Simulate Urban Growth Based on RS, GIS, and SLEUTH Model in Shenyang-Fushun Metropolitan Area Northeastern China

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Simulate Urban Growth Based on RS, GIS, and SLEUTH Model in Shenyang-Fushun Metropolitan Area Northeastern China 2009 Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event Simulate urban growth based on RS, GIS, and SLEUTH model in Shenyang-Fushun metropolitan area northeastern China Fengming Xi Yuanman Hu Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS Shenyang, China Shenyang, China Graduate University of CAS [email protected] Beijing, China [email protected] Xiaoqing Wu Institute of Coastal Zone Research for Sustainable Hong S He Development, CAS Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS Yantai, China Shenyang, China [email protected] School of Natural Resources at the University of Missouri Columbia MO USA [email protected] Rencang Bu, Yu Chang, Miao Liu Institute of Applied Ecology, CAS Shenyang, China Jing Yu Urban and Rural Planning Administration Center, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of China Beijing, China Abstract—Shenyang and Fushun are two most nearest mega growth pattern and most diffused growth appears at south of cities in China. Integration of the two cities as one sub- region. Edge growth and road gravity growth are the main administrative economic region is a state and province policy to growth types in the future. The accelerated urban development promote economy development of Liaoning province. How the scenario shows the most urban growth area. The limitative urban urban patterns of the mega cities will grow is interested to city growth scenario shows the least urban growth area. The planners, decision-makers, land managers, ecologists, protected urban development scenario shows moderate urban geographers, and resource managers because it’s special policy growth area and good protection to other land resources. The and spatiotemporal dynamic complexity. This study explore the urban land of two mega cities will connect firstly to a whole on combined application of remote sensing, geographical the south bank of Hun River about in 2040 in the accelerated information system and SLEUTH urban growth model to urban development and the current trends scenarios, and will not analyze and model urban growth pattern in Shenyang-Fushun connect on the other two scenarios until 2050. The combined metropolitan area northeastern China. The sequential RS images method using remote sensing, geographical information system can give quantitative descriptors of the geometry of urban form and SLEUTH urban growth model is powerful for to be computed and compared over time. The investigation is representation, modeling and prediction of the spatiotemporal based on a 16-year time series data set compiled from interpreted urban growth, and useful for understanding the alternative historical TM satellite imagery. The SLEUTH model was future planning scenarios, but location accuracy and scenarios calibrated using the mutil-temporal data set for the 6391.12km2 design must be further considered for local application. area where has experienced rapid urbanization in recent years. The model allowed a spatial forecast of urban growth, and future growth was projected out to 2050 assuming four different policy 1 INTRODUCTION scenarios: (1) current trends (CT), (2) accelerated urban Urban growth has been a hot topic not only in the development (AUD), (3) protected urban development (PUD), management of sustainable development but in the fields of and (4) limitative urban growth (LUD). The predicted urban remote sensing and geographic information science [1, 2, 3] growth shows similar compact pattern under each scenario The fastest urbanization appears in developing countries except the current trends scenario that shows diffused urban nowadays [4], especially China that has the most population in 978-1-4244-3461-9/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE 2009 Urban Remote Sensing Joint Event the world. Chinese urban planners are facing a huge challenge explore the followings: What the future area, location, and to rapid physical and socio-economic restructuring of Chinese orientation of urban growth pattern in Shenyang-Fushun cities on the background of rapid urbanization and multi-scale metropolitan area under different planning scenarios? When administrative policies from different level of government, will the two mega cities connect spatially as a whole? Location which also have been attracting more and more attentions of accuracy and scenarios design are discussed for local not only Chinese scholars but international urban researchers as application. well [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. City has spatiotemporally dynamic complexity [10]. The 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS spatial pattern of a city is a consequence of the interaction of various kinds of driving forces including natural and 2.1 Study area socioeconomic factors [11, 12]. Area, location, and orientation Shenyang-Fushun metropolitan area is located on the of urban growth pattern are very important to urban planners, transition zone from the branch-range of Changbai Mountain to conservationists, economists, ecologists, and land resource the flood plain of Liao River in northeast China (Fig 1), which managers in China who accounting for the urban spatial one of fastest urbanizing, and the most typical old heavy- planning, ecological