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Bc. Soyolmaa Sosorburam Vnější Vztahy EU S Ohledem Na Rozvojovou

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Bc. Soyolmaa Sosorburam Vnější Vztahy EU S Ohledem Na Rozvojovou Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Právnická fakulta Bc. Soyolmaa Sosorburam Vnější vztahy EU s ohledem na rozvojovou spolupráci – případová studie Mongolska Diplomová práce Olomouc 2021 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci na téma Vnější vztahy EU s ohledem na rozvojovou spolupráci – případová studie Mongolska vypracovala samostatně a uvedla jsem všechny použité zdroje. V Olomouci dne 31. 3. 2021 .........…………………… Soyolmaa Sosorburam Za cenné rady, připomínky a odborný dohled nad mou prací chci na tomto místě poděkovat vedoucímu práce panu Mgr. et Mgr. Ondřeji Filipcovi, Ph.D. V neposlední řadě bych chtěla vyjádřit své poděkování také všem svým blízkým, kteří mi byli při studiu oporou. Очирбатын Дашбалбар: „Ирэх цаг гэгч Одоо цагт багтаж, Өнгөрсөн цагтай сүлэлдэнэ.“ Seznam zkratek: ADB Asijská rozvojová banka ALA Program EK pro státy Asie a Latinské Ameriky ASEM Asijsko-evropské setkání ČR Česká republika ČS Členské státy DCI Finanční nástroj EU pro rozvojovou spolupráci EBRD Evropská banka pro obnovu a rozvoj EHS Evropské hospodářské společenství EIDHR Evropský nástroj pro demokracii a lidská práva EK Evropská komise EP Evropský parlament ES Evropské společenství EU, Unie Evropská unie EUR Euro GSP Systém všeobecných celních preferencí GSP+ Systém všeobecných celních preferencí plus HDP Hrubý domácí produkt ILO Mezinárodní organizace práce MERCOSUR Společný trh jihu MIP 2014-2020 Víceletý indikativní program pro Mongolsko 2014-2020 MNT Mongolský tugrik NATO Severoatlantická aliance NME Normativní moc Evropy OBSE Organizace pro bezpečnost a spolupráci v Evropě OECD Organizace pro hospodářskou spolupráci a rozvoj OSN Organizace spojených národů PCA Dohoda o partnerství a spolupráci RVHP Rada vzájemné hospodářské pomoci SMEs Malé a střední podniky SNS Společenství nezávislých států SSSR Svaz sovětských socialistických republik SVE Střední a východní Evropa TACIS Program technické pomoci pro Společenství nezávislých států TECA Dohoda o obchodu a spolupráci EU-TRAM Pomoc EU související s obchodem pro Mongolsko UPR Universal Periodic Review USA Spojené státy americké USD Americký dolar V4 Visegrádská skupina WTO Světová obchodní organizace ZP Zahraniční politika Obsah Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 6 1 Normativní moc Evropská unie ..................................................................................... 10 1.1 Normativní moc Evropa dle I. Mannerse ...................................................................... 12 1.2 Normativní zahraniční politika ...................................................................................... 14 2 Mongolsko – domácí dynamika a vnější prostředí ....................................................... 18 2.1 Mongolsko – domácí dynamika .................................................................................... 18 2.2 Vztahy Mongolska s Ruskem ........................................................................................ 24 2.3 Vztahy Mongolska s Čínou ........................................................................................... 27 2.4 Politika třetích sousedů a role EU v této politice .......................................................... 30 3 Vztahy Evropské unie s Mongolskem............................................................................ 35 3.1 Vývoj vzájemných vztahů ............................................................................................. 35 3.2 Bilaterální vztahy členských států EU a Mongolska ..................................................... 40 3.3 Rozvojová spolupráce.................................................................................................... 41 3.4 Obchodní spolupráce ..................................................................................................... 48 3.5 Vztahy EU-Mongolsko: shrnutí..................................................................................... 51 4 Vztahy EU-Mongolsko: hodnocení ................................................................................ 53 4.1 Vztahy EU-Mongolsko: analýza a hodnocení cílů ........................................................ 53 4.2 Vztahy EU-Mongolsko: analýza a hodnocení prostředků ............................................. 56 4.3 Vztahy EU-Mongolsko: analýza a hodnocení dopadů .................................................. 58 4.4 Vztahy EU-Mongolsko: analýza a hodnocení podmiňujících faktorů .......................... 65 Závěr ........................................................................................................................................ 