Books & ARTICLES

Bibliography

Books & Articles

Àbd ‘Allāh, ‘Ibrāhım̄ Nājiḥ and Al-Sharıf,̄ Àlıȳ Muḥammad Àlıȳ (2002), Ḥ urmat al-ghuluw fı ̄ al-dın̄ wa takfır̄ al-muslimın̄ (The Prohibition of Extremism in Religion and Excommunicating Muslims), Qāhirah: Maktabat Al-Turāth Al-Islamıy.̄ Àbd Al-Raḥmān, Maḥmūd bin (2012), Shubuhāt hawl ‘ahdāth Miṣr 25 Yanāyar (Confusion Around Egypt’s 25 January Incidents), Qāhirah: Dār Al-‘Istiqāmah. Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2002), Rebellion & Violence in Islamic Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Abu Nimer, Muhammad (2000–1), “A Framework of Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam”, Journal of Law and Religion, vol. 15, no. 1–2. ——— (2008), A Framework for Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam, Muis Occasional Paper Series, no. 6. Abū Zahrah, Muḥammad (no date), ‘Uṣūl Al-Fiqh (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence), Qāhirah: Dār Al-Fikr Al-Àrabıy.̄ Ahmad, Aijaz (2005), “Frontier Gandhi: Reflections on Muslim Nationalism in India”, Social Scientist, vol. 33, no. 1–2, January–February. Aḥmad, Suhayl and Abū Māriyah, Àlıȳ (2012), “Al-‘Iḍrāb àn al-àmal – dirāsah muqāranah bayn al-qānūn wa al-fiqh al-‘Islāmıȳ (Workplace Strike – A Comparative Study Between Law and Islamic Jurisprudence)”, Majallat Jāmiàt Al-Najaḥ Li Al-‘Abhāth (Al-Ùlūm Al-‘Insānıyah)̄ , vol. 26, no. 6. Algar, Hamid (2001), “The Centennial Renewer: Bediuzzaman Said Nursi and the Tradition of Tajdid”, Journal of Islamic Studies, vol. 12, no. 3, September. (n1).

Al-‘Aḥmad, Suhayl Muḥammad Ṭāhir (2012), “Madǎ mashrūìyat al-muqātaàḥ al-‘iqtiṣādıyah̄ fı ̄ al-fiqh al-‘Islāmıȳ (Islamic Legitimacy of Economic Boycott)”, Majallat Jāmiàt Al-Khalūl Li Al-Buhūth, vol. 7, no. 1. Al-‘Albanıy,̄ Nāṣir Al-Dın̄ (2011), Min juhud al-àllāmah al-‘Albanıȳ f ı ̄ nush jamāàt al-takf ır̄ (Al-Albaniy’s Efforts to Advice Excommunication Society), Bayrūt: Muassasat Al-Rayyān. Al-Àlwānıy,̄ Ṭaha Jābir (1993), Ethics of Disagreement in Islam, Herndon: IIIT. Al-Àwdah, Salmān bin Fahd (1993), Al-Ùzlah wa al-khultah:̣ ‘Ahkām wa ‘aḥwāl (Seclusion and Socialisation: Rulings and Circumstances), Al-Damām: Dār ‘Ibn Al-Jawzıy.̄ Al-Baghdādıy,̄ Abū Bakr Àbd Allāh (1997), Al-Ùzlah wa al-‘inf ırā ̄d (Seclusion and Insulation), Riyāḍ: Dār Al-Watn.̣ Al-Bustıy,̄ Abū Sulaymān ḥamd bin Muḥammad (1990), Al-Ùzlah (Seclusion), Bayrūt: Dār ‘Ibn Kathır.̄ Al-Būtı̣ y,̄ Muḥammad Sa`ıd̄ Ramaḍān (1997), Al-Jihād fı ̄ al-‘Islām: Kayf naf- hamuh wa kayf numārisuh (Jihad in Islam: How We Understand and Practice It), Bayrıt:̄ Dār Al-Fikr. Al-Ghazālıy,̄ Abū Ḥ āmid (1988), Al-Tabr al-masbūk f ı ̄ naṣıhat̄ al-mulūk (On Advice to Kings), Lubnān: Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ìlmıyah.̄ Al-Ghazālıy,̄ Muḥammad (no date), Al-‘Islām wa al-‘istibdād al-siyāsıȳ (Islam and Political Tyranny, no place: Dār Al-Kitāb Al-Àrabıy.̄ Al-Ḥ alımı̄ y,̄ Lu’ay Muḥammad Sa`ıd̄ Tawfıq̄ (2010), Al-‘Aḥkām al-shar`ıyah̄ li al-‘iḍrābāt f ı ̄ al-mihan al-‘insānıyah̄ (Islamic Rulings on Organising Strike at Various Profession), Master’s thesis, Al-Jāmiàh Al-‘Islamıyah̄ Bi Ghazzah. Al-Ḥ asan, Ṣāliḥ (no date), ‘Alif bā’ al-lāùnf: Ru’yah ‘Islāmıyah̄ awwal ıyah̄ f ı̄ thaqāfat al-tasāmuḥ (ABC of Non-Violence: Islamic Perspective on Culture of Tolerance), no place: Shabkat Al-Fikr. Al-Jamāàh, Badr Al-Dın̄ bin (1985), Taḥrır̄ al-‘aḥkām f ı ̄ tadbır̄ ‘ahl al-‘Islām (Islamic Jusrisprudence for Governing People of Islam), Qatr:̣ Ri’āsat Al-Maḥākim Al-Shar`ıyah̄ Wa Al-Shu’ūn Al-Dını̄ yah.̄ Al-Kattanı̄ y,̄ Muhammaḍ bin Ja`far (no date), Nuzuṃ al-mutanathir̄ min al-hadı̣ th̄ al-mutawātir (Collection of Mutawātir Ḥ adıth)̄ , Qāhirah: Dār Al-Kutub Al-Salafıyah.̄ Al-Khuḍarıy,̄ Muḥammad (1981), ‘Uṣūl Al-Fiqh (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence), Qāhirah: Dār Al-Fikr. Al-Luwayḥiq, Àbd Al-Raḥmān bin Muàllā (1992), Al-Ghulıw̄ f ı ̄ al-dın̄ f ı ̄ ḥayāt al-muslimın̄ al-muà̄ṣirah (Religious Extremism in the Life of Contemporary Muslims), Bayrūt: Mu’assasat Al-Risālah. Al-Māwardıy,̄ ‘Abū Al-Ḥ asan (1984), Naṣıhat̄ al-mulūk (Advice to Kings), Al-Kuwayt: Maktabat Al-Falāh. ——— (1999), Al-Hạ wı̄ ̄ al-kabır̄ f ı ̄ fiqh al-madhhab al-Shafi`ı̄ ȳ (Big Book of Islamic Jurisprudence Based on Al-Shafiìy School), Bayrut:̄ Dar̄ Al-Kutub Al-Ìlmıyah.̄ Bibliography 177

Al-Mubarakpuri, Safi-ur-Rahman (1996),The Sealed Nectar (Al-Raheeq Al-Makhtum): The Biography of the Noble Prophet, Riyadh: Dar-us-Salam. Al-Qahtạ ̄nıy,̄ Muḥammad bin Ḥ usayn (2003), Fatāwǎ al-‘a’immah fı ̄ al-nawāzil al-mudhalimah (Scholars’ Fatwas on Various Issues), Riyāḍ: Maktabat Al-Malik Fahd. Al-Qaraḍāwūy, Yūsuf (2001a), Min fiqh al-dawlah fı ̄ al-‘Islām (Islamic Jurisprudence of Government), Bayrūt: Dār Al-Shurūq. ——— (2009), Fiqh al-jihād: Dirāsah al-muqāranah li ‘aḥkāmih wa falsafatih fı ̄ ḍaw’ al-Qur’an wa al-Sunnah (Jihad Law and Philosophy: A Comparative Study From the Perspective of the Qur’an and the Prophet’s Tradition), Qāhirah: Maktabat Wahbah. Al-Qurtuḅ ıy,̄ ‘Abū Àbd ‘Allāh (no date), Al-Jāmi` li ‘aḥkām al-Qur’ān (Complete Work on Law of the Qur’ān), No place: Dār Al-Fikr. Al-Raysūnıy,̄ ‘Aḥmad Àbd Al-Salām (2015), Al-Tajdıd̄ al-‘uṣūlıȳ nahw ṣiyaghah tajdıdı̄ yah̄ li ìlm Uṣūl Al-Fiqh (Towards Reformation of Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence), Herndon: Al-Ma`had Al-À̄lamıȳ Li Al-Fikr Al-‘Islāmıy.̄ Al-Rifa`̄ ıy,̄ Radı̣ nā ̄ Ibrahı̄ m̄ Husayn and Al-Taqalibah, Muḥammad Maḥmūd Àlıȳ (2009), “‘Aḥkam̄ al-hajr fı ̄ al-fiqh al-‘Islam̄ ıȳ (Islamic Rulings on Boycott/ Withdrawal)”, Dirasat̄ Al-Ùlūm Al-Sharıàh̄ Wa Al-Qanū ̄n, vol. 36, no. 2. Al-Sa`dūn, À̄bid bin Àbd ‘Allāh (2008), Al-Muqātạ ̄àh al-‘iqtiṣādıyah:̄ Ta’ṣılū ̄hā al-shar`ıy –̄ wāqiùhā al-ma’mūl lahā, Riyāḍ: Dār Al-Tābi`ın.̄ Al-Salām, Mamdūḥ Jābir (2011), Thawrat al-khamıs̄ wa al-ìshrın̄ min Yanāyar: Ru’yah shar`ıyah̄ (25 January Revolution: An Islamic Perspective), Al-Jızah:̄ Dār Tahrır̄ Al-Watn.̣ Al-Shamrānıy,̄ Khālid bin Àbd ‘Allāh (1426H), Al-Muqātaàḥ al-‘iqtiṣādıyah:̄ haqıqatuhā ̄ wa ḥukmuhā dirāsah fiqhıyah̄ ta’ṣılı̄ yah̄ , Riyāḍ: Dār ‘Ibn Al-Jawzıy.̄ Al-Shātiḅ ıy,̄ Ibrāhım̄ bin Mūsǎ (no date), Al-Muwāfaqāt (Al-Shātibı̣ y’s̄ Book of Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence), no place: Dār Al-Fikr. Al-Suyūṭıy,̄ Jalāl Al-Dın̄ (1983), Al-‘Ashbāh wa al-naẓā’ir (The Similitudes and Parallels: Book of Islamic Legal Maxims), Lubnān: Dār Al-Kutub Al-Ìlmıyah.̄ Al-Ùtaybıy,̄ Bandar Nāyif (1427H), Al-Ḥ ukm bi ghayr mā anzal ‘Allāh: Munāqashah ta’ṣilıyah̄ ìlmıyah̄ ḥādi’ah (Governing With Other Than God’s Revelation: An Intellectual and Calm Discussion), Riyāḍ: Maktabat Àbd Al-Manṣūr. Al-Zuhaylıy,̄ Wahbah (1986), ‘Uṣūl Al-Fiqh Al-‘Islāmıȳ (Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence), Bayrūt: Dār Al-Fikr Al-Muà̄ṣir. Annas, George J. (1982), “Prison Hunger Strikes: Why the Motive Matters”, The Hastings Center Report, vol. 12, no. 6, December. Ash, Timothy Garton (2009), “A Century of Civil Resistance: Some Lessons and Questions”, Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, edited by Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 178 Bibliography

