonesia's peoples problem. Far Eastern Economic Review. 74: December.
Haar, Barend ter. 1948. Adat Law in Indonesia. Institute of Pacific Relations: New York City.
Hunter, Alex. 1971. Notes on Indonesian population. In The Economy of Indonesia: Selected Readings. Cornell University Press: Ithaca.
Hurdley, Donald H. 1972. Indonesia 1971: Pantjasila democracy and the second parliamentary elections. Asian Survey. 12: January.
Ihromi, T. Omas; N. Iskandar; Chris Manning; Yulfita Rahardjo; Masri Singarlmbun; and Suharso. 1974. Population and culture in Indonesia. Presented at Seminar on the Cultural Consequences of Population Change. Bucharest. Mimeo.
Ihromi, T. Omas; Mely G. Tan; Ulfita Rahardjo; M. Wahjudi; Sri Djuarini; and Ali Djahri. 1973. The Status of Women and Family Planning in Indonesia. Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association, Research and Evaluation Division: Jakarta. Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association. Report on the study of Dunkuns in central Java. 1971.
International Development Association. 1972. Doctors and Dakuns, Puppets and Pills: A Look at Indonesia's Family Planning Program. The World Bank Group: Washington, D.C.
Iskandar, N. 1970. Some Monographs on the Population in Indonesia. Demographic Institute, University of Indonesia: Jakarta.
Junus, E.; M. Soetedjo, and J. Clinton. 1972. Indonesian National Family Planning Service Statistics: The System and First Year Results. Technical Report Series Monograph No. I. National Family Planning Coordinating Board: Jakarta. Keyfitz, Nathan. 1953. The population of Indonesia, Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia. No. 6.
Lairg, John E. 1975. Planning and target setting for family planning programmes. Prepared for panel on adminstrative issues in family planning programmes. Asian Centre for Development Administration: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. MimeO.
Lev, Daniel S. 1965. The politics of judicial development in Indonesia. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 2: January. Lev, Daniel S. 1962. The supreme court and adat inheritance law in Indonesia. American Journal,of.Comparative Law. No'.- 11.
McNicoll, Geoffrey. 1968. Internal migration in Indonesia: Descriptive notes. Indonesia. 5: April.
McNicoll, Geoffrey. 1969. Net migration between Java and the outer' islands. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies., 5: March.
Ministry of Transmigration and Cooperatives, Republic of Indonesia. 1972. Request to UN/FAO World Food Programme for assistance in a project for economic and social development. Jakarta.' Mimeo.
Ministry of Transmigration and Cooperatives, Republic of Indonesia. 1972. Plan of operations concerning World Food Programme assistance for rehabilitation and development of transmigration areas in Sumatra (Lampung Province). Jakarta. Mimeo.
Nitisastro, Widjojo. 1970. Population Trends in Indonesia. Cornell University Press: Ithaca.
Oey, Mayling. 1974. Differential fertility among female-centered social groups in Indonesia, 1971. Demographic Institute, University of Indonesia: Jakarta. Mimeo
Oey, Mayling. 1974. The impact of the transmigration program on fertility patterns of migrants in Lampung and implications for development of the Province. Demographic Institute, University of Indonesia: Jakarta. Mimeo.
Panglaykim, Jo and H.W. Arndt. 1966. The Indonesia Economy Facing a New Era?. Rotterdam University Press: Rotter4am.
Papanek, Hanna; T. Omas Ihromi, and Ulfita Rahardjo. 1974. Changes in the status of women and their significance in the process of social change: Indonesian case studies. Presented at the Sixth International Conference on Asian History, International Association of Historians of Asia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Mimeo.
Papanek, Hanna. 1975. Women in South and Southeast Asia: Issues and research. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 1:1.
Perry, D.H. and Masri Singarimbun. 1972. A case study of rural poverty. The Bulletin of Indonesia Economic Studies. 8:1.
Postma, Petronella A. 1971. Djkarta and family planning. Review of Southeast Asian Studies. No. 1.
