,i,11.16-APT INPUT SHEET .SDET Population PA00-0000-G662 CLASSI- ".S[ODR Fi'CATION General-lndonesia' "+:­ 2. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Indonesia, country report 3.AUTHORIS) (100) Rierson,Michael;. (101) Smithsonian institution. 'InterdisciplinaryCommunications Program " . +: _ __ 4. DOCUMENT OATE kN.MBER OF PAGES 16. ARC NUMBER.. 1976 - I ARC 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS , Smithsonian 8. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (Sponorling OfIgnaIAllon, Publiahora, A vallablfly) . 9. ABSTRACT. 10. CNTRO NUMER11. PRICE OF DOCUMENT EN-AA-559 !Z. DESCRIPTORS . 2. PROJECT.NUMBER Indonesia 13. __PROJECT___NUMBER_ Projects Projects.."14. CONTRACTCSD-3598 NUMBER GTS. Research . IS. TYPE OF DOCUMENT AND3 man. v I -A I. .,:, ,. ., , ,-. ... I THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN EVALUATED AS.SUBSTANDARD COPY FOR ROUTINE REPRODUCTION. EFFORTS IN AID/W TO OBTAINA MORE- ACCEPTABLE COPY OF-THE DOCUMENT HAVE NOT BEENISUCCESSFUL. DESPITE THIS DISADVANTAGE, WE HAVE CHOSEN TO REPRODUCE THE DOCUMENT BECAUSE OF THE SUBJECT TREATED AND .TOMAKE THE ,DISCERNI BLEI INFORMATION AVAILABLE. COUNTRY REPORT., INDONESIAq­ :-December '1976 'Interdisciplinary Communications Program Smithsonian I 1nsti tution M. C. Shelesnyak, Vto..... , John Holloway,ST. A.:siroate R ectoo,- 6o Opeati.on Shirley-Sirota Rosenberg, EcWto4% December 1976 INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM Smithsonian Institution" Washington, D.C. This -Country Summary, published under Contract' No. AIDksd-3598, may be quoted-without prior permission. Credit should.be given',, to the publisher. - FOREWORD In.June 1972, the Interdisciplinary Communication Program (ICP) of the Smithsonian Institution undertook an integrated effort-the International Program for Population Analysis (IPPA)--to encourage policymakers and social scientists--particularly those from the Third World who are interested in policy solutions to population problems-to become involved in the study of problems and solutions of contemporary conditions related to population dynamics. Several components make up the IPPA: o Support.of short-term research projects of the social science aspects of population problems in developing countries that are amenable to change. communications network--implemented by small workshop/seminars, o andA a publications program which includes a quarterly news-, letter, edited workshop/seminar proceedings, and an Occasional ,,Monograph Series. o Technical resource facilities to aid and develop the community of interest in population concerns. In an effort to introduce policymakers and social scientists to the ongoing population dynamics research in-a number of countries, and the way in which that research has been supported by.IPPA, ICP has prepared a Country Summary ior each of 15 countries--Colombia, Costa Rica, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Tanzania, Thailand, and Venezuela. One Country Summary is presented in this compilation. All countries and compilations were selected on the basis of the amount of effort-­ primarily work agreements and workshop/seminars--expended by ICP in that cou1,try. No report is meant to be a comprehensive study of either the ,1Pactivities or the population-related interests of any country featured in this collection. The material was 'collected and edited by Michael Rierson. M. C. -SHELESNYAK, VNL~eeto4% Interdisciplinary Communications Program INDONESIA 1. INTRODUCTION Population programnin Indoae'sia, the fifth most populous nation in the world (134.7 million), are primarily and jointly conducted by'the Family.Planning Coordinating Board and the Indonesian Planned Parenthood Association. With a rate of natural increase estimated at 2.1 percent for 1976, a crude birth rate at thirty eight per 1000 population, and a crude death rate estimated at seventeen per 1000 for the same year, the government has a long range goal of reducing the country's crude birth rate by fifty percent by the year 2000. A variety of family planning services are offered through the Ministry of Health clinics, numbering 2,400 (Population Reference Bureau, Inc; 1976a, 1976b). ICP/IPPA received twelve proposals to study Indonesia; three were signed into work agreements, one was withdrawn and eight were rejected. A conference on "Southeast Asians' Perceptions of their Population Problems" was conducted in Tampak Siring, Bali, fr6m 23 to-26 September 1973. The conference was jointly sponsored by ICP:and LEKNAS (the Indonesian National Institute of Economic and Social Research). An ICP/IPPA social science analyst visited Indonesia during 1973 and 1974 to monitor work agreement progress. Results from three work agree­ mentsare to be published by ICP/IPPA in monograph form. They are titled "Transmigration Potential in Indonesia" by William S. Johnson and Ahmad Sanusi (inThe Dynamics of Migration: Migration and Fertility and Internal Migration,'Vlume 1--Monograph 5), "Economic-Demographic Simulation for Indonesia" by Hanato Sigit (inNw Perspectives on the Demographic Transi­ tion--Monograph 4), and "Women in Jakarta: Family Life and Family Planning" by Hanna Papanek, Pauline R. Henrata, T. Omas Ihromi, Ulfita Rahardjo, Aely G. Tan, and Ann Way (in Cultural Factors and Population in Developing Countries--Monograph 6). .SOURCES Population"Reference Bureaui Inc. Annual. 