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The Growth of Southeast Asian Universities: Expansion Regional DOCUMENT RESUME ED 101 631 HE 006 223 AUTHOR TApingkae, Amnuay, Ed. TITLE The growth of Southeast AsianUniversities: Expansion versus Consolidation. INSTITUTION Regional Inst. of Higher Education andDevelopment, Singapore. PUB DATE 74 NOTE 204p.; Proceedings of the workshop heldin Chiang Mai, Thailand, November 29-December 2, 1973 AVAILABLE FROM Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development, 1974 c/o University ofSingapore, Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 10 ($5.20) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC Not Available from EDRS. PLUSPOSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Cooperative Planning; *Educational Development; *Educational Improvement; EducationalOpportunities; *Foreign Countries; *Higher Education;*Universities; Workshops IDENTIFIERS Indonesia; Khmer Republic; Laos; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore; *Southeast Asia;Thailand; Vietnam ABSTRACT The proceedings of a workshop on thegrowth of Southeast Asian universities emphasizethe problems attendant to this growth; for example, expansion versusconsolidation of higher education, and mass versus selective highereducation. Papers concerned with university growth focus onvarious countries: Indonesia, Khmer Republic, Laos, Vietnam,Malasia, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines. (Ma) reN THE GROWTH OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN UNIVERSITIES Expansion versus Consolidation CD Proceedings of the Workshop Held in Chiang Mai, Thailand 29 November 2 December 1973 Edited by Amnuay Tapingkae Pf 17MSSION TO/4 } 111111.111( Tt1`, U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. %)PY11014T1- MATE 4Al BY MICRO EDUCATION I WELFARE F1l ME..0NLY N BY NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION ik.e4Refal /ff T. Dot uyt- NT HAS HI F N 11F1311(' c\i 1:c.ttcLih . t D I *A( T1 VA't NI '1 'VI 14011: TO I- 1+t" AND 014(1,ANI/A T -ON OPE AT 11F 14S1./N ',if (1171tAyljA T ION 0141c.,,4 N(. N 17 At:car/OE NTS WI 1-1T 1.4E NA ,Wt,T POINTS 01 '.'I OM OPINION,. t .ory At N% T.: 01 f '11/1'. A T1ON D DO NO! NE et 1,A1711 r 1tI PPE: I 14 rt1. itNI P17001.1: T ()11",,PF `.1 N' Ill II( 831, NA T1ONAI INSTITUTE 01 'III} .,,,,,TtM 141-Q1.1117FS 14M1' F 01.1 AT ON POS. ION 01+ POI II O YON 01 110 101 ,041(011 C .NNI O Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development Singapore April 1974 2/3 Hegiondl Institute ot Higher El imation and Development, 1974 CO: Univers.N01Singdoore Buk itV!WailfiOdd Sj ngapoi u,1ti ¶1 CONTENTS Preface vi Welcoming Address by Dr. Amnuay Tapingkae Director, RIHED vii Opening Address by His Excellency, Prof. Aroon Sorathesn, Ministerin-Charge of State University Bureau of Thailand xi PART I PROBLEMS OF UNIVERSITY GROWTH IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 1. Problems of University Growth in Indonesia Achjani Atmakusuma 1 2. Some Problems of Khmer Universities Khus Chiev 11 3. Higher Education Development in Laos Tenh Teso 17 4. Problems of University Growth in Vietnam Do Ba Khe 23 PART H PROBLEMS OF UNIVERSITY GROWTH IN SOUTHEAST ASIA (Continued) 1. The Growth of University Education in Malaysia Mohamed Suffian bin Hashim 39 2. 'Country Report' Recent Development and Growth of Higher Education in Singapore Louis H. Y. Chen and F. A. Vasenwala 59 3. 'Country Report' Higher Education Development in Thailand Wichit Srisa-an 72 4. 'Country Report (Philippines?' Augusto L. Tenmatay 80 r PART HI PROBLEMS OF EXPANSION VERSUS CONSOLIDA1 ION OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Problems of Expansion versus ConsouGation of Higher Education in Southeast Asia Koesnadi Hardiasoemantri 91 PAM iV MASS VERSUS SELECTIVE HIGHER EDUCATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 1, Mass versus Selective Higher Education in Southeast Asia -- The Responses of the University of Singapore Lim Chong Yah 119 2. Raml.hainhaeng: The Open-Door University Reexamined Amara Raksasataya 142 PART V REPOR.1 ' PROCEEDINGS: SUMMARY ANL RECOMMENDATIONS Sumriao, of Themes Charles F Keyes and Susan Miller 163 PART VI BACKGROUND PAPER Indonesia's National Study Service Scheme (Kuliah Kerja Nyata) Diana Fussell and Andrew Quarm.'w 177 Programme of Workshop 191 List of Participants and Observers 195 PREFACE vi In view of the rapid expansion ct institutions of higher education in all countries of the Southeast Asian region, the Regional Institute of Higher .duration and Development consideredthatit was appropriate to hold a regional workshop in order to take stock of the causes and consequences of higher education expansion in the region as well as to consider consolidation as an alternative. The purpose of this w3rNshop on"The Growth of Southeast Asian Universities: Expansion versus Consolidation" was to bring administrators and educators as well as government officials together to discuss the problems of rapid expansion of institutions