Diplodia Corticola FERNANDES

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Diplodia Corticola FERNANDES Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2015 ISABEL OLIVEIRA Mecanismo de infecção de Diplodia corticola FERNANDES Infection mechanism of Diplodia corticola A tese foi realizada em regime de co-tutela com a Universidade de Ghent na Bélgica. The thesis was realized in co-tutelle regime (Joint PhD) with the Ghent University in Belgium. Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia 2015 ISABEL OLIVEIRA Mecanismo de infecção de Diplodia corticola FERNANDES Infection mechanism of Diplodia corticola Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica da Doutora Ana Cristina de Fraga Esteves, Professora Auxiliar Convidada do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro e co-orientações do Doutor Artur Jorge da Costa Peixoto Alves, Investigador Principal do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro e do Doutor Bart Devreese, Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia da Universidade de Ghent. A tese foi realizada em regime de co-tutela com a Universidade de Ghent. Apoio financeiro da FCT e do Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no FEDER através do programa âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de COMPETE no âmbito do projecto de Apoio. investigação PROMETHEUS. Bolsa com referência BD/66223/2009 Bolsas com referência: PTDC/AGR-CFL/113831/2009 FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-014096 Perguntaste-me um dia o que pretendia fazer a seguir, Respondi-te simplesmente que gostaria de ir mais além, Assim fiz! Gostava que me perguntasses de novo... Ao meu pai, You asked me one day what I intended to do next, I simply answered you that I would like to go further, I did so! I would like you ask me again... To my father, O júri Presidente Prof. Doutora Anabela Botelho Veloso Professora Catedrática do Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Prof. Doutor Bart Devreese Full Professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Ghent University, Belgium Prof. Doutor Nelson Manuel Viana da Silva Lima Professor Catedrático do Centro de Engenharia Biológica da Universidade do Minho, Portugal Prof. Doutor António Carlos Matias Correia Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Doutora Rebeca Cobos Román Research Scientist in the Instituto de Investigación de la Viña y el Vino de la Universidad de León, Spain Doutora Sónia Cláudia Morgado Gonçalves Investigadora Principal do Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-Alimentar do Alentejo, Portugal Prof. Doutora Ana Cristina de Fraga Esteves Professora Auxiliar Convidada do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Doutora Katarzyna Ciesielska Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Ghent University, Belgium Agradecimentos A apresentação desta dissertação de doutoramento representa o culminar de uma etapa académica, havendo contributos que gostaria que não passassem despercebidos. Por este motivo, desejo expressar os meus sinceros agradecimentos: À Dra. Ana Cristina Esteves, minha orientadora, que me concedeu a oportunidade de desenvolver este trabalho científico em simultâneo nas Universidades de Aveiro e Gent. Muito obrigada pelos votos de confiança. Ao Prof. Bart Devreese, que me acolheu no seu grupo de trabalho, no qual aprendi imenso, tendo igualmente tido a oportunidade de transmitir aquilo que aprendi. Foi uma experiência nem sempre fácil, mas bastante positiva. Ao Dr. Artur Alves pela confiança. Ao Prof. António Correia por me ter concedido a oportunidade de desenvolver este trabalho no Microlab (CESAM). A toda a equipa do L-Probe, sempre atenciosos. Ao Isaak por toda a paciência dispendida para comigo. A conclusão deste trabalho deve-se em grande parte ao que me transmitiu e às dicas que me foi sugerindo ao longo do tempo. À Nádia, pela amizade e pelas muitas frustrações partilhadas. À Andreia, pela amizade e pela partilha de conhecimentos. Foram muitas vezes cruciais para a prossecução do trabalho. À Maria, conhecemo-nos por mero acaso sem nunca pensar-mos que vínhamos do mesmo país. Ainda bem que assim foi! Aos amigos do coração, Sandra, Zé e Ana, longe, perto, nada muda! À minha família, mantiveram sempre o seu apoio incondicional ao longo deste percurso. Por último, mas longe, muito longe de ser o último, ao Gonçalo, meu amigo e galanteado. Por toda a paciência e tenacidade que mantiveste ao longo destes anos repletos de vicissitudes. Tenho a maior das gratidões pela incansável dedicação, carinho e afeição com que me enlaçaste. Acknowledgments The presentation of this doctoral dissertation represents the culmination of an academic step, whereby there are contributions that I would like did not pass unnoticed. For this