protection, economic sustainable industry metropolitan areas in northeastern China. Fusun is development, and land resources sustainable use. The multi- located the upper reach of Hunhe River and Shenyang is sources, multi-temporal, and multi-scale sequential RS images located middle reach of Hunhe River. Most area of Shenyang is can give quantitative descriptors of the urban pattern to be plain. Most area of Fushun is mountain and with a large computed and compared over time, which is useful to explore reservoir in upper reach of Hunhe River. Fushun is a famous the law of urban growth [13, 14,15,16,17]. The dynamic spatial city for its coalfield and petrochemistry. Fushun is the fourth simulation models is a good way to understand the dynamics of largest city in Liaoning province. Shenyang is the capital and complex urban system, evaluate the impact of urban growth on the first largest city of Liaoning province and communication, environment, and be a planning tool for planner and decision commerce, science, and culture center of Northeast China. makers [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. The combined Shenyang and Fushun have been two of the fastest growing and method using remote sensing, geographical information system the nearest mega cities in China, driven by policies and urban growth model is powerful for representation, encouraging industrialization at multiple government levels. modeling and prediction of the spatiotemporal urban growth The total population of study area for this research is more than pattern, and useful for understanding the alternative future 6 530 000. There is a state and province policy that will planning scenarios [28, 29, 30]. combine Shenyang and Fushun as one sub-administrative Shenyang and Fushun are two most nearest mega cities in economic region, the first time in China two proximate heavy China. Integration of the two cities as one sub-administrative industrial cities have been combined to share resources, economic region is an important state and province policy to comparative advantages, and ecological protection [31]. promote economy development of Liaoning province. There are mainly four different policy scenarios about integration of 2.2 SLEUTH dynamic urban growth model the two mega cities: (1) current trends scenario (CT), the two SLEUTH is a self-modifying probabilistic cellular automata mega cities keep the current policies and urban growth trend as model originally developed by Keith Clarke at the University history; (2) accelerated urban development scenario (AUD), of California at Santa Barbara [22, 32, 33]. It’s an initial take urban development policies into account and give lower abbreviation for the input data layers: Slope, Land Use, protective probability in all land types of urban planning area Exclusion, Urban, Transportation, and Hill Shade. The version and urban development area, especially the connective zone of used in this application, SLEUTH 3.0Beta, consists of an urban two cities, and give higher protective probability in other area; growth model (UGM) and an optional Land Cover Deltatron (3) protected urban development (PUD), give more protection Model (LCDM). The UGM simulates urban growth, which is a to important land sources such as natural water, forest, and non-urban cell will be converted to an urban cell. The LCDM, arable land, and the areas that are restrictive to urban growth; which is driven by the UGM, simulate land use and land cover and (4) limitative urban growth (LUD), give more stringent change. In this application, only the urban module was utilized, protection to land sources than PUD scenario and limit the so each cell in the study area had only two possible states: urban growth. Specifically, the objectives of this paper are to urbanized or nonurbanized. SLEUTH simulates four types of urban growth (Spontaneous growth, New spreading center growth, Edge growth, and Road-influenced growth) controlled through the interactions of five growth coefficients (ranging from 0 to 100): Dispersion, Breed, Spread, Road gravity, and Slope (Table ). We use UGM only. The four urban development types in UGMdescribe briefly below [22, 29, 32]: Spontaneous growth models the random urbanization of single pixels in undeveloped areas, which has the potential to Figure 2. Study area within the Liaoning province northeastern China capture low-density development patterns and is not dependant
Recommended publications
  • Study on Land Use/Cover Change and Ecosystem Services in Harbin, China
    sustainability Article Study on Land Use/Cover Change and Ecosystem Services in Harbin, China Dao Riao 1,2,3, Xiaomeng Zhu 1,4, Zhijun Tong 1,2,3,*, Jiquan Zhang 1,2,3,* and Aoyang Wang 1,2,3 1 School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (A.W.) 2 State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China 3 Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China 4 Shanghai an Shan Experimental Junior High School, Shanghai 200433, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Z.T.); [email protected] (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-1350-470-6797 (Z.T.); +86-135-9608-6467 (J.Z.) Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 25 July 2020; Published: 28 July 2020 Abstract: Land use/cover change (LUCC) and ecosystem service functions are current hot topics in global research on environmental change. A comprehensive analysis and understanding of the land use changes and ecosystem services, and the equilibrium state of the interaction between the natural environment and the social economy is crucial for the sustainable utilization of land resources. We used remote sensing image to research the LUCC, ecosystem service value (ESV), and ecological economic harmony (EEH) in eight main urban areas of Harbin in China from 1990 to 2015. The results show that, in the past 25 years, arable land—which is a part of ecological land—is the main source of construction land for urbanization, whereas the other ecological land is the main source of conversion to arable land.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities
    Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan
    [Show full text]
  • China Mission Trip Flyer
    China Mission Trip Sept. 15-24, 2013 Shanghai - Xi'an - Benxi - Beijing Mission Statement Business Focused Sister City Mission Trip Sister Cities create relationships based on cultural, educational and trade exchanges, creating lifelong friendships that provide prosperity and peace through person-to-person “citizen diplomacy.” Participants for trip include: County Executive; State and County Government Representatives; Business, Education, Academic and Science Leaders; Chinese Community Leaders Feature Events: Reception banquet by the County Executive in Shanghai; Business match making and round table; Site visits of new development opportunists; Major tourist attractions Travel Itineraries : There will be four options for travel based on interest of the trip and length of stay. Everyone will travel from Shanghai to Xi’an to participate in Sister City activities. Once the activities are completed, groups will separate into four: • Group 1: ($3,000/pp) will fly back to DC early. Sept 15th-Sept 21st. • Group 2: ($3,000/pp) will stay in Xi’an to visit friends and family. Sept 15th-Sept 23rd. • Group 3: ($3,000/pp) will visit Benxi for business opportunities with the County Executive. Sept 15th- Sept 23rd. • Group 4: ($3,000/pp) will fly to Beijing to visit major tourist attractions. Sept 15th – Sept 23rd. Major Tourist Attractions: • Shanghai: The Bund; Nanjing Road; The Oriental Pearl Tower; Shanghai Museum • Xi’an: Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses Museum; Shanxi Provincial Historical Museum; Ancient City Wall • Beijing: Forbidden City;
    [Show full text]
  • Fushun Four Page
    FUSHUN MINING GROUP CO., LTD. L IAONING PROVINCE Opportunities for Investment in Coal Mine Methane Projects A major coal producer, the Fushun Mining Group Company, Ltd. has one producing underground mine and one open-pit mine. Total coal production in the mining area is about 6 million tonnes of coal annually. The underground mine, Laohutai, drains about 100 million cubic meters (more than 3.5 billion cubic feet) of methane annually, and methane production from surface boreholes has also begun. Significant opportunity exists for expanding recovery and utilization of methane from surface and underground boreholes. The Fushun Mining Group Company, Ltd. seeks investment for expanding the production of methane from surface boreholes and combining it with a portion of the methane recovered from the Laohutai mine to meet the energy needs of the nearby city of Shenyang. Fushun Mining Group seeks investment from China and abroad to for the proposed coal mine methane development project described in this brochure. OVERVIEW OF THE FUSHUN MINING GROUP COMPANY LTD. CHINA Fushun Mining Area LIAONING The Fushun Mining Group Company Ltd. (informally known as the Fushun Mining Group) is a large state-owned coal enterprise with 26 subsidiaries. Located in the city of Fushun in northeastern China’s Liaoning Province, it is about 45 km from Shenyang, the capital of the province, and 126 km from Anshan, a major iron and steel manufacturing center. Although the Fushun area has produced coal for more than 100 years, an estimated 800 million tonnes of recoverable reserves remain. The Fushun Mining Group has total assets of 4.7 billion yuan ($US 566 million).
    [Show full text]
  • This Is Northeast China Report Categories: Market Development Reports Approved By: Roseanne Freese Prepared By: Roseanne Freese
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary - Public Date: 12/30/2016 GAIN Report Number: SH0002 China - Peoples Republic of Post: Shenyang This is Northeast China Report Categories: Market Development Reports Approved By: Roseanne Freese Prepared By: Roseanne Freese Report Highlights: Home to winter sports, ski resorts, and ancient Manchurian towns, Dongbei or Northeastern China is home to 110 million people. With a down-home friendliness resonant of the U.S. Midwest, Dongbei’s denizens are the largest buyer of U.S. soybeans and are China’s largest consumers of beef and lamb. Dongbei companies, processors and distributors are looking for U.S. products. Dongbei importers are seeking consumer-ready products such as red wine, sports beverages, and chocolate. Processors and distributors are looking for U.S. hardwoods, potato starch, and aquatic products. Liaoning Province is also set to open China’s seventh free trade zone in 2018. If selling to Dongbei interests you, read on! General Information: This report provides trends, statistics, and recommendations for selling to Northeast China, a market of 110 million people. 1 This is Northeast China: Come See and Come Sell! Home to winter sports, ski resorts, and ancient Manchurian towns, Dongbei or Northeastern China is home to 110 million people. With a down-home friendliness resonant of the U.S. Midwest, Dongbei’s denizens are the largest buyer of U.S. soybeans and are China’s largest consumers of beef and lamb. Dongbei companies, processors and distributors are looking for U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Argus China Petroleum News and Analysis on Oil Markets, Policy and Infrastructure
