DOCSLIB.ORG

Interspecific Introgressive Origin of Genomic Diversity in the House Mouse

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interspecific Introgressive Origin of Genomic Diversity in the House Mouse Interspecific introgressive origin of genomic diversity in the house mouse Kevin J. Liua,1,2, Ethan Steinberga, Alexander Yozzoa, Ying Songb,3, Michael H. Kohnb,1, and Luay Nakhleha,b,1 aDepartment of Computer Science and bBioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 Edited by John C. Avise, University of California, Irvine, CA, and approved November 12, 2014 (received for review April 4, 2014) We report on a genome-wide scan for introgression between the introgression from M. spretus into some M. m. domesticus pop- house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) and the Algerian mouse ulations in the wild, involving the vitamin K epoxide reductase (Mus spretus), using samples from the ranges of sympatry and subcomponent 1 (Vkorc1) gene, which was later shown to be allopatry in Africa and Europe. Our analysis reveals wide variabil- more widespread in Europe, albeit geographically restricted to ity in introgression signatures along the genomes, as well as parts of southwestern and central Europe (11). across the samples. We find that fewer than half of the autosomes Major, unanswered questions arise from these studies. First, is in each genome harbor all detectable introgression, whereas the the vicinity around the Vkorc1 gene an isolated case of adaptive X chromosome has none. Further, European mice carry more introgression in the house mouse genome, or do many other such M. spretus alleles than the sympatric African ones. Using the regions exist? Second, is introgression between M. spretus and length distribution and sharing patterns of introgressed genomic M. m. domesticus common outside the range of sympatry? Third, tracts across the samples, we infer, first, that at least three distinct have there been other hybridization events, and, in particular, hybridization events involving M. spretus have occurred, one of more ancient ones? Fourth, what role do introgressed genes, which is ancient, and the other two are recent (one presumably and, more generally, genomic regions, play? due to warfarin rodenticide selection). Second, several of the To investigate these open questions, we used genome-wide inferred introgressed tracts contain genes that are likely to confer variation data from 20 M. m. domesticus samples (wild and wild- adaptive advantage. Third, introgressed tracts might contain derived) from the ranges of sympatry and allopatry, as well as two driver genes that determine the evolutionary fate of those tracts. M. spretus samples. For detecting introgression, we used PhyloNet- EVOLUTION Further, functional analysis revealed introgressed genes that are HMM (12), a newly developed method for statistical inference of essential to fitness, including the Vkorc1 gene, which is implicated introgression in genomes while accounting for other evolutionary in rodenticide resistance, and olfactory receptor genes. Our find- processes, most notably incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). ings highlight the extent and role of introgression in nature and Our analysis provides answers to the questions posed above. call for careful analysis and interpretation of house mouse data First, we find signatures of introgression between M. spretus and in evolutionary and genetic studies. each of the M. m. domesticus samples. The amount of intro- gression varies across the autosomes of each genome, with a few Mus musculus | Mus spretus | hybridization | adaptive introgression | chromosomes harboring all detectable introgression, and most of PhyloNet-HMM Significance lassical laboratory mouse strains, as well as newly established Cwild-derived ones, are widely used by geneticists for answering The mouse has been one of the main mammalian model organ- a diverse array of questions (1). Understanding the genome con- isms used for genetic and biomedical research. Understanding the tents and architecture of these strains is important for studies of evolution of house mouse genomes would shed light not only natural variation and complex traits, as well as evolutionary studies on genetic interactions and their interplay with traits in the Mus spretus Mus musculus in general (2). , a sister species of , mouse but would also have significant implications for human M. musculus impacts the findings in investigations for at least genetics and health. Analysis