71 Přílohy...................................................................................................................................... 77 Seznam použitých zdrojů:...................................................................................................... 84 Abstrakt ................................................................................................................................. 100 Klíčová slova ......................................................................................................................... 100 Úvod Když byly během studené války v roce 1957 podepsány Římské smlouvy, Mongolsko bylo relativně pevnou součástí socialistického bloku a neudržovalo téměř žádné kontakty se západním světem. Zahraniční vztahy Mongolska byly téměř výhradně omezeny na socialistické země a Mongolsko bylo dokonce označováno jako šestnáctá svazová republika,1 což bylo dáno mj. i tím, že bylo po Sovětském svazu (SSSR) druhým státem na světě, který se stal socialistickým.2 V prosinci 1989 se v hlavním městě Ulánbátaru uskutečnila demonstrace požadující demokratické reformy, svobodu projevu, svobodu shromažďování či svobodu tisku. Cílem těchto protestů, stejně jako v jiných částech světa v této době, bylo vybudování pluralistického demokratického systému a přechod k ekonomice založené na tržním hospodářství. Je pozoruhodné, že během tří měsíců komunistická vláda odstoupila a již v červenci 1990 proběhly první svobodné volby.3 Mongolsko se následně vydalo na bezprecedentní a riskantní podnik v podobě zpochybnění svého dosavadního politického a ekonomického systému, který existoval již od r. 1924. V pořadí druhý socialistický stát světa poté zažil transformaci rychlejší a hlubší, než si kdokoli původně dokázal představit. Mongolsko muselo vybudovat novou orientaci své zahraniční politiky, jejíž nedílnou součástí bylo mj. budování kontaktů se západním demokratickým světem. V rámci tohoto přístupu se Evropské společenství (ES) a později Evropská Unie (EU) a její členské státy (ČS) staly důležitými partnery, s nimiž měly být navázány vztahy a prozkoumána užší spolupráce v budoucnu. Ačkoli Mongolsko prošlo úspěšnou transformací, dodnes se potýká s výzvami, kterým transformující se země při jejich cestě k demokracii čelí. EU byla podporovatelem mongolské tranzice od jejích počátků a Mongolsko aktivně usilovalo o pozornost tohoto významného aktéra mezinárodního společenství. Vztahy Mongolska s EU jsou pro tuto zemi z hlediska jejích zahraničněpolitických preferencí velmi důležité a jejich intenzita v poslední době narůstá na významu. Tato práce aspiruje na vyplnění mezery ve stávající akademické literatuře s ohledem na vztahy EU a Mongolska a v širším kontextu konkurenčních vztahů tak přibližuje 1 GINSBURG, Tom. Between Russia and China: Political Reform in Mongolia [online]. Asian Survey, 1995, roč. 35, č. 5, s. 459. [cit. 2021-03-17]. ISSN 00044687. Dostupné na: <https://doi.org/10.2307/2645748> 2 ROSSABI, Morris. Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005, s. 31. ISBN 9789520243996. 3 Ардчилсан хувьсгал. Монголын түүхийн тайлбар толь [online]. [cit. 2021-03-15]. Dostupné na: <https://mongoltoli.mn/history/h/1030> Podrobněji také ROSSABI, Morris: Modern Mongolia: From Khans…, s. 24-29. 6 pozici Mongolska v zahraniční politice EU, stejně jako pozici EU v zahraniční politice Mongolska. Cílem této práce je aplikace teoretického konceptu normativní moci na případ vnějších vztahů EU s Mongolskem, analyzovat tyto vztahy z pohledu normativní moci a přiblížit tyto vztahy jak z pohledu EU, tak z pohledu Mongolska. Práce si klade především následující výzkumné otázky. Vystupuje EU vůči Mongolsku jako normativní aktér? Jakou roli hraje rozvojová spolupráce v rámci vzájemných vztahů? Jaká je dynamika vzájemných vztahů v čase a které faktory tyto vztahy nejvíce ovlivňují? Jaké jsou limity a perspektivy této spolupráce? Práce je složena ze čtyř hlavních kapitol. V rámci první kapitoly je nejprve definován koncept normativní moci a analytický rámec pro empirický výzkum, konkrétně jde o koncept normativní moci Iana Mannerse a analytický rámec Nathalie Tocci, které budou v práci aplikovány. V rámci této kapitoly budou definována kritéria pro hodnocení zahraniční politiky – její cíle, prostředky, důsledky a podmiňující faktory, které dohromady ovlivňují, o jaký typ zahraniční politiky se jedná. Následující kapitoly slouží jako podklad pro analýzu politiky EU vůči Mongolsku z hlediska její (ne)normativnosti. Ve druhé kapitole bude nejprve nastíněna vnitřní dynamika Mongolska v podobě jeho ekonomicko-politického a sociálního prostředí. Následně bude nastíněno také vnější prostředí, které na Mongolsko působí a které ovlivňuje jeho vztahy s aktéry mezinárodního společenství, včetně EU – půjde konkrétně o vztahy Mongolska s dvěma dominantními sousedy
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