Balhāj, `Abd Al-Ḥ akım̄ Al-Khuwaylidıȳ et. al. (2010), Dirāsat tashıhı̄ yah̄ fı̄ mafāhim al-jihād wa al-ḥisbah wa al-ḥukm `alǎ al-nās (Corrective Study on Jihad, Hisbah and Issue Ruling on People), Bayrūt: Lubnān. Banerjee, Mukulika (2001), The Pathan Unarmed: Opposition and Memory in the North West Frontier, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Batstone, Jade (2014), “The Use of Strategic Nonviolent Action in the Arab Spring”, Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice, vol. 26, no.1. Bayat, Asef (2009), “No Silence, No Violence: A Post Islamist Trajectory”, Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization and Governance in the Middle East, edited by Maria J. Stephan, New York: Palgrave McMillan. Bayles, Michael (1970), “The Justifiability of Civil Disobedience”,The Review of Metaphysics, vol. 24, no. 1, September. Bealey, Frank (1999), The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science, Oxford: Blackwell. Bedau, Hugo A. (1961), “On Civil Disobedience”, The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 58, no. 21, 12 October. ——— (ed.) (1991), Civil Disobedience in Focus, London: Routledge. ——— (1991a), “Introduction”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. ——— (1991b), “Civil Disobedience and Personal Responsibility for Injustice”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. Brockett, Gavin D. (1998), “Collective action and the Turkish revolution: towards a framework for the social history of the Atatürk era, 1923–38”, Middle Eastern Studies, vol. 34, no. 4. Brown Jr., Stuart M. (1961), “Civil Disobedience”, The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 58, no. 22, 26 October. Carter, April (2009), “People Power and Protest: The Literature on Civil Resistance in Historical Context”, Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, edited by Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ——— (2012), People Power and Political Change, New York: Routledge. Chenoweth, Erica and Stephan, Maria J. (2011), Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict, New York: Columbia University Press. Cohen, Carl (1971), Civil Disobedience: Conscience, Tactics and the Law, New York: Columbia University Press. Crow, Karim (2013), “The Concept of Peace/Security (Salm) in Islam”, War and Peace in Islam: The Uses and Abuses, edited by Ghazi Muhammad, Ibrahim Kalin and Mohammad Hashim Kamali, Jordan: The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. Crow, Ralph E., Grant, Philip and Ibrahim, Saad Eddin (eds.) (1990), Arab Nonviolent Political Struggle in the Middle East, Boulder: Lynne Rienner. Bibliography 179

Crow, Ralph E. and Grant, Philip (2009), “Questions and Controversies about Nonviolent Political Struggle in the Middle East”, Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization and Governance in the Middle East, edited by Maria J. Stephan, New York: Palgrave McMillan. Doumatu, Eleanor Abdella (1995), “Jahiliyah”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, vol. 2. Dooley-Clarke, Dolores (1981), “Medical Ethics and Political Protest”, The Hastings Center Report, vol. 11, no. 6, December. Duktūr Faḍl (2007), “Tarshıd̄ al-jihād fı ̄miṣr wa al-à̄lam – Ḥ alqah 1-10 (Guiding Jihad in Egypt and the World – Part 1 – 10)”, Al-Jarıdah̄ , no. 145–159, 18 November–4 December. Emmerich, Fabienne (2007), “Hunger Strike in Prison: Resistance and Autonomy”, Paper presented at the International Conference on Law and Society in the 21stCentury: Transformations, Resistance, Futures, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, 25–28 July. Faizer, Rizwi (2004), “Jahiliyya”, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, New York: Thomson Gale, vol. 1. Flinders, Tim (2005), “A Muslim Ghandi? Badshah Khan and the World’s First Nonviolent Army”, Peace Power, vol. 1, no. 1, Summer. “Former Egyptian mufti supports the killing of protesters” (2013), Middle East Monitor, 9 October. Greenawalt, Ken (1991), “Justifying Nonviolent Disobedience”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. Ḥ āfiẓ, ‘Usāmah ‘Ibrāhım̄ and Muḥammad, À̄ṣim Àbd Al-Mājid (2002), Mubādarat waqf al-ùnf: Ru’yah wāqi`ıyah̄ wa naẓrah shar`ıyah̄ (Cease of Violence Initiative: A Contextual and Islamic Perspective), Qāhirah: Maktabat Al-Turāth Al-‘Islāmıy.̄ Haklai, Oded (2009), “Authoritarianism and Islamic Movements in the Middle East: Research and Theory-building in the Twenty-first Century”,International Studies Review, volume 11, issue 1, March. Haksar, Vinit (1991), “Civil Disobedience and Non-Cooperation”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. Halevi, Leor (2012), “The Consumer Jihad: Boycott Fatwas and Nonviolent Resistance on the World Wide Web”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 44, no. 1, February. Hall, Robert T. (1971), “Legal Toleration of Civil Disobedience”, Ethics, vol. 81, no. 2, January. Harcourt, Bernard E. (2012), “Political Disobedience”, Critical Inquiry, vol. 39, no. 1, Autumn. Haykal, Muḥammad Khayr (1996), Al-Jihād wa al-qitāl fı ̄ al-siyāsah al-shar`ıyah̄ (Jihad and War in Islamic Public Policy), Bayrūt: Dār Al-Bayāriq. 180 Bibliography

Higgins, Anne C. (2004), “Kharijites, Khawarij”, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, New York: Thomson Gale, vol. 2. ‘Ibn Hishām (no date), Sırat̄ ‘Ibn Hishām, Jiddah: Muassasat `Ulūm Al-Qur’ān. “Islamic Ethics of Staging Demonstrations” (2013), onislam.net, 19 August. (16). Jaafar, Rudy and Stephan, Maria J. (2009), “Lebanon’s Independence Intifada: How an Unarmed Insurrection Expelled Syrian Forces”, Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization and Governance in the Middle East, edited by Maria J. Stephan, New York: Palgrave McMillan. Johansen, Robert C. (1977), “Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint among Pashtuns”, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 34, no. 1, February. Kadayifci-Orellana, S. Ayse (2003), “Religion, Violence and The Islamic Tradition Of Nonviolence”, Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, vol. 34. Kafrawi, Shalahudin (2004), “Muctazilites, Muctazila”, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, New York: Thomson Gale, vol. 2. Kaptein, Nico J. (2004), “Bidca”, Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, New York: Thomson Gale, vol. 1. Kellner, Menachem Marc (1975), “Democracy and Civil Disobedience”, The Journal of Politics, vol. 37, no. 4, November. Kepel, Gilles (1993), Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and Pharaoh, London: Al-Saqi Books. ——— (2003), Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, London: IB Tauris. King, Mary Elizabeth (2009), “Palestinian Civil Resistance against Israeli Military Occupation”, Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization and Governance in the Middle East, edited by Maria J. Stephan, New York: Palgrave McMillan. Krieger, Joel (2001), The Oxford Companions to Politics of the World, 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lang, Berel (1970), “Civil Disobedience and Nonviolence: A Distinction with a Difference”, Ethics, vol. 80, no. 2, January. Lefkowitz, David (2007), “On a Moral Right to Civil Disobedience”, Ethics, vol. 117, no. 2, January. Linehem, Margaret D. (2013), Varieties of Muslim Nonviolence: Three Muslims movements of Nonviolence and Peace Building, Master’s thesis, Georgetown University. Lyons, David (1998), “Moral Judgment, Historical Reality, and Civil Disobedience”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, vol. 27, no. 1, Winter. Macfarlane, Leslie J. (1968), “Justifying Political Disobedience”, Ethics, vol. 79, no. 1, October. Markovits, Daniel (2005), “Democratic Disobedience”, The Yale Law Journal, vol. 114, no. 8, June. Martin, Rex (1970), “Civil Disobedience”, Ethics, vol. 80, no. 2, January. Bibliography 181

Mclean, Ian and McMillan, Alistair (2009), Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press. McCloskey, H. J. (1980), “Society Conscientious Disobedience of the Law: Its Necessity, Justification, and Problems to Which it Gives Rise”,Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, vol. 40, no. 4 June. McBride, Joseph (1970), “Democracy and Disobedience: Some Issues Considered”, The Maynooth Review, vol. 3, no. 1, June. Merriman, Hardy (2009), “Theory and Dynamics of Nonviolent Action”, Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization and Governance in the Middle East, edited by Maria J. Stephan, New York: Palgrave McMillan. Moaddel, Mansoor (2002), “The Study of Islamic Culture and Politics: An Overview and Assessment”, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 28, August. Morewedge, Parviz (1995), “Theology”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, vol. 4. Morreall, John (1991), “The Justifiability of Violent Civil Disobedience”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. Muhith, Nur Faizin (2008), “Fikih demonstrasi”, Republika, 6 June. Ogretir, Ayse Dilek and Ozcelik, S., (2007) “Islamic Peace Paradigm and Islamic Peace Education: The Study of Islamic Nonviolence in the Post-Sept. 11 World”, Globalization for Common Good Initiative, Fatih University, and Intercultural Dialogue Platform, The 6th International Conference on an Interfaith Perspective on Globalization for Common Good, A Non-violent Path to Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding (Building a World that is Just, Free and Prosperous for All) Istanbul: The City of Understanding and Reconciliation between East and West, Istanbul, 5–9 July. Plato (1991a), “Crito”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. Pocklington, Thomas (1970), “Protest, Resistance, and Political Obligation”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, vol. 3, no. 1, March. Power, Paul F. (1970), “Civil Disobedience as Functional Opposition”, The Journal of Politics, vol. 34, no. 1, February. Prosch, Harry (1965), “Limits to the Moral Claim in Civil Disobedience”, Ethics, vol. 75, no. 2, January. ——— (1967), “Toward an Ethics of Civil Disobedience”, Ethics, vol. 77, no. 3, April. Raqib, Muhammad (2009), “The Muslim Pashtun Movement of the North-West Frontier of India: 1930–1934”, Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization and Governance in the Middle East, edited by Maria J. Stephan, New York: Palgrave McMillan. Rawls, John (1991), “Definition and Justification of Civil Disobedience”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. Raz, Joseph (2009), The Authority of Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 182 Bibliography

Reyes, Hernan, Allen, Scott, Annas, George J. (2013a), “Physicians and Hunger Strikes in Prison: Confrontation, Manipulation, Medicalization and Medical Ethics (part 1)”, World Medical Journal, vol. 59, issue 1, February. ——— (2013b), “Physicians and Hunger Strikes in Prison: Confrontation, Manipulation, Medicalization and Medical Ethics (part 2)”, World Medical Journal, vol. 59, issue 2, April. Riḍā, Rashıd̄ (1367H), Tafsır̄ al-manār (Qur’anic Commentary of Al-Manār), Egypt: Dār Al-Manār. Roberts, Adam (2009), “Introduction”, Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, edited by Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Roberts, Adam and Ash, Timothy Garton (eds.) (2009), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Rucker, Darnell (1966), “The Moral Grounds of Civil Disobedience”, Ethics, vol. 76, no. 2, January. Said, Jawdat and Jalabi, Afra (2001), “Law, Religion and the Prophetic Method of Social Change”, Journal of Law and Religion, vol. 15, January. Sanū, Qutḅ Muṣtaf̣ ǎ (2004), La ‘inkār fı ̄ masā’il al-‘ijtihād (No Renunciation in Matters of ‘Ijtihād), Kuala Lumpur: Dār Al-Tajdıd.̄ Saritoprak, Zeki (2005), “An Islamic Approach to Peace and Nonviolence: A Turkish Experience”, The Muslim World, vol. 95, issue 3, July. Scanlan, Stephen J., Stol, Laurie Cooper l and Lumm, Kimberly (2008), “Starving For Change: The Hunger Strike and Nonviolent Action, 1906–2004”, Research in Social Movement, Conflicts and Change, vol. 28, issue 1. Shah, Sayid Wiqar Ali (2007), “Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Khudai Khidmatgars, Congress and the Partition of India”, Pakistan Vision, vol. 8, no. 2. Shahin, Emad Eldin (1995), “Salafiyah”,The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, vol. 3. Sharp, Gene (1973), The Politics of Nonviolent Action, 3 vol., Boston: Porter Sargent. Singer, Peter (1991), “Disobedience as a Plea for Reconsideration”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. Smart, Brian (1991), “Defining Civil Disobedience”, Civil Disobedience in Focus, edited by Hugo Adam Bedau, London: Routledge. Sonn, Tamara (1995), “Tawhid”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World, Oxford: Oxford University Press, vol. 4. Stettner, Edward A. (1971), “Political Obligation and Civil Disobedience”, Polity, vol. 4, no. 1, Autumn. Stephan, Maria J. (ed.) (2009), Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization and Governance in the Middle East, New York: Palgrave McMillan. Bibliography 183

