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Understanding Sufism Abstract This thesis addresses the problem of how to interpret Islamic writers without imposing generic frameworks of later and partly Western derivation. It questions the overuse of the category “Sufism” which has sometimes been deployed to read anachronistic concerns into Islamic writers. It does so by a detailed study of some of the key works of the 13th century writer Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah (d. 709/1309). In this way it fills a gap in the learned literature in two ways. Firstly, it examines the legitimacy of prevalent conceptualisations of the category “Sufism.” Secondly, it examines the work of one Sufi thinker, and asks in what ways, if any, Western categories may tend to distort its Islamic characteristics. The methodology of the thesis is primarily exegetical, although significant attention is also paid to issues of context. The thesis is divided into two parts. Part One sets up the problem of Sufism as an organizational category in the literature. In doing so, this part introduces the works of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah, and justifies the selection from his works for the case study in Part Two. Part Two provides a detailed case study of the works of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah. It opens with some of the key issues involved in understanding an Islamic thinker, and gives a brief overview of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah’s life. This is followed by an examination of materials on topics such as metaphysics, ontology, epistemology, eschatology, ethics, and soteriology. In each case it is suggested that these topics may be misleading unless care is taken not to import Western conceptuality where it is not justified by the texts. Emphasis is placed on the soteriological character of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah’s writings, to which the Western terms “theology” and “philosophy” are only partly appropriate. Part Two concludes with a short study of the interaction between Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah and Ibn Taymiyya designed to illustrate how a less Western conceptual approach may modify aspects of the existing reception of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah’s thought. The central point of the thesis is that Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah needs to be reread, taking more account of the Islamic contexts of his work. The thesis does not pretend to settle every issue of interpretation and it only deals with some of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah’s texts. In arguing for contextual Islamic approaches to Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah as opposed to the more standard generic readings, such as Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah as “Sufi” or “philosopher,” the thesis raises issues relevant not only to Islamic studies, but also to studies in comparative religion generally. While limited by its focus on only one writer, it hopefully may stimulate further research into how Islamic writers may best be 3 studied in ways which respects their religious commitments, while acknowledging the need to relate their work to concepts of Western origin. 4 Acknowledgements This work represents part of a personal journey, both inner and outer, that has been rife with trials and successes. While the trials have been my own, the successes that have come are due in no small part to those who have travelled with me. While there are too many to acknowledge individually, I am grateful for their company along this path. Without the tireless effort of Professor Wayne Hudson and Dr Leila Toiviainen this work would not be what it is. The support, guidance, and encouragement that you have both given is something that I cannot repay. You both have a gift for bringing the best out in my work and I am indebted to you both for this. To my parents for your continued, and at times unsolicited, support and encouragement. “Is it finished yet?” It is now. Thank you. The University of Tasmania Document Delivery team must also be recognised. Without your tireless efforts to track down those works that were otherwise out of my reach, your patience in answering my questions, and your smiles when loading a pile of books and papers into my arms, this work would be scantly recognisable. May your continuing efforts be the hidden secret behind so many scholarly successes. To all my brothers and sister, especially Shaykh Ali ElSenossi, Muqaddam Ahmad Salih McCauley (may Allah sanctify his secret), and Wasi Dawud Abu Junayd Gos, for your unending support, encouragement, and guidance. Without your constant illuminations I would be left in the dark. Thank you for allowing me to be amongst your companions, acting as lampposts along my journey. 5 Contents Part I Chapter 1 - Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 10 The Transmission of Sufism ............................................................................................................... 13 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Problematising “Sufism” .................................................................................................................... 15 The Works of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah .............................................................................................................. 21 Chapter 2 – Problematising Sufism ........................................................................................................ 24 Approaches to the Term “Sufism” ...................................................................................................... 24 “Sufism” as “Islamic Mysticism” ......................................................................................................... 24 “Sufism” as “Islamic Sufism” .............................................................................................................. 31 The Term “Sufism”............................................................................................................................. 36 Systematic Sufism .............................................................................................................................. 40 One Further Difficulty ........................................................................................................................ 41 Some Consequences for the Study of Sufism ..................................................................................... 43 Part II Chapter 3 – The Case of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah .................................................................................................. 48 Provision (rizq) as an entry point to Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah’s Oeuvre .............................................................. 48 Qur’anic Hermeneutics ...................................................................................................................... 51 The Science of Prophethood (ilm al-nabuwah) ................................................................................... 54 The Importance of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah ...................................................................................................... 58 The Life of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah ................................................................................................................... 60 Re-examining the Works of Ibn ‘Ata’ Allah ......................................................................................... 63 6 The Interconnections ......................................................................................................................... 65 Chapter 4 – Metaphysics ....................................................................................................................... 68 Definition of Metaphysics .................................................................................................................. 68 Tawhid, the Oneness of Allah ............................................................................................................ 70 Tawhid in the Qur’an and Hadith ....................................................................................................... 71 Understanding “there is no god but Allah” (la ilaha illa’llah) ............................................................... 72 The Proofs of Tawhid ......................................................................................................................... 75 The Goal of Tawhid ............................................................................................................................ 83 Implications of the Metaphysics of Tawhid ........................................................................................ 87 Chapter 5 – Ontology ............................................................................................................................ 90 From Essence (dhat) to Existence (kawn) ........................................................................................... 92 The Isthmus (barzakh) ....................................................................................................................... 95 The Role of Creation .......................................................................................................................... 96 Cause and Effect .............................................................................................................................. 101 Obedience (ta’a) .............................................................................................................................. 104 Poverty (faqr) and the Poor (faqir) ................................................................................................... 106 Rizq within the Ontological Domain ................................................................................................
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