Reese, T. and R. Repetto. 1973. Indonesia's;FamilyPlannin :Delivery System: A Preliminary Multivariate StatisticalInquiry. National Family Planning Coordinating Board: Jakarta. Rogers, E.E. and L- Svenning. 1972. The effect of field workers and incentives on the adoption 'offamily planning ideasin Indonesia. Presentedat the Population Association of America, Toronto. Mimeo.
Rogers, E.E.; L. Svenning, et.al. 1971. A field study of family planning incentives and field staff in Indonesia. ' Ford Foundation: Jakarta. Mimeo.
Sarnanto. 1970. Preliminary report. Operational study of health services in Pasuruan, East Java. Working'group on Health Aspects:. Bandung, Indonesia. Mimeo.
Sartono, Kartodirjo. 1972. Agrarian radicalism in Java: Its setting and development. In Culture and Politics in Indonesia. Cornell University Press: Ithaca.
Singarimbun, Masri. 1970. Economic aspects of family planning. The Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies. 6:3.
Singarimbun, Masri. n.d. The population of Indonesia: A bibliography (1930 1972). Available from the author. Faculty of Economics. Gadja Mada University, Jogjakarta, Indonesia. Mimeo.
Singarimbun, Masri. n.d. Two Old Contraceptive Practices, Coitus Interruptus and Abstinence, and Their Relationship with New Contraceptive Practices in Two Indonesian Societies. Department of Demography, Australian National University.
Singarimbun, Masri and Chris Manning. 1974. Fertility in Mojolama. Prisma. 3:2.
Soebiantoro, Brig. Gen. R. 1972. Pattern of policies in the implementation of transmigration. Directorate General of Transmigration, Department for Transmigration and Co-Operatives: Jakarta. Mimeo.
Soebiantoro, Brig. Gen. R. 1970. Problems connected with land use and land reform in Indonesia. Directorate General of Transmigration, Ministry of Transmigration and Co-Operatives: Jakarta. Mimeo.
Soebiantoro, R., 1972. The strategy of transmigration-and co-operatives in the content of national strategy. Interdisciplinary Communications Program: Washington, D.C. Mimeo.
Soewardo, Nari, ed. 1974. Law and Population in Indonesia. National- Training and Research Centre, Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association: Jakarta. to Indonesian ,Sudargo, Gautama and'Hornick, Robert N. 1962. An.Introduction Law: Unity in Diversity. Alumni"Print: Bandung, Indonesia.
Sutedjo, M. and J. Clinton. 1973. Contraceptive Trends in Indonesia's Planning Development Family Planning Program 1972-1973. National Family Coordinating Board: Jakarta. Sejahtera. Suyono, H. 1972. Process of family planning acceptance. Pina 2:7-8. and Cultural Tan, Giok-Lan. 1963. The Chinese of Sukabumi: A Study in Social Ithaca. Accommodation. Modern Indonesia Project, Cornell University: in Tan, Mely G. 1971. The social and cultural context of family planning and Indonesia. Presented to the Fifth Asian Congress of Obstetrics Jakarta. Gynecology. LEKNAS (Institute for Economic and Social Research): Mimeo.
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Zainun, Buchari. 1975. An analytical study of implementation systems of national family planning programme in Indonesia. Prepared for expert panel on administrative issues in family planning programmes. Asian Centre for Development Administration: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Mimeo.