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Internet Resources

Àbd Al-Àzız,̄ ‘Islām (2014), “Fatwǎ Al-Qaraḍāwıȳ li muqātaàh al-intikhābat.. Al-‘Azhar yundhar wa al-muà̄radah tu`tabar shar`ıyah̄ (Al-Qaraḍāwiy’s Fatwǎ to Boycott Election… Al-‘Azhar is Warned and Opposition is Legitimate)”, 184 Bibliography

masralarabia.com, 4 May, available at http://www.masralarabia.com/%D8%A A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AD% D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA/269199-%D9%81%D8%AA% D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9% 88%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9- %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8 %A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1- %D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8 %B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A 8%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9 (14 December 2015). `Abd Al-Karım,̄ Muḥammad (no date), “Fatwǎ mufaṣṣalah hawl muqāta`at al-baḍā’i` al-‘Amrikıyah̄ wa al-‘Isrāilıyah̄ (Elaborated Fatwa on Boycotting American and Israeli Products)”, meshkat.net, available at http://www.meshkat.net/node/14580 (9 December 2015). Abdul Qadir (2014), “Demo, penyebabnya laknat (Demonstration Brings Divine Wrath)”, pesantren-alihsan.org, 19 November, available at http://pesantren- alihsan.org/demo-penyebab-datangnya-laknat.html (14 February 2016). Aboo Naasir (no date), “Rulings of Protest”, simplysalafiyah.com, available at http://simplysalafiyyah.com/protest.html (14 December 2015). Abu Al-Jauzaa’ (2013), “Haramnya memberontak pada penguasa (Muslim) yang dhalim (The Prohibition of Rebellion Against Unjust (Muslim) Authority)”, abul-jauzaa.blogspot.sg, 26 August, available at http://abul-jauzaa.blogspot. sg/2013/08/haramnya-memberontak-pada-penguasa.html (14 February 2016). Abu Baraa’ (2012), Are Demonstrations Beneficial? In Light of the Qur’an and Sunnah, available at http://www.academia.edu/7564145/Are_ Demonstrations_Beneficial_In_light_of_the_Quran_and_Sunnah_Written_by (14 December 2015). Abu Hudhayfah (2015), “‘Call of Egypt’ – More than 150 Muslim scholars issue statement against the Sisi regime”, doamuslims.org, 27 May, available at http:// www.doamuslims.org/?p=3356 (27 August 2015). Abu Numair (2010), “Sejarah demonstrasi jalanan dan hukumnya (History of Street Demonstration and Its Ruling)”, ilmusunnah.com, 16 October, available at http://www.ilmusunnah.com/demonstrasi-jalanan-bukan-ajaran-islam/ (14 February 2016). Abu Ar-Rashtah, Atha’ bin Khalil (2014), “Hukum demonstrasi dan hadits keluarnya kaum muslimin dalam dua shaf (Ruling of Demonstration in Islam and Hadith About Muslims’ March in Two Rows to Demonstrate)”, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, 15 June, available at http://hizbut-tahrir.or.id/2014/06/15/soal- jawab-hukum-demonstrasi-dan-hadits-keluarnya-kaum-muslim-dalam-dua- shaf/ (14 February 2016). Bibliography 185

Abū Sa`ıd,̄ Fuād bin Yūsuf (no date), “Ḥ ukm al-‘iḍrāb àn al-taạ̀ ̄m (Ruling on Hunger Strike)”, alzafran.com, available at http://www.alzafran.com/new/ news.php?maa=View&id=723 (9 December 2015). Abū Yūsuf (2004), “Thalāthah ‘as’ilah àn al-nasb wa al-‘iḍrāb àn al-taạ̀ ̄m (Three Questions on Statue and Hunger Strike)”, Muntadǎ Al-Fatāwǎ Al-Shā’iàh, 22 August, available at http://ftawa.ws/fw/showthread.php?t=9546 (9 December 2015). Abu Rashtah, Ata bin Khalil (2014), “Answer to the Question Demonstrations, Marches The and the Hadith of Muslims Marching out in Two Rows”, Hizb- ut-Tahrir, 8 June, available at http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org/index.php/ EN/tshow/2452/ (14 December 2015). Abu Zahra, Kamal (2011), “The Islamic rulings on protests and demonstrations”, The Khilafah, 19 June, available at http://www.khilafah.com/the-islamic-ruling-on-protests-and-demonstrations/ (14 December 2015). Ahnaf, Mohammad Iqbal (no date), “Violence and Non-Violence in Islam: Jihad, Just-War and Active Non-Violence”, futureislam.com, available at http:// www.futureislam.com/20050701/insight/Md_Iqbal_Ahnaf/Violence_and_ Non-Violence_In_Islam.asp Al Al-Rays, Hāni’ bin Muṣtafạ ̌ (no date), Al-‘Iḥkām fı ̄ muàmalat al-ḥukkām min al-Qur’ān wa al-Sunnah wa ‘athār al-‘a`lām (Concise Work on Dealing With Rulers From the Qur’an, Prophet’s Tradition and Noble Scholars), available at https://archive.org/details/hany_alrayes_yahoo_111 (14 December 2015). Al Salmān, Mashhūr Ḥ asan (2010), “Naẓrah ta’sı̣ l̄ ıyah̄ shar`ıyah̄ f ı ̄ al-muqātaàḥ al-‘iqtiṣadıyah̄ (Islamic Perspective on Economic Boycott)”, Majallat Al-‘Aṣālah, 8 April, available at http://www.mashhoor.net/inside/articles/ archive/boycott.htm (14 December 2015). Al Ṭāhir, Ra’id (2008), “Man lah ḥaq al-takf ır?!̄ (Who Has the Power of Excommunication)”, ajurry.com, June, available at http://www.ajurry.com/ vb/showthread.php?t=4706 (14 December 2015). Al Yūsuf, Àbd Allāh bin Mubārak (1427H), “Ḥ ukm al-‘iḍrāb àn al-taạ̀ ̄m fı ̄ al- fiqh al-‘Islāmıȳ (Hunger Strike in Islamic Jurisprudence)”, alukah.net, available at http://www.alukah.net/web/abdullah-ibn-mubarak/0/49143/ (9 December 2015). Àlıy,̄ Lu’ay (2014), “Film tasjıl̄ ıȳ àn mawāqif al-duktūr Àlıȳ Jumàh bi ùnwān “Al-‘Imām bayn al-thawratayn” (Documentary Film on Dr. Àlıȳ Jumàh’s Stands Titled “Imam of Two Revolutions”)”, Al-Yawm Al-Sābi`, 21 December, available at http://www.youm7.com/story/0000/0/0/-/1997417#. Vd6beCWqqko (27 August 2015). Al-Àdawıy,̄ Muṣtafạ ̌ (2014), “Hal yajūz al-‘iḍrāb àn al-taạ̀ ̄m (Is Hunger Strike Permissible?)”, Youtube, 15 June, available at http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=qMMGF5S9Tbg (9 December 2015). 186 Bibliography

Al-‘Albanıy,̄ Nah̄ ̣ir Al-Dın̄ (2006a), “Fi muqātaàṭ man yadhbaḥ ‘ikhwānanā al-muslimın̄ (On Boycotting Those Who Slaughter Our Muslim Brothers)”, alalbany.net, 24 January, available at http://www.alalbany.net/1715 (14 December 2015). ——— (2006b), “Ḥ ukm al-shirā’ min al-yahūd wa al-naṣārǎ al-muḥāribın̄ lanā (Islamic Ruling on Purchasing From Jews and Christians Who Hostile Towards Us)”, islamgold.net, 4 February, available at http://islamgold.net/view. php?gid=10&rid=160 (14 December 2015). Al-Àwdıy,̄ Nabıl̄ bin Àlıȳ (2009), “Fatāwǎ al-ùlamā’ fı ̄ al-muqātaàh al-‘iqtiṣādıyah̄ (Scholars’ Fatwas on Economic Boycott)”, Ṭāriq Al-‘Imā ̄n, 18 February, available at http://ar.islamway.net/article/5075/%D9%81%D8%A A%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D 8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8% A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA% D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9 (14 December 2015). Al-Badrānıy,̄ Abū Fayṣal (no date), “’Aḥkām al-hajr fı ̄ al-‘Islām (Boycott/ Withdrawal in Islam)”, almeshkat.net, available at http://www.almeshkat.net/ books/search.php?do=all&u=%C3%C8%E6+%DD%ED%D5%E1 (14 December 2015). Al-Baghdādıy,̄ Abū Bakr Àbd ‘Allāh (1997), Al-Ùzlah wa al-‘infırā ̄d (Seclusion and Insulation), Riyāḍ: Dār Al-Watn.̣ Al-Bitạ ̄wıy,̄ Riḍā (2012a), “Al-‘Iḍrāb halālan wa harāman (Strike: The Permissible and Impermissible)”, ahl-alquran.com, 20 January, available at http://www. ahl-alquran.com/arabic/show_article.php?main_id=9227 (9 December 2015). ——— (2012b), “Ḥ ukm al-‘iḍrāb al-à̄m ‘ay al-ìṣyān al-madanıȳ fı ̄ al-‘Islām (Ruling of General Strike or Civil Disobedience in Islam)”, islamtoday.net, 10 February, available at http://muntada.islamtoday.net/t104388.html (14 December 2015). ——— (2014), “Al-Ìṣyān al-madanıȳ fı ̄ al-‘Islām (Civil Disobedience in Islam)”, ahl-alquran.com, 21 March, available at http://www.ahl-alquran.com/arabic/ show_article.php?main_id=11875 (9 December 2015). Al-Buḥayrǎ, Aḥmad (2013), “Al-Miṣr al-yawm tanfarid bi awwal ḥiwār maà muftı̄ al-jumhurı̄yah ḥawl al-‘aḥdāth al-rahı̄nah.. al-duktūr Shawqı̄y Àllām: Al-Da`wah li al-ùnf ka al-qatl (Egypt Today’s First Exclusive Interview With Mufti of Egypt on Recent Important Events. Dr. Shawqı̄y Àllām: Call to Violence is Like Murder)”, Al-MiṢr Al-Yawm, 10 July, available at http://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=389259 (27 August 2015). Al-Bura`ıy,̄ Àbd Al-Àzız̄ bin Yahyǎ (2009), “Ḥ ukm al-‘iḍrābāt fı ̄ al-sharıàh̄ al-‘Islamıyah̄ (Islamic Ruling on Workplace Strikes)”, alburaaie.com, available at http://www.alburaaie.com/play.php?catsmktba=186 (9 December 2015). Bibliography 187

Al-Fawzān, Ṣaliḥ (2002), “Demonstrations in the West”, salafitalk.net, 14 April, available at http://www.salafitalk.net/st/viewmessages.cfm?Forum= 9&Topic=40 (December 2015). Àbd Al-Ḥ ay, Ṭāriq and Àbd ‘Allāh, Tamām (no date), “Al-‘Istiftā’ àlǎ al-dustūr: naàm wa lā wa muqātaàh (Public Consultation on Constitution: Yes, No and Boycott)”, Al-Akhbār, available at http://www.al-akhbar.com/node/35968 (14 December 2015). Al-Hilālıy,̄ Saàd Al-Dın̄ (1434H), “Al-‘Iḍrābāt wa al-‘i`tiṣāmāt li al-mutạ ̄labah bi al-ḥuqūq al-‘insānıyah̄ (Strikes and Demonstrations For Human Rights)”, saa- dhelay.com, 20 Dhu Al-Ḥ ijjah, available at https://web.archive.org/ web/20130925032833/http://www.saadhelaly.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8 %A5%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A 7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D 8%AA-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D 8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD (14 December 2015). Al-Ḥ umayrā’, Ḥ afıdah̄ (2009), “Fatāwǎ al-ùlamā’ muqātaàṭ al-baḍā’i` al-‘Isrāilıyah̄ wa al-‘Amrık̄ ıyah̄ (Scholars’ Fatwas on Boycotting Israeli and American Products)”, al-shaaba.net, 15 January, available at http://www.al- shaaba.net/vb/showthread.php/5242-%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88% D9%89%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-% D9% 85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8% D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8 %B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7 %D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9 (14 December 2015). “Al-‘Imām Ṣalāh Al-Dın̄ bin ‘Ibrāhım:̄ Al-‘Iḍrāb àn al-taạ̀ ̄m fı ̄ al-sujūn” (2014), Youtube, 27 September, available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= VdSkMKYIQx4 (9 December 2015). “Al-‘Islām wa al-‘ummah al-wāḥidah wa al-madhāhib al-fiqhıyah̄ wa al-àqdıyah̄ wa al-tarbawıyah̄ (Islam, One Ummah, Islamic Jurisprudence, Theological and Education Schools)” (2006), Risālat Àmmān, resolution no. 152, 24–8 June, available at http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&tas k=view&id=35&Itemid=34&lang=ar (9 December 2015). Al-Jazā’irıy,̄ Abū Sa`ıd̄ Balìd bin Aḥmad (2011), “Ḥ ukm al-‘iḍrāb àn al-àmal (Islamic Ruling on Workplace Strike)”, abusaid.net, 21 May, available at http://www.abusaid.net/index.php/fatwa-home/manhag/664-2011-05-21- 08-20-15.html (9 December 2015). al-Jazaa’iree, Àbdul Maalik Ramadaanee (no date), Fataawaa From the Imaams of Salafiyyah Concerning Rallies and Demonstrations and Additional Guidelines Concerning Revolt and Takfeer in Light of the Algerian Affairs, No place: Troid Publications, available at https://www.troid.ca/ibadah/ jihad/484-fatawa-from-the-imams-of-salafiyyah-concerning-rallies-and- demonstrations (14 December 2015). 188 Bibliography