1976a. 1976 World Populat"ion. Data Sheet. Population Reference Bureau, Inc.: Washington, D.C.' Population Reference Bureau, Inc. 1976b. World Population Growth and. !.Response'-1965-1975--ADecade of Global Action. Population Reference Bureau, Inc.: Washington, D.C'..;--*- . -1­ 2. WORK AGREEMENT ACTIVITIES a. Use of ICP/IPPA Data--Implications of Findings The study of women in Jakarta by Pipanek et al.'yielded data on a variety of demographic andso:ioeconomjc variables and their relation to fertility. In the policy relevance area, the authors suggest that female employment be endowed with sufficient economic and psychological rewards to/successfully compete with childbearing"and childrearing in a society where both ideal and actual family size is large. Another proposed stra:egy in the Papanek study is the utilization of arisans for family planning )urposes. The arisans -- old established !iwomen's associations which pres.-ntly serve a socializing and savings func­ tion -- could also serve as an ippropriate setting for small group dis­ cussions about sex and contraception. These associations might serve immediate and long term family )lanning goals. Among other things, they may be useful vehicles for deve.oping among its members a commitment to a particular method of contraceltion, thereby improving its effectiveness. Results of the Papanek study are thought to be of particular interest to those implementing family planning and population education programs in Indonesia. Several types of reports and publications are expected to come from the study, including special reports in the Indonesian language which would be useful for the population education programs of women s associations, published reports in Indonesian and Engtish which will have implications for -policymakers, and articles or monographs for North American and.international social science publications. Discussing future research needs, Pipanek et al. ,ask for research to separate the effects of women's employment from education, and from numerous associated factors, in relation to fertility. Such research could employ the investigators' four-stage model of social and structural change as a conceptual framework which considers women's contributions to the development process. Attention should be given to an exploration of the determinants of middle-class status and life style, and of the psychosocial and economic values of children. In addition cultural factors, such as differential norms for sexual behavior by ethnic groups and class levels, and explanations for the widespread popularity of the rhythm method deserve in-depth study. The Sigit simulation study for Indonesia contains economic and demographic projections, using a neoclassical growth model featuring alternative investment strategies,. "Thestudy demonstrates that policies. wh6se'objective is to slow population grolwth can pay handsome economic dividends in te.ms of increased growth in per capitai'GNP. Bur they may also have. the unwanted side effect of 'slowing the GNP growth rate after 20 or 30 years,.as labor eventually becomes a bottleneck. The GNP growth rate, however, could be maintained if additional investment is forthcom­ ing,. but the price may be a greater share in the economy for the public sector and foreign invest*6'i.. The Sigit study is thought to be directly useful to policy planners because of its demonstration of alternative fertility rates on which to-help base government expenditure decisions. The Sigit model is incomplete for future research needs in 4everal respects. The impact of demographic change on economic growth :-fs) considered, but the reverse is neglected. Yet, it is clear from nhumerous empirical studies that economic change iS in itself an important, stimulant for demographic change. The model probably underestimates the economic benefits of slowing population growth byignoring the potential second round fertility-depressing effects of a heightened GNP per capita growth. Furthermore, the model assumes that slowing population growth has only a small positive effect on domestic savings. Yet it is plausible ,that the impact might be substantial if both added family savings and demographically related government investment were taken into account.