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6. PERSONS INTERESTED IN ICP/IPPA.ACTIVITIES
(see attached) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DATE: .11/15/76 ADDRESSEE PROFILE SYSTEM MASTER FILE PAGE 138 DR. MUKI REKSOPRODJO NATIONAL TRAINNING'AlD RESEARCH CENTER JALAN HANG 3/F3 KEBAYORAN BARU JAKARTA INDOESIA 50 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DATE: 11/15/76 ADDRESSEE PROFILE SYSTEM MASTER FILE PAGE 139 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE NANCY J. PIET DR. GENERAL SOEDIRAM UNIVERSITY NONA SRI DJOEWARINI, P.O. BOX 2357 KEPALA IPPA BIRD PURWcKERTO 'JAKARTA RISET DAN PENILAIAN JALAN DR. KUSUMAH .JAWA TENGAH ATMAJA S.H. 85 INDONESIA 50 JAKARTA INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA sc
DR. HARSJA BACHTIAR PROFESSOR ABDUL MADJID KOENTJARANINGRAT DIREKTUR DIRECTOR PUSAT PENELITIAN PENDUDUK LEMBAGA ILMU. BIRO PUSAT STATISTIK PENGETAHUAN LEMBAGA EKONOMI KEMASYARAKATAN. INDONESIA (LIPI) DJALAM.OR. JALAN TEUKU NASIONAL TJHIKDITIRONO. 43i SUTOMO 7 JAKARTA JALAN GONDANGDIA LAMA-39 JAKARTA INDONESIA JAKARTA 50 INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50
DR. JOHN KANDAW DR. MADE G. MAMAS DR. 0. ASSISTANT TO THE DIRECTOR DJOEWARI OF KEPALA BAGIAN STATISTIK PENDUDUK SECRETARY HIGHER EDUCATION GENERAL BIRD PUSAT STATISTIK INDONESIAN PLANNED PARENTHOOD MINISTRY.OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE JALAN DR. SUTOMO 7 JAKARTA ASSOCIATION JAKARTA JALAN INDONESIA OR. KUSAMAH ATMADJA S.H. 85 50 INDONESIA 50 JAKARTA INDONESIA 50
DR. HENRY PARDOKO PROFESSOR HAN REDMANA DEPUTY HEAD DR. M.A. SUHARSO - POPULATION STUDIES CENTER, LEKNAS LEMBAGA EKONOMI LEMBAGA KESAHATAAN NASIONAL, DAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC KEMASJARAKATAN DJL. NASIONAL INDRAPURA 17 - . AND SOCIAL RESEARCH SURABAJA PETI SURAT 310 DJL. GONDANGDIA LAMA 39 JAKARTA INDONESIA 50 JAKARTA INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50
DR. SOENARDI SOSROVETOJO- DR. MELY TAN DR. BIRO PUSAT STATISTIK ZULKIFLI AMSYAH POPULATION STUDIES CENTER, LEKNAS NATIONAL FAMILY JALAN DR. SUTOMO'7' PLANNING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC COORDINATING JAKARTA ROARD AND SO.CIAL RESEARCH (BKKBN PUSAT) INDONESIA 50 DJL. GONUANGDIA LAMA 39 P.O. BOX 186 JAKARTA JAKARTA INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DATEI 11/15/76 ADDRESSEE PROFILE SYSTEM MASTER F:ILE PAGE 140 MR. ABDUL HAKIM MR. WAHID HONRE SITI OEMIJATI DJAJANEGARA, CHIEF KETUA G.K.K.B.N. DOSEN FAKULTAS EKONOMI RESEARCH + EVALUATION BUREAU SULAWESI SELATAN UNIVERSITA HASANUDDIN NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING JN 5 UJUNG PANDANG SUNGAI SADDANG CQODINATING BOARD INDONESIA 50 UJUNG PANDANG JALAN GENERAL HARJONO P.o. BOX 186 INDONESIA 50 JAKARTA INDONESIA 50
JOHN LAING DR. MUKIONO REKSOPRODJO, NATIONAL DIRECTOR DR. ALI BUSTAM FAMILY PLANNING NATIONAL TRAINING + RESEARCH .COORDINATING-BOARD MINISTRY OF SOCIAL WELFARE CENTRE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL-WELFARE JALAN GENERAL HARJONO JALAN HANG JEBAT 111/3. dALAN IR. H. JUANDA 271 P.O. BOX 186 KEYBAYORAN BARU JAKARTA BANDUNG JAKARTA WEST JAVA INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50