Al-Jibrın,̄ Àbd ‘Allāh bin Àbd Al-Raḥmān (1429H), ‘Aḥkām al-muqātaàḥ (Rulings on Boycott), Al-Lujnah Al-Ìlmıyah̄ Bi Maktab Al-Shaykh Àbd ‘Allāh Al-Jibrın,̄ available at http://www.saaid.net/book/open.php?cat=83&book= 4464 (9 December 2015). Àbd Al-Karım,̄ Àmr (1427H), “Dawr al-‘afrād fı ̄ al-muqātaàh al-‘iqtiṣādıyah̄ (Role of Individuals in Economic Boycott)”, moslem.net, available at http:// www.almoslim.net/node/85790 (9 December 2015). Al-Khiḍr, Àbd Al-Karım̄ bin Yūsuf (2011), “Mashrū`ıyā ̄t al-‘iḍrāb àn al-mashārib wa al-matạ ̄ìm min ‘ajl raf` al-maẓālim (The Legitimacy of Hunger Strike to Eliminate Injustices)”, Jam`ıyat̄ Al-Ḥ uqūq Al-Madanıyah̄ Wa Al-Siyāsıyah̄ Fı̄ Al-Saù̄dıyah̄ , 30 January, available at http://www.acprahr.org/news_ view_107.html (9 December 2015). Al-Khuḍayr, Àlıȳ bin Khuḍayr (no date), “Maà fadı̣ lat̄ al-shaykh Àlıȳ Khuḍayr Al-Khuḍayr”, said.net, available at http://saaid.net/leqa/13.htm (14 December 2015). Al-Mājid, Sāmı ̄ bin Àbd Al-Àzız̄ (2002), “Muqātaàt al-baḍā’i` al-‘Amrikıyah̄ (Boycott Against American Products)”, 6 September, islamtoday.net, available at http://www.islamtoday.net/fatawa/quesshow-60-10627.htm (14 December 2015). Al-Maṣtaf,̣ ‘Aslam Walad Sayyid (2014), “Al-Muqātaàḥ al-‘intikhābıyah:̄ Bayn al- fiqh wa al-siyāsah (Election Boycott: Between Islamic Jurisprudence and Politics)”, elomq.info, 16 June, available at http://elomq.info/index.php/ r/5928-2014-06-15-22-02-32.html (14 December 2015). “Al-Muqātaàḥ al-‘iqtiṣādıyah̄ fı ̄ mızā ̄n al-‘Islām (Economic Boycott in Islamic Perspective)” (2010), ikhwanwiki.com, 10 August, available at http://www. ikhwanwiki.com/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A 7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA% D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D 9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%8 4%D8%A7%D9%85 (9 December 2015). “Al-Muqātạ ̄àh al-‘iqtiṣādıyah:̄ Ru’yah shar`ıyah̄ wa ‘istiratijıyah̄ (Economic Boycott: A Religious and Strategic Perspective)” (2010), Hai’at Ùlamā’ Filistı̣ n̄ Fı ̄ Al-Khārij, 15 April, available at https://www.palscholars.com/ar/ articleDetails.php?articleId=1021&page=5&Next=1&type=4 (9 December 2015). “Al-Muqātaàḥ fı ̄ minhāj Al-‘Ikhwān Al-Muslimın̄ (Boycott in Muslim Brothers’ Program)” (2010), ikhwanwiki.com, 27 August, available at http://www.ikhwanwiki.com/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7% D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8 %A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8 6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86 (9 December 2015). Bibliography 189

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Zainul Abidin, Mohd Asri (2011), “Regim yang zalim mesti ditukar (Unjust Regime Must Be Changed)”, drmaza.com, 11 February, available at http:// drmaza.com/home/?p=1356 (14 February 2016). ——— (2012), “Sayang Nabi: Dari nurani hingga demonstrasi (Love the Prophet: From Soul to Demonstration)”, drmaza.com, 20 September, available at http://drmaza.com/home/?p=2088 (14 February 2016). ——— (2013), “Demonstrasi dan ketaatan kepada pemimpin/larangan berlebih- lebihan (Demonstration and Obedience to Authority/Extremism is Prohibited)”, Youtube, 12 May, available at https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=u_9W6PF4PRE (14 February 2016). Index

A Al-Àdawı ̄ y, Musṭ af̣ ǎ, 96, 118n69 Abbasid, 28, 60, 74, 159, 160 adultery, 151 Àbd ‘Allāh advantage, 70, 88, 159, 164 bin Al-Zubayr, 29, 55, 60, 61, 154, dis-, 31, 46 159 Afghanistan, 103 bin Ḥ asan, 60 African National Council, 11 bin Masù̄d, 87 agreement, 47n4, 88, 90, 105, 114, bin Ùmar, 65 (see also ‘Ibn Ùmar) 134, 140, 142, 143, 156, 157 Al-Faqıh, 98 ̄ ‘Aḥad, 149, 152, 158 Àbd Al-Malık,̄ 65 ‘ahl Àbd Al-Raḥmān bin Àwf, 133 al-bidàh, 165 abhorrence, 36 al-ḍalāl, 165 ablution, 150 ‘Aḥmad bin Ḥ anbal, 28, 29, 74, 160 Abraham, 52 À̄’ishah, 55, 60, 61, 133, 134, 136, abuse, 14, 32, 102, 131, 136 153 academic, 2, 3, 5, 7, 159 Al-‘Albānıy,̄ 35, 44, 96, 118n66, activism, 37, 38, 40, 42, 45, 46, 90 119n69, 119n72, 124n128, activist, 2, 5, 7, 10–12, 14–16, 18, 38, 144n10 76, 94, 103, 113, 128, 135, 138, alcohol, 30, 90, 95, 107, 131 140, 169 Algeria, 58, 63 actor, 14–15, 85, 94, 115, 125, 170 Àlıȳ bin ‘Abı ̄ Ṭalıb,̄ 55 adab, 165 Àllām, Shawqıy,̄ 167, 174n36 Al-À̄dah muḥakkimah, 94 allegation, 64, 86

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote notes.

© The Author(s) 2017 201 M.H. Hassan, Civil Disobedience in Islam, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3271-4 202 INDEX allegiance, 24, 27, 30, 37, 45, 62, 65, assertion, 43, 85, 135 127, 152, 153, 158, 171 assessment, viii, 3, 136, 138, 161–3, alternative, vi, 29, 31, 40–4, 46, 69, 165, 169, 170 95, 96, 135 atheism, 38 Al-Àlwān, Sulaymān, 86, 174n31 attack, 82, 88, 90 American, 8, 9, 13 the 9/11, 2 ‘Amır,̄ 27 attainment, 95 ‘amr bi ma`rūf, 25 audio, 18 Àmr bin Al-À̄s,̣ 55 authentic, 75, 151, 158 analogy, 63, 106, 133, 155 authenticity, 53, 85, 149, 150, analogous, 88, 94, 105 152–4, 156 analysis/es, v, viii, 3–6, 18, 31, 44, 46, author, v, 4, 30, 104, 173 60, 100, 115, 135, 138, 143, authoritarian, 2, 8, 12, 13, 15–17, 58, 147–74 73, 164, 169, 170, 172 anarchy, 36, 37, 39, 40, 69, 73, 138, authority, vi, vii, 5, 6, 14, 16–18, 24, 159 26, 28, 31, 33, 34, 47n4, 57, 59, ‘Anas bin Mālik, 32, 55 62, 65, 66, 68, 83, 84, 92, 97, ancient, 7 104, 105, 107, 109, 127, 130, ‘Ansạ ̄r, 43, 86 131, 160, 169, 171 ‘Ansạ ̄rıy,̄ 54 awareness, 126, 170 apostate, vii, 30, 47n4, 64, 112, Al-Àwdah, Salmān, 85, 123n122 123n126, 142, 170 Al-‘Azhar, 94, 97, 124n128 Apostle, 26, 65 application, 3, 10, 131, 138 approach, vii, 1, 5, 13, 18, 35, 39, 40, B 69, 73, 157, 163 badal, 72 Arab Badiuzzaman Saìd Nursi, 37 Arabic, 3, 47n4, 48n13, 68, 80n98, Al Badr, Àbd Al-Muhsiṇ Al-Àbbad,̄ 35 103 Badshah, 72 Spring, v, vi, 2, 4, 8, 9, 85 Baghdad, 30, 55, 101 argument, v, vi, vii, 3, 6, 23–82, 85–9, ‘Abū Bakr, 55, 59, 60, 88 91, 92, 98–101, 104–12, 114, balance, viii, 24, 60, 101, 138, 147, 128–30, 133, 139, 141, 153, 148, 157, 159, 161, 163, 173 155, 160, 169, 171 Balhāj, Al-‘Amın,̄ 101 armed, vi, 6, 11, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, banditry, 99, 160 33, 39, 43, 52, 59, 63, 64, 69, 71, Banū Ḥ anıfah,̄ 106, 107 74–6, 91, 99, 101, 112, 139, 155 Al-Barbaharıy,̄ ‘Abū Muḥammad, 33 army, vi, 11, 60, 72, 87, 88, 106, 108 basis, 10, 14, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36, 42, of Destitute/Meagre Means, 108 47n1, 56, 63, 64, 74, 87, 92, ‘Ashạ ̄b Al-Kahf, 110, 123n123 105, 107, 109, 110, 113, 132, Ashàrite, 57, 101 135, 138, 148, 153, 155, 165, Al-Àsqalānıy,̄ ‘Ibn Ḥ ajar, 34 166, 168, 170 INDEX 203

