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Oak Woodlands Disease Management Within the Nature Reserve of Orange County and Adjacent Wildlands

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Oak Woodlands Disease Management Within the Nature Reserve of Orange County and Adjacent Wildlands RESOURCE MANUAL Oak Woodlands Disease Management within the Nature Reserve of Orange County and Adjacent Wildlands First Edition 2014 Shannon C. Lynch and Akif Eskalen Introduction Purpose . .2 Monitoring for Disease and Overall Health of Oak Woodlands Comprehensive Monitoring Studies . 3 Early Detection and Rapid Response . 3 General Recommendations on Monitoring (at the level of the land steward) . Overview on Fungal Diseases What is Oak Decline? . 4 What is a Pest? . 4 What is a Disease Cycle? . .5 Identification, Assessment and Sampling of Diseases Trees Identifying Diseased Trees . 6 Assessing Diseased Trees . 6. How Decisions are Made Concerning Diseased Trees . 7 Who to Contact . 7 Best Management Practices Sanitation Practices . .10 Equipment Disinfecting . 10 Pruning and Remedial Surgery of Infected Material . 12 Tree Removal . 16. Pruned and Cut Plant Debris . .17 Use of Seedlings for Restoration Projects . 17 Education and Outreach . 18. Diseases Canker Pathogens Biscogniauxia mediterranea . 19 Botryosphaeria canker . 21 Diplodia agrifolia . .25 Diplodia corticola . 27 Dothiorella iberica . .29 Neoscytalidium dimidiatum . 30. Cryptosporiopsis querciphila . 31. Diatrypella verrucaeformis . .32 Discula quercina . 34. Fusarium solani . .36 Geosmithia pallida (foamy bark canker) . 38 Phaeoacremonium mortoniae . 39 Rots White Rots . .40 Other White Rot Saprotrophs . 42 Brown Rots (Laetiporus gilbertsonii) . 44 Other Diseases Phytophthroa Root Rot . 45 Powdery Mildews . 47 Important Diseases in California Fusarium Dieback/Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (Fusarium euwallaceae) . 49. Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) . .53 Insect References . 56 Acknowledgements . 58 Produced in-part by Kelley Blue Book . KBB .com Edited by Gail Miller Cover Photo: Akif Eskalen Nature Reserve of Orange County and Adjacent Wildlands 1 ©2014 Stephanie Pui-Mun Law. http://www.shadowscapes.com Introduction Monitoring for Disease and Overall Health of Oak Woodlands Purpose Need for Comprehensive Monitoring Studies The purpose of this manual is to provide an overview of new or important fungal Comprehensive monitoring studies are critical in disease management . New and pathogens and diseases of coast live oak, and to guide best management practices emerging diseases that negatively impact forest ecosystems are an unfortunate in dealing with diseased oak trees within the Nature Reserve of Orange County . This reality, given the current conditions of climate change, over-population, and manual is not a comprehensive guide of all disease agents that affect coast live oak, movement of plant material on a local and global scale . In addition, our and does not cover bacterial or viral diseases or other problems caused by insects understanding of these diseases continues to change . Given this, there is a and other animals . Descriptions of some important agents (including insects) that continual need to monitor and study these forests on a regular basis, re-visiting are not within the reserve are included herein for prevention management . trees over an extended period of time, so that compositional and environmental factors explaining the occurrence, incidence, and impact of fungal pathogens are The practices suggested herein do not guarantee that an introduction or spread of accurately determined . Strategies for control are best determined through accurate a pathogen will be prevented, but offer ways this may be minimized . Practices are findings from “ground-truthing” over time . subject to revision as more knowledge about fungal pathogens and their control is revealed through research . They are not to be used as a substitute for consultation Therefore, this manual is a guideline and does not replace the need to conduct with appropriate professionals . The use of these practices is at the user’s own risk . surveys to ensure early detection of potentially threatening pest populations and/ or damage to forest vegetation . Biological evaluations are essential to determine the need to initiate, continue, revise, or discontinue pest management activities . Early Detection and Rapid Response The early discovery and accurate diagnosis of tree health problems are critical to successfully selecting appropriate strategies that will prevent pest-caused damage . In addition to comprehensive monitoring studies, this manual can be used as a tool to identify new agents and recent invasions of other agents, and to prevent the spread of the agents mentioned herein . As a practical example, Fusarium dieback (FD) (page 49), an emerging disease/ pest complex that was discovered in California in 2012, poses a serious threat to wildlands in southern California, and in particular to the Nature Reserve of Orange County . Signs and symptoms of the problem may be confused for other agents such as Geosmithia pallida and the western oak bark beetle, the cause of foamy bark canker (FBC) (page 38) . Early verification of FD or FBC in a tree adjacent to or within a wild area will determine the appropriate procedures to address the problem . These procedures may differ in their levels of aggressiveness, but implementing them appropriately and quickly may prevent a more serious invasion . 