of higher education, to discuss the selective higher education approach and the mass higher educe tion approach in the Southeast Asian economic and social contexts, and to explore a concept of "consolidation'' as an alternative in higher education development in Southeast A.3today. Participants from eight Southeast Asian countries, namely, Indonesia, the Khmer Republic, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam and the Philippines, as well as representatives of ASAIHL, the F ird Foundation, the Higher Education Advisory Council of Malaysia, IAU, IDRC, 11E, SEAMES, the National Education Commis. ion and University Development Commission of Thailand were present in Chiang Mai, Thailand for these deliberations. Inthis report of the proceedi ,gs of the workshop, the discussion of each session has riot been included as in previous reports of R I HED workshop proceedings. Hcwever, Part V of this report constitutes a summary of all the sessions. April 1974 Amnuay Tapingkae vii WELCOMING ADDRESS BY DR. AMWAY TAPINGKAC DIRECTOR, RIHED On behalf of the Regional Institute cf Higher Education and Development, may I extend my wariner welcome and appreciation to you tor your presence atthe opening ceremony ofthe Regional Workshop on "The Growth of Southeast Asian Universities: Expansion versus Consolidation." This Institute, which is an intergovernmental organization in the Southeast Asian region, is charged with duties to stimulate and facilitate cooperation among universities and go, ;ems of the countries ;n Southeast Asia, and to enhance the contributit, of higher education to the social and economic development of the countries in the region and of the region as a whole. To achieve such objectives, RIHED, among many other activities and programmes, sponsors workshops and seminars, uoth on the national and the regional levels.In bringing. together adrninistrator,; and scholars involvedin the planning and operation of institutions of higher education and those in government nencias responsible for decisions affecting higher education development, itis hoped that serious and meaningful discussion on problum of development will take place, Furthermore, itis expected that insights into difficult problems may be gained and certain solutions found. ,n the past three years and a half of its existence, the Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development has sponsored regional workshops in Singapore and Malaysia, and has held national seminars in the Khmer Republic, Thailand, the Republic of ViAnam, and Malaysia. 'this workshop is the first R.gional workshop to be held in Thailand. Taking the iRgion as a wnolethe majority of institutions of higher education in Southeast Asia were founded after the Second World War, lo a large extent, th.s phenomenon of rapid expansion of higher eaucation was the result of political independence, of a need to meet high-level manrower for public offices and industr;as. This rapid development and expansion is also a result of rising expectw,ions in this changing world and the need forore education to enhance human understanding and sensitivity in a more complex world. However, speHtic motivating factors and reasons responsible fort) phenomenal growth of tertiary education in the region vary from country to country, To illustrate tf'e phenomenon of rapid expenslor. and growth, some samples are in o,der. Indonesia had only one university in 1949. Within the span of twenty years, the country has established no less than 322 colleges WELCOME ADDRESS viii "ad onivelsdies, 'he Philippines has seen even mole thematic expansion 11011 t.hi.'en ofso in.ititutions betore the war, the number multiplied to over 400 19.'.), Intin.' f wrrllarld countries et Southeast Asia, however, tre growth in daintier ot higher learning instituti, ns has not becn as rapid, though therowtri in student enrolments has been e trolly high. Sin h unprecedented growth ot the Southeast Asian universities, co commitant with the :easing demand for education at all levels, has inevitably created many problem,:1 his is true especially when the economy is still largely unit veloped and the available resources are strained by inflation, defence needs and the need to feed a rapidly growing population. Amidst these problems is a truism that a university Kira:citron is always wore expensive than primary and secondary education, Higher education involves a tremendous amount of hinds and resotaces. The cost of producing a college or university graduate ;s very high, Yet. the irresistible demand for ter tiary education has oftensucceeded in pressui Mg the1,:tiondi governments as well as t. re private circles into creating mare colleges and universities, oftentimes without regard tospecifi.: manpower needs of the country, or without taking into consideration the capability of the economy of the country to absci b university graduates inproductive 3niploy- writ. The problem is further accentuated by the absence or lack
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