C Basrah,̣ 30 battle, 60, 61, 134 Caliphate, 38 caliph, 29, 32, 34, 47n4, 55, 56, of Nahāwand, 153 bayàh, 24, 25, 27, 45, 65–8 59–61, 65–7, 74, 83, 88, 90, 133, 153, 154, 159 Bayàt Al-Riḍwān, 87 behaviour, vi, 31, 39, 46, 103, 105, Camel 132, 159, 160 Battle of, 60, 61, 133, 153 Beijing, 8 campaign, 11, 12, 72, 94, 111, 115, believer, 65, 72, 110 163–5, 168 benefit, 2, 24, 36, 37, 41, 43–5, 68, candidate, 128, 138, 168 69, 76, 85, 90–2, 96, 99–105, carrion, 151 129, 137, 139, 140, 148, 160, Cave 173 People of the, 110, 111 bequest, 150 Cedar Revolution, 8 Bible, 150 central, 14, 24, 40, 51, 52, 63, 70, 95, bidàh, 23, 34–5, 66, 68, 75, 76, 96, 99, 128 82, 84, 86, 92, 100, 114, 126, chain, 133 165 change, vi, 5–7, 9–15, 17, 38, 39, blockade, 105, 106 42, 44, 53, 55, 63, 69, 73, 90, blood, 137, 151 91, 94, 103, 105, 107, 111–13, bloodshed, 37, 60, 83, 138 127, 130, 131, 135, 139, 152, body, 15, 28, 58, 74, 83, 104, 110, 159–61, 163, 164, 166, 167, 130, 131 171, 172 book, v–viii, 1–5, 9, 15–19, 30, 45, chaos, 34, 36, 37, 40, 69, 73, 82, 83, 52, 56, 57, 62, 65, 66, 90, 97, 138, 140, 159 103, 110, 115, 123n123, 125, character, 76, 86, 114, 152 126, 133, 142, 143, 149, 152, charm, 89 166, 170 chief, 65 boycott, vii, 17, 75, 81, 103–14, 126, Christian, 140, 141 168, 172 circumambulation, 88 breach, 91, 93 citizen, 7, 72, 87, 105, 133 breakdown, 38 city, 8, 67 Britain, 1 civil disobedience, v–viii, 1–18, British, vi, 8, 13, 72 23–148, 151–5, 157, 158, brothel, 90 161–73 brother, 39, 70, 76, 80n98, 85, classical, vi, 6, 25, 31, 37, 43, 57–62, 89, 91, 101, 111, 117n49, 68, 74, 100, 131, 133, 154, 156, 121n101, 121n104, 159, 160, 166, 167 121n105 coalition, 10 brutal, vi, 72, 90 coercion, 31, 132 collective, 10, 99, 103, 138 bughāh, 56, 57 business, 6 colonial, 8, 13, 58, 72, 73 204 INDEX combat, 99 contemporary, v, vi, 4, 6, 7, 24, 26, command, 33, 34, 37, 42, 47n4, 52, 33–5, 45, 55, 57–9, 61, 67, 69, 58, 59, 62, 67, 68, 72–4, 84–9, 72, 75, 85, 89, 94, 98, 100, 103, 97, 99, 101, 105, 108–10, 152, 106, 107, 113, 123n126, 125, 158 129, 142, 152, 153, 166 commendable, 85, 99 contempt, 23, 32–4, 40, 41, 45, 82, commercial, 5, 7, 17, 171 110, 129, 130, 171 commission, 11, 130 contention, 16, 90, 113 committee, 31 contentious, vii, viii, 6, 7, 9–11, 13, companion, 28, 32, 34, 55, 58–61, 31, 60, 61, 63, 81, 114, 131, 65, 72, 74, 85, 87, 88, 90, 95, 132, 136, 147, 148, 160 106–9, 115n11, 116n24, 134, contestation, 32 153, 156, 157 context(s), vii, viii, 4, 7, 11, 14, 15, comparative, 97 18, 24, 29, 34, 51, 58, 59, 61, compassionate, 107 63, 65, 84, 92, 94, 99, 101–4, compulsion, 65, 68 110, 114, 126, 131, 133, 139, compulsory, 10 147–9, 158–61, 163–8, 171, condition, vii, viii, 5, 24, 31, 41, 173 44, 45, 51, 52, 58, 61, 62, contract, 65, 93 64, 67, 70, 84, 85, 91, 93, 97, controversial, 95, 114, 172 98, 101, 102, 113, 115, 125–7, convention, 94, 167 131, 135, 136, 138–43, 168, conviction, 10, 25, 31, 39 170–2 corporation(s), 89, 92 confiscation, 63, 137 corruption(s), 40, 52, 53, 70, 73, 82, conflict, 17, 39, 40, 47n4, 57, 73, 84, 97, 115n3, 126, 143 139, 153, 163 corrupt, 15, 17, 26, 29, 32, 44, confrontation, 37 54–6, 58, 59, 67, 69, 72, 74, confusion, 130 85, 90, 91, 103, 104, 110, conscience, 12, 37, 39 111, 113, 127, 129–31, 137, conscientious objector, 10, 14 138, 141, 142, 152, 158–60, conscription, 15, 63 171, 172 conscript, 10 cost(s), 15, 24, 36, 44, 66, 159, 164, consensus, 26, 30, 45, 57, 59, 74, 165 125, 137, 153–6 counsel, 25, 37, 66, 67, 74, 75, 84, consequence(s), 12, 13, 31, 44, 45, 140, 142, 170, 172 60, 61, 64, 82, 83, 127, 129, country(ies), v, vi, viii, 4, 11–14, 17, 130, 137, 138, 159–62 35, 46, 72, 76, 83, 91–3, 103, conservative(s), 130–2, 134, 142, 160 125, 126, 128–30, 140–2, 167 consideration(s), 3, 15, 36, 130, 134, coup d’état, 8, 37, 45, 64, 85, 94, 137, 147, 160–2, 168, 170–3 167, 168 constitution, 1, 8 court, 31, 93, 101, 133 consultation, 65, 68, 133 covenant(s), 89, 93, 151 INDEX 205 creation, 39, 56 demand(s), 12, 13, 33, 92–4, 102, creative, 71 141–3, 158 creed, 26, 57, 91 democracy crime(s), 14, 99, 160 democratic, 8, 11–17, 63, 91, 164 criminal(s), 13, 63 democratisation, 3 criteria, 9, 10, 137, 156 demonstration(s), vii, 11, 16, 17, 34, culture, 58, 72, 132, 157, 159, 160 35, 75, 76, 81–92, 94, 102, 113, curse, 33, 53, 70, 71, 90, 94, 129 115, 126, 132–4, 140–2, 167, cursing, 32, 82 168, 172 denunciation, 86, 97 department, 97 D desperation, 100 dancing, 132 destruction, 24, 36, 37, 83, 95, 138, Dār Al-Fatwǎ, 101 140, 154 al-ḍarūrıyā ̄t al-khams, 97 deviation, 15, 91 al-dalıl̄ devil(s), 28, 58 al-qat`ı̣ y/qat̄ `ı̣ y,̄ 147, 150 devotional, 96, 98, 100 al-ẓannıy/z̄ ̣annıy,̄ 148–50 Al-Dhahabıy,̄ 56 daring, 99 dichotomy, 58 data, 163, 165 al-dilālah, 149, 150 databases, 2 disagreement(s), 81, 97, 114, 128, da`wah, 37, 39, 42–4, 46, 64, 75, 82, 131, 143, 148, 151–3, 157, 165, 85, 86, 89, 90, 135, 139, 140, 166, 168, 171 142, 170 disbelief, 30, 31, 47n4, 51, 62, 76, death, 27, 43, 55, 60, 88, 95, 97–9, 126–31, 137, 143 101–3, 110, 114, 133, 172 disbeliever(s), vii, 35, 98, 129–31, debate(s), v, vii, viii, 2, 4–7, 9, 11, 13, 141, 142 24, 45, 59, 63, 81, 94, 104, 113, discipline(s), 2, 72, 83, 114, 163, 173 114, 132, 147, 153, 158, 165–9, discord, 38, 57 171, 172 discouragement, 97 decision(s), 88, 128, 138, 161 discrimination, 13, 14, 38 decorum, 41, 45 disliked, 68, 85, 106 decree, 42 disorder, 39, 40, 137 deed(s), 43, 44, 85, 96, 100, 101, disputable, 29, 68 108, 109, 152 disruption, 36, 83, 132, 136–8, 167 defence dissent, 159 defending, 58, 63, 89, 93, 98, 99, diversity, 3, 4, 169 109, 125 divine, 39, 43, 89, 108, 109, 134, self, 10, 63, 68 147, 156, 165 definition(s), 9, 17, 61, 94, 111, division, 83, 142, 166, 169 154–7 dog, 150 delusion, 83 domain, vi, 14, 75 206 INDEX dominant, 23, 45, 46, 55, 58, 59, 74, evil(s), 25, 34, 38, 40–4, 46, 52, 53, 87, 143, 157–60 59–61, 67, 69–71, 74–5, 83–6, doubt, 31, 75, 83, 129, 140, 141, 89, 92, 97, 98, 109, 110, 135, 156, 170 137, 140, 152, 170 drunkards, 83 example(s), vi, viii, 10, 13, 15, 23, 25, duty(ies), 11, 12, 15, 24, 25, 34, 39–41, 34, 47, 47n1, 58, 60, 64, 66, 73, 44, 54, 58, 65, 67, 68, 70, 84, 89, 75, 86, 88–90, 107, 108, 110, 90, 93, 96, 98, 99, 109, 130, 132, 111, 126, 134, 137–9, 148, 151, 134, 139, 140, 153 153, 156, 160, 163, 167–9 excuse(s), 132, 141 exegesis, 33, 110 E exercise, 104 easy, 45, 70, 136, 148 expedition, 54, 86, 108 Egypt, 1, 2, 30, 85, 94, 104, 167–9 export, 103, 106 Egyptian, 8, 76, 111, 112, 139 external, 64, 82, 103, 135, 158, 159, elders, 32, 39 164 election(s), 12, 63, 88, 91, 104, 133, 167, 168 elites, 42 F emigrant, 108, 109 facets, 70, 81 employees, 7, 14, 93, 94 facilities, 36, 93 employer(s), 6, 7, 14, 92–4 factor(s), vii, viii, 5, 18, 31, 47, 51, 57, employment, 44, 93, 134 58, 69, 126, 135, 148, 149, 157, endeavour, 4, 5, 39 158, 161, 166, 167, 169, 173 endorsement, 54, 61, 87, 99, 107 failure(s), 63, 64, 163 endowment, 96 fair, 14, 31 enemy(ies), 30, 35, 45, 64, 88, 90, 99 faith, 26, 39, 41, 53, 63, 72, 75, 87, engineer 93, 97, 110, 111, 125, 128, 130, agricultural, 111 151 English, v, 2, 3, 7 family, 37, 63, 97, 116n28, 133, 138, equal, 67, 88, 96 158 essential(s), 93, 97, 100, 114, 148 farā’id, 150 establishment, 1, 63, 64, 169, 170 Al-Fārisıy,̄ Salmān, 74, 75 ethic(s), 33, 148, 165 fāsiq, 141 ethical, 5, 172 fasting, 95–8, 100, 102, 134, 141, Ethiopia, 87 150, 151, 156 Ethiopian, 66 fatwǎ, 55, 60, 94, 96, 103–5, 113, evidence 118n62, 119n76, 120n91, definitive, viii, 54, 114, 147–58, 124n128, 131, 159, 166, 167 165, 166, 168, 173 Al-Fawzān, Ṣāliḥ, 26, 33, 34, 83, 98, non-definitive, viii, 114, 148–50, 102, 141, 145n47 152, 153, 157–60, 165, 173 fear, 32, 66, 83, 90, 97, 109, 130 evident, 30, 61, 62, 64, 95, 127 fever, 88 INDEX 207 fighting, 13, 14, 40, 55, 56, 58, 71, Global, 58 72, 74, 89 goal(s), 12, 39, 91, 141, 162 financial, 15, 82, 126 God, 1, 26, 38, 39, 41–4, 46, 47n4, fiqh, 3 56, 61, 64, 72, 98, 108, 109, fire, 39, 54, 72, 87, 109 128, 129, 132, 135, 142, 150, fitnah, 37 151, 154, 156, 158, 165 flaunt, 89 God-consciousness, 89 focus(es), vii, viii, 1–4, 7, 17, 18, 39, good, 3, 4, 13, 14, 25, 32–4, 36, 37, 42, 46, 75, 85, 92, 104, 126, 40–4, 46, 47, 52–4, 57, 59–62, 135, 142, 166 67, 69, 71, 74–5, 84–7, 96, 99, food, 94, 98, 111, 137, 138 100, 102, 106, 111, 131, refuser, 102 136–40, 142, 148, 152, 166, forbidden, vii, 11, 23, 26, 29, 32, 34, 170, 172 44, 45, 51–75, 82, 84, 85, 89, Google 91, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105, 108, Books, 2 109, 114, 126, 131, 134, 136, Scholar, 2 141, 151, 153, 160 governance, 113 force(s), 8, 39, 41, 58, 60, 63, 66, 68, government, v, vii, 7, 8, 12–14, 16, 90, 101, 106, 111, 158, 159, 169 17, 37–9, 47, 70, 73, 76, 91, 92, foreign, 8, 17, 45, 73, 82, 84, 90, 97, 103–5, 112, 113, 126, 139, 104, 105, 114, 126, 135, 164 141, 167–70 form(s), v, vii, 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, governor(s), 43, 47n4, 53, 55, 60, 67 14–18, 25, 31, 34, 35, 40, 41, grave, 39, 62, 129, 130 43, 44, 46, 52–4, 71, 75, 76, grievance(s), 7, 12, 90 81–124, 126, 133, 152, 153, ground(s), vii, 7, 13, 15, 23–40, 45, 160, 168–70, 172 47n4, 74, 75, 82, 84, 90, 101, France, 58 102, 105, 107, 111, 136, 141, fraudulent, 104 162, 163, 168, 171 freedom, 13, 44 group(s), 8, 10, 11, 25, 39, 47n4, 57, free-mixing, 82, 83, 89, 132 63, 76, 90, 91, 94, 95, 101, fundamental(s), 12, 47n1, 74, 83 111–13, 131, 137, 170 guidance, 27, 42, 58, 105, 142, 161, 169 G Gaza, 82, 90 genders, 82 H generation(s), 35, 48n12, 55, 59, 82, Ḥ adıth,̄ 23, 26–30, 32–5, 37, 41–3, 153, 155 45, 52–5, 58, 59, 61–8, 70–2, 74, gentleness, 53, 70 75, 84, 86–9, 92–6, 99, 100, Georgia, 8 103, 105–7, 109–11, 127, 128, Germany, 8 130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 149, Al-Ghāmidıy,̄ Muḥammad bin 150, 152, 155, 158, 166 ‘Ibrāhım,̄ 98 ‘ahl al-Ḥ adıth,̄ 29 208 INDEX al-hajr, 103 home(s), 8, 33, 87, 89, 94, 134 ḥākim, 64, 67 honour(s), 18, 33, 63, 98, 99 ḥalāl, 30, 95, 127 hope, 7, 100, 104, 166 Al-Ḥ amd, Khabbab bin Marwān, 98, horror, 83 118n72, 119n73 hostile, 42, 103, 126 Ḥ ammad bin Sulaymān, 56 hostility, 27, 30, 71, 166 Hanafite, 56 Ḥ udaybıyah̄ Hanbalite Peace Agreement, 88 Hanabilah, 86 Al-Huddah, ‘Abū Yūsuf, 96 Hanbali, 86 human, 28, 47n4, 58, 61, 135, 148, Al-Ḥ anbalıȳ 151, 156, 165 ‘Ibn Rajab, 72 rights, 13, 14, 97 Al-Sharıf̄ ‘Abū Ja`far bin Ìsǎ, 100, humanitarian, 82 144n7 humanities, 2, 163, 173 handmaidens, 135 humility, 59, 166 ḥarām, 25, 30, 35–6, 45, 97, 105, hunger, vii, 17, 81, 94–103, 113, 114, 115n2, 129, 136 168, 172 Al-Ḥ arım̄ Al-Ṭāhirıy,̄ 101 Ḥ usayn bin Àlıy,̄ 29, 60 harm(s), viii, 24, 36, 37, 45, 61, 62, husband(s), 87, 109, 116n28, 133 67–9, 71, 76, 82–5, 90, 92–101, hypocrite(s), 108 103, 107, 115, 135–8, 140, 143, 148, 159, 160, 171 harmony, 34, 40, 73, 137 I Ḥ arrah, 61 ìbādah maḥḍah, 100 Battle of, 60, 154 ‘Ibaḍıyah,̄ 4 harsh, 41 ‘Ibn Al-Àrabıy,̄ 57 harshness, 53, 70 ‘Ibn Al-Nuḥās, 32 Ḥ asan, 149 ‘Ibn Al-Qayyım,̄ 44, 56, 90 hatred, 39, 71 ‘Ibn Àqıl,̄ 56, 122n107, 123n115 Haykal, Muḥammad Khayr, 65, 67–9, ‘Ibn Bāz, 33, 133, 135, 137 78n50, 78n56, 78n69, 79n71, ‘Ibn Ḥ ajar, 27 79n74, 79n91, 143n6, 144n7, ‘Ibn Ḥ azm, 55, 72 144n8, 144n10, 145n25, ‘Ibn Jibrın,̄ 114, 168 145n26, 145n30, 145n36 ‘Ibn Muflih, 56 health, 93, 137 ‘Ibn Razın,̄ 56 hear, 30, 108, 109, 127 ‘Ibn Rushd, 57 heaven, 52, 88 ‘Ibn Taymıyah,̄ 28, 35–7, 44, 55, 57 hell, 39, 108, 110 ‘Ibn Ùmar, 108, 109. See also Àbd hermits, 111 ‘Allāh, bin Ùmar Ḥ ijāz, 29 ‘Ibn Ùthaymin, 33, 118n66, 118n69, Ḥ ijr, 136 118n72, 130, 135, 137, 140, hijrah, 44, 112 141, 168 Hilālıy,̄ Saàd Al-Dın,̄ 97 ‘Ibrāhım,̄ 52, 60 INDEX 209