using a recently developed sta- two reasons. First, it was deliberately interbred with laboratory tistical method shows that the house mouse genome is a mo- M. musculus strains to introduce genetic variation (3). Second, saic that contains previously unrecognized contributions from Mus musculus domesticus is partially sympatric (naturally a different mouse species. We traced these contributions to cooccurring) with M. spretus (Fig. 1). ancient and recent interbreeding events. Our findings reveal Recent studies have examined admixture between subspecies the extent of introgression in an important mammalian ge- of house mice (5–8), but have not studied introgression with nome and provide an approach for genome-wide scans of in- M. spretus. In at least one case (5), the introgressive descent of trogression in other eukaryotic genomes. the mouse genome was hidden due to data postprocessing that masked introgressed genomic regions as missing data. In an- Author contributions: K.J.L., M.H.K., and L.N. designed research; K.J.L. performed re- other study reporting whole-genome sequencing of 17 classical search; K.J.L., E.S., A.Y., and Y.S. contributed new reagents/analytic tools; K.J.L., M.H.K., laboratory strains (6), M. spretus was used as an outgroup for and L.N. analyzed data; and K.J.L., M.H.K., and L.N. wrote the paper. phylogenetic analysis. The authors were surprised to find that The authors declare no conflict of interest. 12.1% of loci failed to place M. spretus as an outgroup to the This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. M. musculus clade. The authors concluded that M. spretus was Data deposition: The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank not a reliable outgroup but did not pursue their observation fur- database (accession no. GSE62906). ther. On the other hand, in a 2002 study (9), Orth et al. compiled 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected], [email protected], or data on allozyme, microsatellite, and mitochondrial variation [email protected]. 2 in house mice from Spain (sympatry) and nearby countries in Present address: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824. western and central Europe. Interestingly, allele sharing between 3Present address: The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests the species was observed in the range of sympatry but not outside and Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant in the range of allopatry. The studies demonstrated the possibility Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China. of natural hybridization between these two sister species. Fur- This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. ther, the study of Song et al. (10) demonstrated a recent adaptive 1073/pnas.1406298111/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1406298111 PNAS Early Edition | 1of6 Downloaded by guest on September 29, 2021 on five chromosomes in the sample from La Roca del Vallès, Spain. For all samples, fewer than half the chromosomes of a sample’s genome carried any detected introgression (SI Appendix, Figs. S2–S20). The analysis did not detect any introgression on chromosome X (SI Appendix,Fig.S21). Further, in the two sam- ples from Spain and the six Germany–Hamm samples, one or two chromosomes carried over 50% of all detected introgression. Generally, the percentage of introgressed sites in a genome ranged from about 0.02% in a sample from Tunisia to about 0.8% in samples from Germany (Fig. 2). The large extent of detected in- trogression between M. spretus and M. m. domesticus seen on chromosome 17 in the samples from Spain (see SI Appendix) merits further investigation. The introgressed regions spatially coincide with the known polymorphic recombination-suppressing inversions and t-hapolotypes in house mice (13). The amount of introgression in the genomes of the 20 samples points qualitatively to three groups of samples: Group I, which includes the two samples from Spain and the six Germany– Hamm samples; Group II, which includes the two other Ger- many samples and the Italy and Greece samples; and Group III, Fig. 1. Species ranges and samples used in our study. The species range of which includes the samples from Africa. Variability in the M. spretus isshowningreen(4),andthespeciesrangeofM. m. domesticus amount of introgression across samples within each group is includes the blue regions, the range of M. spretus, and beyond (1). M. m. domesticus and M. spretus samples were obtained from locations marked much smaller than that across groups, as is the amount of sharing with red circles and purple diamonds, respectively. The samples originated of introgressed regions. Further, Group I has the most intro- from within and outside the area of sympatry between the two species. gression, and Group III has the least. Notice that all samples (SI Appendix, Table S1, provides additional details about the samples used in within Group I, except for the one from Spain–Arenal, contain our study.) the introgression with M. spretus that carries Vkorc1 (10). Group II contains all of the allopatric European mice that do not carry Vkorc1, and Group III contains all