DR. HERMANTO MALKAN DRA. YULFITA RAHARDJO MALINTRA ISCA DRA. PETRONELLA POSTMA C/O LEKNAS GONDANGDIA LAMA 39 JALAN JALAN MELAWAI 9/6 KALASAN 45C JAKARTA PUSAT JAKARTA PUSAT KEBAYGRAN-BARU INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50 JAKARTA INDONESIA 50
PROF. SULIANTI SAROSO DRS. AGOENG JOSWONO DR. BUDIORO BROTOSPPUTRO NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE MINISTRY OF SOCIAL WELFARE POPULATION STUDY CENTER OF PUBLIC HEALTH SOCIAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF DIPONEGDRO MINISTRY OF HEALTH. NITIPURAN JALAN IMO BARJO 1 -JALAN PERCETAKAN NEGARA I JAKARTA JAKARTA PLEBURAN INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50 SEMARANG INDONESIA 's
PADJADJARAN STATE UNIVERSITY DR. SUHARSO PADMOKERTO DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY- DR. N iSKANDAR POPULATION STUDY CENTER DEMOGRAPHIC 37 DJALAN DIPATI UKUR INSTITUTE LEKNAS - LIPI FACULTY OF ECONOMY BANDUNG JALAN GONDANGDIA LAMA 39 INDONESIA 50 JAKARTA UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA JALAN SALEMABA 4 INDONESIA 50 JAKARTA TmnnmrcA so SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
DATE: 11/15/76 ADDRESSEE PROFILE SYSTEM MASTER FILE PAGE 141
DR. DOES SAMPOERNO PROF. SELO SOEMARDJAN PROF. SULAIMAN S. DEP.T. OF RESEARCH + DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH DEPT. OF OBSTETRICS FACULTY OF PUBLIC HEALTH FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES + GYNAECOLOGI UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA JALAN PASTEUR ALAN PROKLAMASI 16 JALAN DIPONEGORO 32A BANDUNG JAKARTA P.O. BOX 39U INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA so JAKARTA INDONESIA so
AGOESTINA-- FACULTY OFMEDICINE DJAMHOER MARTAADISOEBRATA DJUARIAH UTJA PADJADJARAN STATE UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPT. OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 37 DJALAN DIPATI UKUR PADJADJARAN STATE UNIVERSITY FACUI:TY OF LETTERS BANDUNG , 37 DUALAN DIPATI UKUR PADJADJARAN STATE UNIVERSITY INDONESIA BANDUNG 37 DJALAN DIPATI UKUR* INDONESIA 50 BANDUNG INDONESIA 50
SARWONO RONOSUSILO MR. MUHAMAD DJUHARI DR. OTTO SOEMARWOTO FACULTY OF MEDICINE LEMBAGA DEMOGRAFI, FEUI DIRECTOR OF INSTITUTE OF PADJADJARAN STATE UNIVERSITY dL. SALEMBA 4 ECOLOGY 37 DJALAN DIPATI UKUR.. JAKARTA PADJADJARAN UNIVERSITY BANDUNG INDONESIA 50 JL. BANDA 40 INDONESIA 50 BANDUNG INDONESIA 50
MICHEL'C. RUMBIAI4-.... DR. MUKI PEKSOPRODJO JL. IMMAM BARJO GEOGRAPHY'DEPARTMENT JALAN MUSIUM 4 SH. NO. 1-3 FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING JAKARTA UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO CENDERAWASIH UNIVERSITY INDONESIA 50 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER' ABE-JAYAPURA SEMARANG IRIAN JAYA INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50