Ibrahim, Anwar, 2 interest, v, vi, 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 54, 59, Ì ̄ d, 74, 88 63, 76, 86, 90, 93, 99, 101, 102, idol, 123n126, 128 105, 133, 137, 160, 173 ignorance, 31, 68, 89, 123n126, 128, intermingling, 131, 134, 140 129, 141 international, 5, 7, 101, 171 ìjtihād, 59, 61, 75, 148, 154, 155, interpretation, 23, 26, 154, 158, 171 165 intimidation, 83 ìjmā`, 26, 29–31, 34, 45, 59–61, 147, intra, 4 149–60, 166 invasion, 99 al-ikhtilāf, 165 Iran ‘imām, 28, 53, 86, 167 Iranian constitutional revolution, 1 mumtaḥan, 28 Shah, 1, 8 imitation, 23, 35, 82, 92 Iraq, 103 immolation Irish Republican Army, 111 self, 94 Ìsǎ, 150 immutable, 29 Islam impact, vi, 4, 38, 95, 111, 140 intellectual heritage, 2, 4 impediment, 138–40 Islamic, 2, 23, 54, 83, 127, 150 impurity, 150 Islamism, 2 incident(s), 8, 9, 24, 54, 60, 72, 87, Islamist(s), 2 99, 100, 102, 105, 133 studies, v–viii, 1–7, 69, 70, 98, 139, independent, 45, 73, 107, 169, 170 148, 152, 155, 161–3, 165–7, India, vi, 1, 8, 13, 72, 73 171, 172 Indonesia, 2, 8 Israel, 82, 90, 94, 96, 102–4, 126, industry, 6, 7, 14 136, 168 infallible, 61 issue(s), vi–viii, 2, 4–7, 15, 17, 18, 24, infidelity, 30, 31, 46, 61, 62, 64, 26, 28, 29, 33, 40, 45–7, 48n13, 127 55–8, 60, 63, 67, 68, 73, 75, 76, infidel, 23, 51, 67, 76 81, 83, 86, 91, 92, 99, 101, 103, information technology, 16 104, 107, 108, 112–15, 125–45, inheritance, 139, 150 147–9, 152–7, 159, 160, 163, inhibit, 31, 71, 160 166–8, 170, 173 Al-‘Injıl,̄ 150 injunction, 23, 26, 29, 45, 47n1, 61, 86, 92, 128, 134, 136, J 137 jāhilıyah,̄ 27, 43, 76, 111, 112 injury, 10, 93 Al-Jamāàh Al-Islāmıyah,̄ 123n128, innocent, 37–9, 90, 137, 154 139 innovation, 35, 47n1, 66, 164 Jamāàt insight(s), 143, 163 Al-Muslimın,̄ 111 institution, 11, 112, 131, 159 Al-Takf ır̄ Wa Al-Hijrah, 112, insurrection, 2 123–4n128 intellect, 2, 4, 45, 97 Al-Jasṣ ạ ̄s, 56 210 INDEX

Al-Jawzıyah,̄ ‘Ibn Qayyim, 36 khilāfıyah,̄ viii, 114, 147, 148, 153, Jaysh Al-Ùsrah, 108 165–6 Jews, 105, 141 Khudai Khidmatgar, vi, 1, 8, 72, 73 Jihad Khuḍayr, Àlıy,̄ 86, 144n9 Jihadism, vi, 2 Al-Khudrıy,̄ ‘Abū Sa`ıd,̄ 74, 75 Jihadist, vi, 63, 76, 86, 91, 169, 170 khurūj, vii, 6, 23–32, 36, 37, 44–6, job, 93 51–75, 82, 85, 92, 103, 105, Jonah, 99 114, 126, 135, 141–3, 152–5, journal, v, 2 157, 158, 160, 166, 170 judge(s), 44, 47n4, 64, 101, 128, 129, killing, 72, 97, 137 131 king, 104 judgement, 13, 53 King, Martin Luther, 8, 13, 21n31 judicial, 131, 160 knowledge, v, 2, 3, 18, 29, 31, 86, Jumàh, Àlıy,̄ 167, 174n33 104, 107, 130, 143, 165 jurisprudence Kūfah, 30 jurisprudential, v, viii, 3–7, 18, 24, Kufr, vii, 30, 31, 61, 62, 64, 126, 127, 58, 158, 159, 161 131, 141 ministry of, 96 Kurdish, 39 school of, 28, 29, 55, 56, 86, 156, 157 justice L injustice, 14, 16, 17, 25, 33, 39, 43, labour, vii, 17, 18, 63, 81, 92–4, 96, 44, 46, 52–4, 57–9, 62, 63, 68, 101, 113, 114, 172 73, 83–6, 89, 90, 97, 113, 115, Lā inkār f ı ̄ masā’il al-ìjtihād, 165 126, 127, 137, 138, 143, 152, land, 63, 92, 94, 103, 114, 141, 156, 165, 170, 172 168 just, 39, 52–4, 58, 91, 134, 152 law unjust, 52–4, 60, 69, 73, 90, 105, lawful, 93, 129, 142, 151 152 lawlessness, 137 justification, vi, 23, 75, 76, 109–11 unlawful, 11, 12, 16, 23, 35, 93, 129 Al-Juwaynıy,̄ 57 leader(s), 27, 28, 32, 33, 39, 43, 45, 46, 54, 58, 62–4, 66, 72, 107, 110, 112, 138, 167 K Lebanon, 8 Ka`bah, 87, 88, 136 legal, 3, 11, 12, 14, 23, 24, 33, 36, 37, Karbalā, 60, 154 69, 72, 75, 87, 91, 92, 94, 96, Al-Karkh, 90 99–101, 105, 137, 159–61, 167 Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, vi, 1, 8, 72, 73 legitimate, 12, 14, 29, 45, 47n4, 52, Badshah Khan, 72 64–9, 84, 93, 96, 105, 125, 130, Kharijite, 25, 26, 32, 47n4, 57, 153, 131, 135, 152, 168 159, 166, 167 illegitimate, 35, 37, 45, 52, 63–9, Al-Khawlānıy,̄ ‘Abū Muslim, 33 83, 94, 107, 152, 153 INDEX 211

Levant, 29, 47n4, 60 maqāsiḍ al-sharı`ah̄ , 95 Library Al-Maqdisıy,̄ ‘Abū Muḥammad, 86 British, 2 march(es), 82, 83, 90, 134 of Congress, 2 Marcos, Ferdinand, 8 Libya, 101 marry, 95 life, 10, 37, 38, 40, 44, 58, 63, 66, martyrdom 68, 82, 83, 94–101, 110, 138, martyr, 63 151, 170 Marwān bin Al-Ḥ akam, 74 liquid(s), 94, 98, 102 Marxist, 76 literature(s), vii, 3, 6, 7, 9, 16–18, 45, Maryam, 156 94, 113, 132 mas’alah, 114 lobby, 11, 12, 170 ma`sı̣ yah,̄ 62 local, 5, 7, 84, 90, 132, 157, 171 maslahah,̣ viii, 24, 29, 36, 90, 135–40, looting, 131 147, 148, 160–5, 169–73 loss(es), 38, 71, 83, 100, 136–9 masạ ̄lih, 174n36 Al-Luḥaydan, Ṣāliḥ, 82, 115n3 mass(es), 35, 40, 42, 91, 94, 102, 170 material(s), vii, viii, 2–5, 15, 17, 18, 76, 103, 104, 125, 127, 138, M 139, 163, 166, 167 Mafsadah, viii, 24, 36, 135–9, 147, Mawḍū`, 149 148, 154, 158, 160–5, 169–73 Mawlawıy,̄ Faysal,̣ 98 Mahatma Gandhi, 8, 11, 13, 17, 72, maxim(s), 36, 37, 92, 94, 96, 99, 100, 73 137, 159, 161, 165, 167 mainstream, 70 means, vi, 10–12, 29, 35, 37, 45, 46, makrūh, 85, 97 52, 58, 64, 68–70, 72, 73, 75, Malaysia, 2 83–6, 91, 97, 98, 100, 104, 106, Mālik 113, 135–6 Malikite, 55, 57 Mecca, 30, 42, 60, 64, 73, 87, 88, Al-Mālikıy,̄ Ulaysh, 58 106, 107, 154 al-ma`lum̄ bi al-dın̄ bi al-darụ rah̄ , 156 Meccans, 87, 88 mandate, 31, 64, 65, 67, 68 mechanism, 65, 152, 161 man/en, 24, 28, 36, 43, 54, 58, 65, media, 16 66, 83, 86, 88, 89, 93, 94, 96, mediation, 93, 153 106, 108, 110, 131, 132, 134, medical, 98, 102 135, 140, 151 Medina, 30, 60, 64, 87, 105, 108, manipulation, 85, 115 112, 133 manifestation, 16, 25, 42, 44, 59, 76, Medinan, 154, 159 82, 85, 86, 152, 153 Mercy, 70 māni` shar`ıy,̄ 31 Messenger, 154 mawani` sharı`ah, 138–40 ̄ ̄ of ‘Allāh, 28, 30, 32, 43, 54, 58, mankind, 36, 42, 139 86, 87, 93–6, 106, 110, 111, man-made, 30 116n28, 127, 133, 135, 151 212 INDEX