    Argus China Petroleum News and analysis on oil markets, policy and infrastructure Volume XII, 1 | January 2018 Yuan for the road EDITORIAL: Regional gasoline The desire to avoid tax has been a far more significant factor underlying imports markets are so far unmoved by a of mixed aromatics than China’s octane deficit. potential fall in Chinese exports The government has announced plans to make it impossible to buy or sell owing to stricter tax enforcement gasoline without producing a complete invoice chain showing that consumption tax has been paid, from 1 March. And gasoline refining margins shot to nearly $20/bl, their highest since mid-2015. Of course, Beijing has tried to stamp out tax evasion in the gasoline market many times before. But, if successful, this poses Mixed aromatics imports 2017 an existential threat — to trading companies and the blending firms that use ’000 b/d Mideast mixed aromatics to produce gasoline outside the refining system, largely avoiding US Gulf 4.39 the Yn2,722/t ($51/bl) tax collected on gasoline produced by refineries. Around 22.59 300,000 b/d of gasoline is produced this way. And that has caused the surplus that forces state-owned firms to market their costlier fuel overseas. Europe But there is little panic outside south China, where most blending takes place. 77.69 The Singapore market is discounting any threat that a crackdown on tax avoidance might choke off Chinese exports — gasoline crack spreads fell this month. China’s prices are now above those in Singapore, yet its gasoline exports show no sign of letting up.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Protests Against the Beijing-Shenyang High-Speed Railway in China
    Public protests against the Beijing-Shenyang high-speed railway in China He, G., Mol, A. P. J., & Lu, Y. This article is made publically available in the institutional repository of Wageningen University and Research, under article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, also known as the Amendment Taverne. Article 25fa states that the author of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds is entitled to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. For questions regarding the public availability of this article, please contact [email protected]. Please cite this publication as follows: He, G., Mol, A. P. J., & Lu, Y. (2016). Public protests against the Beijing-Shenyang high-speed railway in China. Transportation Research. Part D, Transport and Environment, 43, 1-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.11.009 You can download the published version at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.11.009 Transportation Research Part D 43 (2016) 1–16 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Transportation Research Part D journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/trd Public protests against the Beijing–Shenyang high-speed railway in China ⇑ Guizhen He a,b, , Arthur P.J. Mol c, Yonglong Lu a a State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China b The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA c Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University, Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: With the rapid expansion of the high-speed railway infrastructure in China, conflicts arise Available online 29 December 2015 between the interests of local citizens living along the planned tracks and the national interests of governmental authorities and project developers.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 83, No. 73/Monday, April 16, 2018/Notices
    16298 Federal Register / Vol. 83, No. 73 / Monday, April 16, 2018 / Notices cold-drawn mechanical tubing may be origin of the subject merchandise. Subject Comment 1: Treatment of Goodluck’s Sales produced from either welded (e.g., electric merchandise that is subject to minor working with Misreported Product Characteristics resistance welded, continuous welded, etc.) in a third country that occurs after drawing Comment 2: Application of Total AFA to or seamless (e.g., pierced, pilgered or in one of the subject countries including, but Goodluck extruded, etc.) carbon or alloy steel tubular not limited to, heat treatment, cutting to Comment 3: TPI Scrap Adjustment products. It may also be heat treated after length, straightening, nondestruction testing, Comment 4: Whether Commerce Should cold working. Such heat treatments may deburring or chamfering, remains within the Accept TPI’s Minor Corrections include, but are not limited to, annealing, scope of this investigation. Presented at the TPI’s Sales Verification normalizing, quenching and tempering, stress All products that meet the written physical Comment 5: Adjustments to G&A and relieving or finish annealing. Typical cold- description are within the scope of this Financial Expenses drawing methods for subject merchandise investigation unless specifically excluded or Comment 6: TPI’s Grade Reporting include, but are not limited to, drawing over covered by the scope of an existing order. Comment 7: TPI Home Market Billing mandrel, rod drawing, plug drawing, sink Merchandise that meets the physical Adjustments drawing and similar processes that involve description of cold-drawn mechanical tubing Comment 8: TPI’s Freight Reporting reducing the outside diameter of the tubing above is within the scope of the investigation Comment 9: TPI’s Date of Sale with a die or similar device, whether or not even if it is also dual or multiple certified to VII.