2 Oak Disease Management Nature Reserve of Orange County and Adjacent Wildlands 3 General Recommendations on Monitoring (at the level of the land steward) locations are typically considered pests . However, under circumstances where As officials that frequent the reserve and see the same trees on a regular basis, abnormal abiotic and biotic stresses occur, native organisms may become pests land managers play a critical role in monitoring for disease . In general, watch for due to imbalances in the system . This manual focuses on the management of unusual patterns of decline, and for unusual or newly developed symptoms . Be fungal pathogens . on particular look-out for signs and symptoms of Fusarium dieback (page 49), goldspotted oak borer (GSOB) (Fig . 35 d-e), bot canker (caused by D. corticola, What is a disease cycle? page 21), foamy bark canker (page 38), or any other new diseases that have A disease cycle is the process by which a pathogen carries out its life . Fungi emerged since the time of this writing . Follow the general guidelines for making typically exist on or within various plant tissues during different life stages, decisions concerning diseased trees (page 5) and do not hesitate to contact your depending upon season, climate, stress, or other factors . These stages are in the appropriate local authority if there is any uncertainty . form of mycelia, asexual, or sexual fruiting bodies that produce spores . They may all occur on a plant simultaneously, as one stage, or in any combination of stages . Overview on Fungal Diseases The spores are the source of inoculum . For disease management, it is important to What is Oak Decline? identify these stages . A dead or dying tree is not always an indicator of decline . In fact, dieback or death General Disease Life Cycle of an oak tree is crucial in maintaining the ecological balance of oak woodlands . Spores germinate within plant Essential nutrients, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and tissues, forming mycelia, that potassium are slowly released by microbial decomposition and returned to the soil move through the plant (30) . It is often the artificial introduction of a particular agent, or conditions that predispose other agents to flourish, that exacerbates tree decline to the point where Asexual and/or the system cannot recover . Sexeual Spores While there are cases in which one biological agent is the cause of large-scale mortality, often a series of factors, or a particular assemblage of factors, contributes to causes of tree decline . An agent shown to be causing disease on a plant may be present because of another predisposing biotic or abiotic stress . In addition, signs Spores are released under of a particular agent may be an indicator of the original cause, and not necessarily optimal conditions the primary cause of the decline . An assemblage of several agents may also and fungus enters the plant Cankers form contribute to the overall loss of tree vigor . This can happen to an individual tree, or in affected to an area . It is important to look for patterns, and to identify symptoms and signs of tissues disease within the context of the area in any given time . Fruiting bodies form on cankers, dead branches, What is a pest? roots or leaves A pest is any destructive organism that attacks and causes damage to plants . These can be fungal, bacterial, or viral pathogens, insects, other plants, or animals . Agents may be the primary cause of mortality, without the need for predisposing factors, or they may be secondary agents that cause a reduction in tree vigor due to other predisposing factors . Native destructive agents are a natural part of ecosystems worldwide . Exotic organisms that have been introduced to new Dieback occurs and tree Fig. 1. General life cycle for fungal pathogens. health declines 4 Oak Disease Management Nature Reserve of Orange County and Adjacent Wildlands 5 Identification, Assessment, and Sampling of Diseased Trees How Decisions are Made Concerning Diseased Trees Identifying Diseased Trees Because diseases are complex and symptoms can be generic, decisions concerning diseased trees will usually be handled on a case-by-case basis and are How do I know if a tree is diseased? The presence of dead branches on a coast live oak tree does not necessarily not always left solely to
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