Mexican, 9 Murji’ıy,̄ 56 middle, 73 Mursı,̄ Muḥammad, 76, 85, 104, 167, Middle East, 3 168 migration, 44, 64, 112, 123n128 musbet hareket, 39 military, 8, 10, 15, 54, 63, 76, 85, 86, music, 36, 82, 131, 132 94, 103–6, 108, 167, 168 Muslim Brothers, 76, 85, 91, 101, 111 Milosevic, Slobodan, 8 Muslim-majority countries, 4 mind(s), vi, 25, 38, 55, 58, 75, 130, Musṭ afa,̣ Shukrıy,̄ 111, 112, 123n127 148, 163, 167 mutaghallib, 64 Ministry of Islamic Affair and Mutawātir, 149, 150, 152 Endowment, 96 Myanmar, 8 miscellaneous, 125, 140–2, 147 misconduct, 84, 109 misguidance, 66, 83, 128 N mobilisation, 90, 108, 111, 136 Al-Nafs Al-Dhakıyah,̄ Muḥammad, 60 modern, 1, 5, 6, 8, 57, 70, 75, 94, nahy ‘an munkar, 25 143, 158 Najd, 106 modernist, 76 narrator(s), 54, 87, 133 modesty, 83, 137 Al-Nawawıy,̄ 30, 56, 59, 62, 74, 153 monarchy, 158–60 negotiation, 140 monk, 111, 129 neighbour, 93 monotheism, 110 Nepal, 8 moral, 5, 10, 12–15, 39, 69, 84, 102, Nimrod, 52 123n126, 170, 172 non-violent, v, vi, vii, 2, 3, 6–8, immoral, 30, 31, 57, 63, 152, 158 10–13, 15–18, 31, 39, 42, 52, Moses, 42, 43, 52, 136, 150 63, 69–73, 76, 82, 85, 86, 94, Mūsǎ, 52, 136, 150 99, 106, 139, 153, 163, 164 mosque, 83, 106, 112–13, 124n128 norm(s), 11, 14, 87, 94, 101, 158, 167 movement, 1, 2, 7, 8, 39, 72, 131, North Western Province, 1 132 Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), muà̄malah, 75 vi, 72, 73 Muà̄wiyah bin ‘Abū Sufyān, 55 nourishment, 94 Mubāḥ, 85, 105 nudity, 131 Mubarak, Husnıy, 8, 76, 85, 98, 167 ̄ ̣ ̄ Al-Nu`mān bin Bashır,̄ 55 muftı,̄ 31, 33, 58, 82, 83, 94, 167, 168 Muḥājir, 108, 109 O Muḥammad bin Àbd Al-Wahhab, 89 oath, 24, 27, 65, 96 mujtahid, 155–7 obey, 6, 12, 15, 25, 26, 28, 30, 42, Muktazilite, 30, 48n13, 56, 57 43, 46, 47n4, 54, 56–9, 62, al-muqātaàh, 103, 120n100 65–8, 72, 84, 86, 87, 103, 127, murder, 39, 61, 83, 139, 148, 151 153, 160 INDEX 213 obligatory, 25, 42–4, 53, 54, 58, 62, P 63, 67, 68, 86, 87, 95, 105, 126, pacifist, 11 128–30, 134, 137, 138, 156 pagan, 87–9, 97, 128 obsolete, 30 Pakistan, 1, 73 occupants, 99 Palestine, 115n2, 121n101, 122n105, occupation, vi, 8, 73, 94, 103, 114, 122n106, 123n113, 123n114, 126, 164, 168 123n117, 126 omission, 4, 11, 15 Palestinian(s), 82, 94, 101, 103, opinion(s), 3, 12, 32–4, 43, 45, 51, 114, 168 55, 59, 61, 62, 84, 85, 88, 115, Paradise, 53, 83 118n72, 119n73, 128, 133, 147, parliamentary system, 1 149, 165, 166, 168, 169, 171, participation, 1, 40, 60, 61, 76, 89, 172 132–6, 164 opponent(s), 32, 37, 39, 55–7, 59, 60, partisan, 38 62–4, 66, 71, 74, 75, 87–90, 92, party, 38, 57, 63, 64, 93, 106, 140, 100, 101, 105, 107, 112, 114, 161, 163, 166 127, 151, 162, 165, 166, 168, passive, 39 169 passivity, 40, 42, 46, 73, 84, 170 opposite(s), 30, 53, 55, 56, 59, 68, Pasthun, 72 71, 79n95, 89, 105, 109, 128, peace, 3, 6, 28, 32, 36, 45, 83, 88, 93, 137, 139, 158, 162 108, 132, 137, 164 oppression, 54, 168 peaceful, 2, 37, 39, 42, 44, 46, 58, oppressive, 33, 38–40, 52, 53, 64, 69, 71–3, 76, 105 56, 71 people, v, vi, 2, 6–8, 10–12, 14, Orange Revolution, 8 16, 18, 25, 26, 28, 29, 32, 33, order(s), viii, 3–5, 8, 9, 17, 18, 28, 29, 35, 38, 39, 41–5, 53, 56, 59, 31–3, 36–40, 42, 45, 47n4, 54, 64–8, 72, 76, 81, 83, 88–91, 57, 62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 73, 86, 93, 95, 99, 106–11, 113, 128, 87, 92, 97, 99, 102–4, 106, 112, 131, 132, 135–41, 158, 159, 113, 125, 131, 136–8, 141, 148, 167–9 154, 155, 159, 160 permissible, viii, 3, 5, 16, 26, 30, 31, orderliness, 83, 93 41, 42, 46, 51–76, 79n95, 82, ordinary, 38, 103, 109, 130, 131, 84–94, 96–103, 105, 107, 113, 156, 167 115, 125–7, 130–2, 134, 136–8, organisation, 10, 72, 97, 105, 131 140–2, 151–3, 161–3, 171–2, orientation(s), 5, 55, 76, 169 174n36 overthrow, vii, 2, 6, 7, 16, 24, 25, 31, permission, 39, 89, 94, 100, 101, 106, 33, 39–41, 44–6, 51, 52, 56, 58, 107, 116n28, 133, 152, 172 60, 64, 67, 73–5, 82, 84, 92, perpetrators, 71 125, 126, 129, 131, 134, 136, persecution(s), 29, 42–4, 52, 73, 74, 137, 139, 152, 171, 172 89, 159 overview, 9, 17 personnel, 102 214 INDEX perspective(s), 2, 3, 24, 34, 36–8, predecessor(s), 29, 32, 59, 74, 75, 82, 42, 45, 75, 97, 98, 101, 102, 84, 89, 159 118n61, 118n70, 119n73, predicament, 101 119n83, 119n84, 119n88, preference, 42, 69, 76, 86, 111, 158, 120n96, 120n97, 120n101, 159 121n104, 121n105, 122n108, premium, 73 122n113, 122n114, 126 preservation, 99, 137 petition, 11, 12 president, 8, 104, 167 petty, 102 pressure, 90, 95, 97, 103, 112 Pharaoh, 43, 52 prevalent, vi, 27, 55, 72, 87, 103, 130, phase, 38, 40 157, 160, 170 Philippines, 8 prevention, 39, 83, 92 physical, 66, 88, 95, 98–103, 164 Prime Minister, 104 picket, 34, 75, 82 Deputy, 2 pilgrimage, 88, 100, 150 principle(s), vii, 10, 23, 34, 36, 38, pious, 38, 67 40, 47n1, 51, 71, 75, 85, 92, 93, pledge, 65 100, 125, 136, 138, 149, 155, of Al-Riḍwān, 87 163, 172 plunder, 83 prison, 102, 114, 118n72 policy, v, 6, 7, 10–14, 17, 25, 38, 42, imprison, 29, 39, 63, 73, 75, 86, 46, 103, 136, 161, 162, 172 94, 100, 101, 111, 160, 168 political action(s), v, vi, vii, 1, 3, 9–11, privacy, 40 13–18, 38, 139, 140, 163 private, 17, 32–4, 37, 41, 46, 59, 67, political science, 7–16, 163 74, 75, 84, 85, 92–4, 142, 170, politics, v, vi, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 18, 38, 172 40, 42, 45, 46, 70, 73, 118n62, pro, 38–40, 46, 47, 70, 75, 76, 142, 119n76, 120n91, 143 169 popular, 29, 142, 154, 155 process, viii, 9, 11, 37, 41, 42, 65, population(s), 4, 101, 105, 106 66, 72, 88, 104, 127, 131–3, pork, 95, 151 160, 165 power, 8, 14, 29–31, 37, 39, 47n47, procession(s), 88, 132, 133 58, 61, 64–8, 72, 96, 97, 105, product, 39, 103–5, 114, 120n101, 114, 127, 128, 131, 138, 158, 121n104, 121n105, 122n111, 159, 166 122n112, 148 practitioner, 71, 72 professor, 97 pragmatic, 10 prohibition, 23, 25–7, 29, 30, 32, praiseworthy, 99 34–6, 42, 45, 46, 57, 62, 71, 74, prayer(s), 43, 71, 74, 82, 83, 100, 75, 86, 90, 91, 95–7, 100, 101, 110, 124n128, 126, 129, 130, 103, 105, 137, 148, 151, 152, 132–4, 141, 142, 150, 154, 156 154, 172 precedence, 37, 92 promiscuity, 137 precedent(s), 82, 86, 100, 159, 160 promise(s), 18, 19, 139, 151, 171, 173 INDEX 215 promotion, 73, 83 quietism, 40, 42, 46, 159, 170 proof, 30, 61, 62, 64, 85, 127, 141, Quraysh, 87, 88, 106, 107, 136 162 Al-Qurtubı̣ y,̄ 33, 56, 77n18 propaganda, 38, 90 propagation, 37, 45, 82 property, 10, 24, 36, 56, 58, 63, 66, R 68, 82, 83, 98, 99, 106, 132, radical, 86, 160 137, 138 raid, 99 Prophet, 23, 27–30, 32–4, 42, 43, rally, 72, 82 52–5, 59, 60, 64–7, 72–4, 82–90, Ramaḍān, 95, 117n54, 134, 151, 154, 94–100, 103, 105–10, 112, 156 116n28, 124n128, 128–30, rational, vii, 23, 24, 36–40, 44, 45, 132–6, 151, 153–6 48n13, 90, 137, 138, 148, 161, proponent(s), vii, 6, 25–7, 29–37, 171 40–2, 44–7, 53, 57, 59–63, rationale, vii, 1–4, 7 66–75, 82, 84–91, 93, 96–101, rationalisation, 25, 90 104, 105, 107–10, 112–14, 125, reality, 4, 14, 18, 58, 166, 169 133, 141, 143, 153, 165, 166, reason, 3, 4, 10, 12, 14, 15, 38, 48n13, 170 55, 62–4, 66, 81, 90, 91, 93–6, protection, 54, 87, 97, 100, 137 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 113, protest, 2, 8, 9, 11, 13–17, 33, 35, 71, 125, 134, 135, 137, 139, 140, 72, 81–5, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 96, 143, 150, 154, 157, 158, 160, 97, 103, 114, 117n57, 132, 133, 167 136, 152, 153, 160, 168 reasoning, 10, 15, 36, 104, 158 provision, 106, 111, 137 rebellion, vi, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 24–7, prudence, 36, 64, 127, 129, 136, 172 29–31, 40, 43, 45, 52, 55–7, prudent, 13, 96, 129, 131, 141, 59–61, 64, 69–76, 91, 139, 157 152–7, 159, 160, 166 public, vii, 11–13, 15–17, 32, 34, rebel(s), 129, 133 36–41, 46, 54, 59, 68, 74–6, recognition, 12–14, 133, 157 81–95, 99, 101, 102, 105, 110, reconciliation, 140 113–15, 126, 131–4, 137, 138, recourse, 29, 93 140–2, 152, 153, 167, 168, 171, reflection, 71 172 reform, 12, 13, 15, 17, 38–40, 45, 46, punishment, 12–15, 26, 43, 103, 105, 72, 84, 126, 140 106, 135, 160 Reformasi, 2 refusal, 6, 11, 29, 54, 57, 87 refutation, 68 Q regime(s), 2, 6, 12, 13, 15–17, 40, 58, Qatar, 58 71, 73, 85, 91, 131, 139, 142, Qilqilıyah,̄ 101 164, 170 Qiyās, 155 regulations, 14, 92 216 INDEX religion, vi, 23, 24, 34–7, 44, 47n1, 119n83, 119n88, 120n91, 66, 74, 83, 86, 97, 106, 109, 120n96, 123n126, 128–31, 118n62, 119n76, 119n88, 138, 139, 142, 147–9, 154–8, 120n91, 156 160–9, 171 repent, 31, 56, 108, 134 Ṣabrıy,̄ Mustaf̣ ǎ, 101 repression, 159, 164 sacrifice, 38, 96, 98, 99 resistance, vi, 9, 43, 68–71, 73, 74, sacrilegious, 83 114, 139, 160, 168 sad al-dharıàh̄ , 92 respect, 12, 14, 33, 34, 36, 37, 40, 58, safeguard, 33, 71 61, 73, 101, 109, 131, 149, 166 safety, 82, 138 resurrection, 52 Saffron revolution, 8 retaliate, 101 Ṣaḥih, 30, 149, 150 revelation, 105, 128, 129, 156 Salaf, 29, 32 revenge, 39, 71, 72 Salafism, 47 revolution, v, vi, 2, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 76, Salaf ıy,̄ 5, 47, 169 167, 168 salary, 93 the 1919 Revolution, 1, 8 Ṣalıh̄ ̣, Àlıȳ Àbd ‘Allāh, 8 reward, 70, 96, 99 sanad, 133 Riḍā, Rashıd,̄ 58, 60, 77n27, 77n36, Satan, 38, 108 78n47 Saudi Arabia, 33, 82, 83, 85, 86, righteous, 29, 31, 32, 35, 38, 59, 67, 115n2, 132 74, 75, 82, 84, 85, 91, 137, 152 Sawṃ rights, 7, 8, 12–14, 16, 26, 28, 36, 38, -al-dahr, 96 44, 68, 82, 89–91, 93, 94, 97, -wisạ ̄l, 96, 98 101, 117n57, 125, 126, 138, scholar, 2, 24, 55, 85, 125, 148 140, 141 school(s), 4, 5, 28, 29, 45, 47, 48n13, rioting, 83, 131 55, 56, 70, 86, 101, 112, 113, Risale-i-Nur, 40 152, 156–8, 165, 169 risk, 83, 85, 99–102, 114, 115, 136 scriptural texts, viii, 2, 68, 74, 148 ritual(s), 88, 91, 95, 100 scripture(s), 18, 30, 45, 58, 61, 110, road, 93 142, 148, 149, 157, 163, 165–8, Roman, 108 171, 173 root(s), 35, 38, 42, 45, 47, 59, 67, seclusion, 44, 110, 111 72, 86 sect, 47n4 Rose Revolution, 8 sectors, 93 rowdiness, 34 secular rowdy, 115n2, 132 secularisation, 38 ruler, 2, 23, 51, 82, 125, 152 secularism, 144 ruling, viii, 3, 5, 16, 24, 29, 30, 42, secularist, 2 46, 64, 67–9, 76, 87, 91, 92, 97, security, 38, 137 98, 107, 114, 117n49, 117n57, segregation, 134 119n70, 118n72, 119n76, selection, 88, 133 INDEX 217 semantic, 16 social Serbia, 8 movement, 7 Servants of God. See Khudai sciences, 2, 16, 17, 163, 173 Khidmatgar society service(s), 10, 15, 36, 39, 93, 114, Excommunication and Migration, 138 112 Shafiìte, 56 of Muslims, 111 Al-Shāfiìy, 56 sociology, 7, 163 ship, 99 Socrates, 8 Shām, 30 soldier, 72 sharıàh,̄ 30, 84, 95, 141, 142 solution, 71, 83, 91, 163 shar`ıȳ , 31 source, 26, 82, 94, 99, 103, 104, 149, Sharpe, Gene, 16 154–7, 167 Al-Shawkānıy,̄ 59 sovereignty, 91 Al Al-Shaykh, Ṣāliḥ, 26 speculative, 104 shelter, 137 speech, 26, 55, 59 Shevardnadze, Eduard, 8 spirit, 12, 30, 39, 40, 59, 109 Shiite, 4, 151, 159 stability, 29, 36–40, 68, 73, 159 Al-Shinqıtı̄ y,̄ ‘Abū Mundhir, 91 standpoint(s), viii, 4, 17, 73, 75, 142, Al-Shırā ̄zıy,̄ ‘Abū ‘Isḥāq, 90 148, 154, 156, 158, 161–3, 165, show(s), 13, 14, 41, 70, 72, 76, 82, 166, 168, 170 91, 110, 153, 160, 167, 168 state(s), 2, 3, 11, 18, 39, 44, 62–4, shūrǎ, 65 67, 69, 83, 92, 105, 110–12, Siberia, 37 123n126, 141 sick, 33, 95 static, 136 Ṣiff ın̄ storm, 99 Battle of, 47n4, 60, 61, 153 strand(s), vii, 23–33, 37, 46, 76 silence, 53, 90, 107 strategic, 10, 13, 15, 163, 164 Al-Simnāwıy,̄ 56 strict, 31, 64, 70, 75, 101, 134, 172 sin, 26, 35, 69, 95, 127, 139 strife, 37, 57, 60, 83 sinful, 62 strike(s), vii, 17, 18, 34, 81, 82, Sinn Fein, 11 92–103, 113, 114, 168, 172 siphoning, 137 tobacco, 1 Al-Sısı̄ y,̄ Àbd Al-Fattāḥ, 94, 167, 168 stringent, 131 sit-in, 11, 82, 83, 132 student(s), 36 situation(s), 3, 29, 38, 41, 42, 46, 63, of knowledge, 86 69, 70, 93, 95, 100, 102, 105, subject(s), 1–7, 14, 17, 29, 53, 55, 61, 111, 113, 126, 134, 138, 140, 63–5, 68, 103, 107, 110, 114, 142, 165 147, 148, 154, 158, 161–3, 165, slander, 132 166, 168, 169 slave, 66, 67 success, 31, 135–6, 140, 143, 163–5 sleep, 95, 96 Sudan, 2 218 INDEX