MENNONITE CENTRAL COMM'ITTEE PATHFINDER FUND FOSTER PARENTS PLAN, INC. ATTN: LAWRENCE YODER,- ATTN: DR. DOES SAMPOERNO ATTN: JOHN R. LANGFORD REPRESENTATIVE FIELD REPRESENTATIVE DIRECTOR dL. PENDJAWI 48 DJL. KEBON BINATANG V/S P.O. BOX 278 PATI JAKARTA DENSPAR JATENG INDONESIA 50 BALI INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DATE: 11/15/76 ADDRESSEE PROFILE SYSTEM MASTER FILE PAGE 142 FOD FOUNDATION CHURCH WORLO SERVICE THE POPULATION COUNCIL, INC. P.O.ATTN: BOXMR 2030G. DE SPOELBERCH COUNCIL OF COMMISSION ON - SERVICE & DEVELOPMENT P.O. BOX 427, DJAKARTA LEMBAGA DEMOGRAFI, FAKULTAS TAMAN KEBON SIRIH 1/4 CHURCHES IN INDONESIA (DGI) EKONOMI DJAKARTA. JALAN SALEMBA RAYA.1O INDONESIA UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA 50 JALAN DEMPO 3 (MATRAMA) UALAN SALEMBA 4 DJAKARTA INDONESIA DJAKARTA 50 INDONESIA 50
PLANNED PARENTHOOD FED. OF THE ASIAN FOUNDATION AMERICA, INC. FOSTER PARENTS PLAN, ATTN: RAYMOND V. INC. JOHNSON ATTN: FRANK W. RYAN ATTN: DR.' LUCAS HENDRATA REPRESENTATIVE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR DIRECTOR JALAN PURWAKARTA 33 COUNCIL OF.CHURCHES IN INDONESIA DJL. FARIDAN M NOTO #I1B DJAKARTA PUSAT KOTABARU DJL. DEMPO 3 (MATRAMAN) INDONESIA DJAKARTA so JOGJAKARTA PUSAT INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA so
DRS. ABDULLAH HEIDAR DR. PARNGADI ECONOMIC SOENARSO DR. LUKAS HENDRATA FACULTY JALAN BALI 21 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER MADIUN dL. P.B. SUDIRMAN DIVISION ON HEALTH AND JEMBER INDONESIA 50ON EARTHOD INDONESIA s INOEI oRESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES IN INDONESIA DJL. DEMPO 3 (MATRAMAN). JAKARTA PUSAT INDONESIA 50 DR. SOEDJATMQhO DR. OTTO SOEMARWOTO MR. 0. ADIWINATA 18JALANTANJUNG JALAN TJIMANDIRI 4 C JALAN MANGGA OAKARTA BANDUNG 36 INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA BANDUNG 50 INDONESIA .50
DR. HARYONO SUYONO MR. R. SOEBIANTORO P.- 0.' BOX 186 MR. MET SLARMETBANOR BKKBN HARYONOMT.8JL. BKKNO 18 DIRECTOR GENERAL OF TRANSMIGRATION"-. JAKARTA BKKBN, JL HARYONO MT IDONESAINDONESIA MINISTRY OF MANPOWER, TRANSMIGRATION 50 JAKARTAINDONESIA AND COOPERATIVE 50 DJL. MT. HARYOND, CIKOKO JAKARTA INDONESIA 50 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION - "
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DR. HAFIZ FATCHURAHMAN, M.P.A. MR. ROSIHAN ANWAR- DR. HERBOWO C/O ALI SADIKIN,.ESQ.. THE EDITOR C/O ALI SADIKIN" ESQ. GOVERNOR JAKARTA CAPITAL CITY PEDOMAN GOVERNOR JAKARTA.CAPITAL CITY GUBERNUR KEPALA DAERAH KHUSUS GUNUNG SAHARI GUBERNUR KEPALA DAERAHKHASUSL IBU KOTA, MERDEKA SELATAN ANTJOL 13 JAKARTA 1BU KOTA, MERDEKA SELATAN. ' JAKARTA INDONESIA 50 JAKARTA INDONESIA 50- INDONESIA 50-
DR. MUROIJANTO PURBANGKORO PEPPUSTAKAAN PUSAT MR. SETIADI KUSUMA FAKULTAS EKONOMI GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY FAKULTAS EKONOMI UNPAD UNIVERSITAS NEGERI JEMBER YOGYAKARTA JL DIPATI UKUR 37 JEMBER INDONESIA so BANDUNG INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA 50-
U.A. MURJATIN DR. MASRI SINGARIMBUN MR. MOHD. SALEH aAPPENAS,' TAMAN-SUROPATI- #2- INSTITUTE OF POPULATION FAKULTAS EKONOMI: JAKARTA . STUDIES UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA INDONESIA .50 GADJA MADA UNIVERSITY MALANG YOGJAKARTA INDONESIA 50 INDONESIA so
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