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Procurement Plan for Liaoning Medium City Infrastructure Project (LMCIP) in China Project information: Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Country: China Borrower: The People’s Republic of China. Project Name: Liaoning Medium City Infrastructure Project (LMCIP) Loan/Credit No.: 4831-CHA Project ID: P099992 Project Implementing Agency (PIA): Liaoning Urban Construction and Renewal Project Office (LUCRPO) in Liaoning Province and city PMOs in cities of Fushun, Benxi, Liaoyang, Jinzhou, Panjin, and Dengta . Bank’s approval Date of the procurement Plan [Original:During Loan negotiation in May 2006; Revision 1:…] Date of General Procurement Notice: April 3, 2006 Period covered by this procurement plan: 2006-2009 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The prior review thresholds for LMCI Project: Table A Civil Works Goods Consultant Consultant services services Firm Individual Above USD 5 million 500K 200K 50K In addition, the Bank will review the first contract procured under each category. The procurement method thresholds for LMCI Project : Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Table B Civil Goods Consultant services Works Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized ICB >15 >500K >300K(short list not more than million 2 from a country) NCB advertisement >2 >300K <300K (shortlist can be only on a national million from national consultants) newspaper NCB advertisement <2 <300K >200K: QCBS on a provincial million <200K: CQS or Individual newspaper Consultant (IC) Shopping
    [Show full text]
  • Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Metal Elements in PM2.5 in Central Liaoning’S Urban Agglomeration
    atmosphere Article Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Metal Elements in PM2.5 in Central Liaoning’s Urban Agglomeration Qingyuan Guo 1,2,†, Liming Li 1,†, Xueyan Zhao 1, Baohui Yin 1, Yingying Liu 1, Xiaoli Wang 2, Wen Yang 1, Chunmei Geng 1,*, Xinhua Wang 1,* and Zhipeng Bai 1 1 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; [email protected] (Q.G.); [email protected] (L.L.); [email protected] (X.Z.); [email protected] (B.Y.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (W.Y.); [email protected] (Z.B.) 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, School of Environomental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300834, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (X.W.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: To better understand the source and health risk of metal elements in PM2.5, a field study was conducted from May to December 2018 in the central region of the Liaoning province, China, including the cities of Shenyang, Anshan, Fushun, Benxi, Yingkou, Liaoyang, and Tieling. 24 metal elements (Na, K, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, Pb, Bi, Al, Sr, Mg, Ti, Ca, Fe, Ba, and Si) in PM2.5 were measured by ICP-MS and ICP-OES. They presented obvious seasonal variations, with Citation: Guo, Q.; Li, L.; Zhao, X.; the highest levels in winter and lowest in summer for all seven cities.
    [Show full text]
  • Liaoning Safe and Sustainable Urban Water Supply Project
    Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: PAD2096 INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT ON A PROPOSED LOAN Public Disclosure Authorized IN THE AMOUNT OF US$250 MILLION TO THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR A LIAONING SAFE AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized May 15, 2018 Water Global Practice East Asia and Pacific Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective January 1, 2018) Currency Unit = Renminbi (RMB) Yuan (Y) RMB 1.00 = US$0.15 US$1.00 = RMB 6.48 FISCAL YEAR January 1 – December 31 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ADM Accountability and Decision-Making Framework (ADM) AWSC Anshan Water Supply Company BP Bank Procedure BPS Booster Pump Station CLG City Leading Group CNAO China National Auditing Office CO2 Carbon Dioxide CPMO City Project Management Office CPS Country Partnership Strategy CQS Consultant Qualifications based selection DA Designated Account DFIL Disbursement and Financial Information Letter DRC Development and Reform Commission EA Environmental Assessment EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return EMP Environmental Management Plan EPB Environmental Protection Bureaus ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework FBS
    [Show full text]
  • The Social and Economic Impact of Private Equity in China 2009 Survey
    SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJINSHEN Y ANG NANJING BEIJING SHANGHAI TIANJIN PEAR NANJINGL RIVER SHANGHAIDELTA CHENGDU PEARL RIVERSHEN DEYANGLTA BEIJINGCHENGDU TIANJINSHENY ANG NANJING BEIJING SHANGHAI TIANJIN PEAR NANJINGL RIVER SHANGHAI DELTA CHENGDU PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDUEuropeanSHENY UnionANG Chamber BEIJING of CommerceTIANJIN NANJING in China SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG PrivateBEIJING Equity TIANJIN and Strategic NANJING M& A WoSHANGHAIrking Group PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL RIVER DELTA CHENGDU SHENYANG BEIJING TIANJIN NANJING SHANGHAI PEARL
    [Show full text]