Al-Sudays, Àbd Al-Raḥmān bin Ṣāliḥ, technology, 16 55 tenet, 63 Ṣuf ıy,̄ 5, 47, 169 terminology, 13, 67, 68 Suharto, 2, 8 territory, 99, 141 suḥūr, 95 Al-Thaqaf ıy,̄ Al-Ḥ ajjāj bin Yūsuf, 55 suicide, 95, 97, 100–2, 172 Al-Thawrıy,̄ 160 Sultạ ̄n, 68 theme(s), vii, 1–3, 6, 17, 51 Sunnah, 66, 67, 86, 95 theology, 48n13, 149–50, 155 Sunni, 2, 4, 5, 7, 29, 30, 45, 55–8, debate, vii, 2, 5, 81, 104, 113, 171 61, 76, 85, 143, 151, 153, 171 theoretical, 131, 142, 166 surrender, 47n4, 105, 106, 128 thinking, 70, 71, 137 Suwayd bin Ghaflah, 59 Thoreau, Henry David, 9, 13, 17, swearing, 82 19n10 sweat, 93 threat, 10, 26, 44, 66, 108, 132, 158 swine, 151 throne, 150 symbol(s), 16, 74, 133, 141 al-thubūt, 149, 150 sympathy, 13, 15, 95, 97, 102, 160, Thumāmah bin ‘Uthal, 106 167, 168 Tiananmen Square, 8 Syria, 2, 56 tithe, 150 system, 1, 11–14, 17, 63, 91, 158–60 tobacco concession, 1 toleration, 90 Torah, 150 T trade, 103, 151 Al-Ṭabarıy,̄ 60, 61 tradition(s), v, vi, 4, 23, 30, 35, 42, Tabi`ın,̄ 55 45, 65, 72, 84, 86, 132, 167 tactic, 94 traditionalist, 5, 29, 76, 169 tafsır̄ , 97 transgression, 63, 66, 68, 82, 83, 158 Al-Ṭaḥāwıy,̄ 30 transportation, 93, 138 Tahrir, 76, 167, 168 treacherous, 105 takf ır,̄ vii, 30, 31, 64, 112, 113, treatise, 25, 40 126–31, 141–3, 170 treatment, 7, 14, 43, 60, 94, 168 takf ıri,̄ 47n4 tree(s), 106, 110 Ṭalḥah bin Àbd ‘Allāh, 55 trial, 31, 94, 114, 123n127, 131, 168 Al-Tamımı̄ y,̄ Taysır,̄ 101 truth, vi, 33, 34, 40, 53, 59, 61, 64, tangible, 41, 99 73, 74, 83–5, 87, 91, 97, 99, Al-Ṭarıfı̄ y,̄ Àbd Al-` Āzız,̄ 98, 118n72 104, 108, 109, 115, 147–9, 157, taqwǎ, 66 161, 165, 173 tashabbuh bi al-kuffār, 35 t-shirt, 16 tawạ ̄f, 88 Tunisia, 2, 76 Al-Tawrah, 150 tyranny, 37, 69, 89 tax, 9, 11, 44, 63 tyrant(s), 57, 76, 84 INDEX 219

U viewpoint, v–viii, 12, 13, 51, 58, 63, Al-Ùkbarıy,̄ ‘Ibn Batṭ ah,̣ 30 72, 76, 82–103, 112, 125, 126, Ukraine, 8 131, 132, 141, 147, 148, 151–3, Ùmar, 55, 59, 65, 74, 87, 88, 98, 155, 157–63, 165, 166, 169–73 108, 109 village, 106 Al-Ùmar, Ṇāsiṛ bin Sulaymān, 98 violation, 83, 137 Umayyad, 29, 55, 56, 60, 61, 74, 154, violence, vi, 10, 11, 37–9, 45, 69–73, 158, 159 99, 132 ‘ummah, 53, 83 violent, 25, 37, 57, 91, 159 ùmrah, 88, 106 non-violent, v, vi, vii, 2, 3, 6–8, United Arab Emirate, 96 10–13, 15–18, 31, 39, 42, 63, United States of America (US), 8, 64, 69–74, 76, 82, 85, 86, 94, 104, 105, 114 99, 106, 139, 153, 163, 164 University, 97 virgin, 156 unrest, 39, 83 virtue, 7, 26, 52, 84, 89, 91 unscrupulous, 71, 85, 115 vote, 12 uprising, 6, 75, 86, 167–9 vow, 96, 97 US. See United States of America (US) Vulgarity, 132 ‘Ụsul Al-Fiqh, 138, 161 usurpation usurp, 66 W usurper, 29, 64 Al-Wādi`ıy,̄ Muqbil, 33, 135 Ùthmān, 60, 83, 87, 133 wage(s), 93, 99 utility, 71 Wahabism, 89 ùzlah, 44, 110, 111 wājib, 105 war anti-war, 7 V World War, 37 vandalism, 131, 132 wasā’il, 75 verse(s), 26, 34, 37, 40, 43, 52, 64, Wasıt,̄ 30 89, 95, 104, 105, 108, 109, 128, wası̣ yah,̄ 150 149, 151–3, 158, 160 weakness, 32, 130 vice(s), 90 weak, 44, 62, 74, 87, 101 vicegerent, 56 wealth, 28, 58–60, 62, 63, 83, 97, video, 18 104, 106, 159 Vietnam, 15 weapon, 70, 72 view, 2, 9, 12, 18, 24, 26, 28–39, 41, 42, weirdness, 83 44–7, 51–61, 63–5, 67–70, 72–6, well-being, 97, 99, 102 81–6, 88, 92, 93, 95–101, 107, 111, west, 82, 136, 141, 156 114, 125–31, 133, 140–2, 147, wheat, 106 154, 157, 158, 160, 162, 166, 172 wife, 55, 60, 133, 134, 153 220 INDEX

Y Wilāyat Al-Maẓālim, 131 will, vii, 1, 3–5, 7, 9, 11, 15–19, 24, Yamāmah, 106, 107 27–9, 31–4, 36, 38, 43, 44, 46, Yazıd̄ bin Muà̄wiyah, 60, 154 47, 51–3, 58, 61–3, 65, 66, 68, Yemen, 2, 132, 156 69, 71, 75, 81, 83–5, 89, 91–8, Yūnus, 99 105, 106, 108, 110, 113, 115, Al Yūsuf, Àbd ‘Allāh bin Mubārak bin 125, 128, 135, 140, 141, 143, Àbd ‘Allāh, 98, 118n61, 147–50, 154, 155, 157, 158, 118n66, 118n67, 118n69, 161, 165, 166, 169, 171 118n72, 119n73–5, 119n81, withdraw/al, 25, 27, 62, 110–13, 119n86, 120n96 130, 152, 153, 158, 171 woman/en, 24, 36, 83, 87–9, 95, 116n28, 131–4, 140 Z wood, 54, 87 Ẓāhirıyah,̄ 55 worker(s), 14, 17, 92–4 zakah, 150 workplace, 17, 138 Al-Zarkalıy,̄ 56 world, 26, 58, 91, 112, 114, 163 ‘Abū Zayd, Wasf̣ ıȳ À̄shūr, 98 wrong, 12, 30, 46, 54, 61, 75, 85, Zayd bin Àlıy,̄ 60 88–90, 94, 101, 113, 134, 166 Al-Zubayr bin Al-Àwwam, 55 wrongdoer, 53, 129 Al-Zuhayli, Wahbah, 98, 173n3, 173n14, 174n32 wuḍū’ 150