reason, I wish to express my sincere thanks: To Dr. Ana Cristina Esteves, my advisor, that gave me the opportunity to develop this scientific work simultaneoulsy at the Universities of Aveiro and Ghent. Thank you for the votes of confidence. To Prof. Bart Devreese, that received me in his working group, wherein I learned a lot and where I had also the opportunity transmit what I have learned. It was an experience not always easy, but extremely positive. To Dr. Artur Alves for the trust. To Prof. António Correia for giving me the opportunity to develop this work in the Microlab (CESAM). To all the team of L-Probe, always kind. To Isaak for all the patience spent with me. The conclusion of this work owes largely to the knowledge that he conveyed me and to the tips suggested along the time. To Nádia, for her friendship and for all the shared frustrations. To Andreia, for her friendship and for the sharing of knowledge. It was often crucial for the work progress. To Maria, we knew each other by chance without ever imagine that we came from the same country. Thankfully it was like that! To my dearest friends, Sandra, Zé e Ana, far, near, nothing changes! To my family, that always kept their unconditional support along this journey. And lastly, but far, far from being the last, to Gonçalo, my friend and gallant. For all the patience and tenacity that you maintained along these years full of vicissitudes. I have the greatest gratitude for the tireless dedication, fondness and affection with which you enlaced me. Palavras-chave Diplodia corticola, Botryosphaeriaceae, declínio do sobreiro, proteoma, secretom a, sequenciação de novo Resumo Diplodia corticola é considerado o fungo mais virulento associado ao declínio Resumo do sobreiro, infectando não só espécies de Quercus (na maioria Q. suber e Q. ilex), como também videiras (Vitis vinifera) e eucaliptos (Eucalyptus sp.). Este fungo endofítico é também um patógeno, cuja virulência se manifesta reiteradamente com o aparecimento de stress na planta. Considerando que a infeção culmina frequentemente na morte do hospedeiro, a sua propagação gera uma crescente preocupação a nível ecológico e socio-económico. Os mecanismos moleculares da infeção permanecem até agora largamente desconhecidos. Por conseguinte, o objectivo deste estudo é revelar potenciais fatores de virulência implicados na infeção de D. corticola. Este conhecimento é essencial para delinear a estrutura molecular que lhe permite invadir e proliferar nos seus hospedeiros, causando doença. Como os efetores utilizados são na sua maioria proteínas, adoptou-se uma abordagem proteómica. Foram realizados testes de patogenicidade in planta para seleccionar duas estirpes de D. corticola com graus de virulência distintos, para os estudos que se subseguiram. À semelhança de outros fungos filamentosos, D. corticola secreta concentrações diminutas de proteínas in vitro, assim como elevados níveis de polissacáridos, duas características que dificultam a análise do secretoma. Assim, compararam-se vários métodos de extracção de proteínas extracelulares para averiguar o seu desempenho e compatibilidade com a separação electroforética por 1D e 2D. A precipitação de proteínas com TCA-acetona e TCA-fenol foram os métodos mais eficientes, tendo-se seleccionado o primeiro para os estudos ulteriores. As proteínas foram extraídas, separadas por 2D-PAGE, digeridas com tripsina e os péptidos resultantes analisados por MS/MS. A sua identificação foi efetuada por sequenciação de novo e/ou por pesquisa no MASCOT. Deste modo, identificaram-se 80 proteínas extracelulares e 162 intracelulares, um marco para a família Botryosphaeriaceae que contém apenas um membro com o proteoma caracterizado. Realizou-se também uma extensa análise comparativa dos géis 2D para evidenciar as proteínas expressas de forma diferenciada durante a mimetização de infeção. Foram ainda comparados os perfis proteicos de duas estirpes com diferentes graus de virulência. Em suma, caracterizou-se pela primeira vez o secretoma e proteoma de D. corticola. Os resultados obtidos contribuiram ainda para a elucidação de alguns aspetos da biologia do fungo. A estirpe avirulenta contém um leque variado de proteínas que facilitam a adaptação a vários substratos, e as proteínas identificadas sugerem que este fungo degrada os tecidos dos hospedeiros recorrendo a reações de Fenton. Além disso, constatou-se que esta estirpe metaboliza ácido aminobutírico, uma molécula que poderá ser o factor desencadeante da transição do estado latente para patogénico. Por fim, o secretoma inclui potenciais factores de patogenicidade como a deuterolisina (peptidase M35) e a cerato-platanina, proteínas que poderão desempenhar um papel activo no modo de vida fitopatogénico
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