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Guía Aves Y Naturaleza 2017.Pdf
    Zamora ciudad abierta al turismo de observación de la naturaleza La ciudad de Zamora y su término municipal cuenta con importantes enclaves de gran riqueza medio ambiental. Sin duda el río Duero, que la atraviesa de Este a Oeste, constituye uno de sus grandes recursos paisajísticos, pero también lo es el bosque de Valorio, dotado además de una considerable fuerza simbólica y sentimental para los zamoranos, así como los montes que ro- dean a la ciudad, tan cercanos que apenas terminan las últimas edificaciones se entra de lleno en la naturaleza. Esto permite disfrutar de la observación de las aves y otras muchas especies, no solo en las zonas ribereñas sino también en el espacio urbano, donde el ritmo tranquilo de la ciudad per- mite avistar numerosas especies que eligen para su hábitat la cercanía humana y conviven con nosotros sin dificultad. Con esta publicación, que incluye diversas rutas por la ciudad y alrededores, el Ayuntamiento de Zamora quiere abrir la puerta a esta interesante tendencia de la observación y estudio de los espacios naturales, tal como hace el turismo ornitológico y medioambiental, que además de promover los recursos locales abre también otras posibilidades relacionadas con la interpretación ambiental y la educación. Pero de manera especial nos permite acercarnos a los distintos espacios que ofrece la ciudad con de- tallismo y respeto, al tiempo que se divulga una parte importante de la avifauna y del patrimonio natural de Zamora. Francisco Guarido Alcalde de Zamora Búho chico (Asio otus) } La observación y la fotografía de las aves silvestres y de otros especies de nuestra fauna, como mamíferos, anfibios, reptiles, mariposas, libélulas, se han convertido en actividades que implican a un número muy considerable y creciente de personas.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S1. Nakharuthai and Srisapoome (2020)
    Primer name Nucleotide sequence (5’→3’) Purpose CXC-1F New TGAACCCTGAGCTGAAGGCCGTGA Real-time PCR CXC-1R New TGAAGGTCTGATGAGTTTGTCGTC Real-time PCR CXC-1R CCTTCAGCTCAGGGTTCAAGC Genomic PCR CXC-2F New GCTTGAACCCCGAGCTGAAAAACG Real-time PCR CXC-2R New GTTCAGAGGTCGTATGAGGTGCTT Real-time PCR CXC-2F CAAGCAGGACAACAGTGTCTGTGT 3’RACE CXC-2AR GTTGCATGATTTGGATGCTGGGTAG 5’RACE CXC-1FSB AACATATGTCTCCCAGGCCCAACTCAAAC Southern blot CXC-1RSB CTCGAGTTATTTTGCACTGATGTGCAA Southern blot CXC1Exon1F CAAAGTGTTTCTGCTCCTGG Genomic PCR On-CXC1FOverEx CATATGCAACTCAAACAAGCAGGACAACAGT Overexpression On-CXC1ROverEx CTCGAGTTTTGCACTGATGTGCAATTTCAA Overexpression On-CXC2FOverEx CATATGCAACTCAAACAAGCAGGACAACAGT Overexpression On-CXC2ROverEx CTCGAGCATGGCAGCTGTGGAGGGTTCCAC Overexpression β-actinrealtimeF ACAGGATGCAGAAGGAGATCACAG Real-time PCR β-actinrealtimeR GTACTCCTGCTTGCTGATCCACAT Real-time PCR M13F AAAACGACGGCCAG Nucleotide sequencing M13R AACAGCTATGACCATG Nucleotide sequencing UPM-long (0.4 µM) CTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGCAAGCAGTGGTATCAACGCAGAGT RACE PCR UPM-short (2 µM) CTAATAC GACTCACTATA GGGC RACE PCR Table S1. Nakharuthai and Srisapoome (2020) On-CXC1 Nucleotide (%) Amino acid (%) On-CXC2 Nucleotide (%) Amino acid (%) Versus identity identity similarity Versus identity identity Similarity Teleost fish 1. Rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus (AB703273) 64.5 49.1 68.1 O. fasciatus 70.7 57.7 75.4 2. Mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi (AAY79282) 63.2 48.1 68.9 S. chuatsi 70.5 54.0 78.8 3. Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (ACY54778) 52.0 39.3 51.1 H. hippoglossus 64.5 46.3 63.9 4. Common carp IL-8, Cyprinus carpio (ABE47600) 44.9 19.1 34.1 C. carpio 49.4 21.9 42.6 5. Rainbow trout IL-8, Oncorhynchus mykiss (CAC33585) 44.0 21.3 36.3 O. mykiss 47.3 23.7 44.4 6. Japanese flounder IL-8, Paralichthys olivaceus (AAL05442) 48.4 25.4 45.9 P.
    [Show full text]
  • Mouse Models of Human Disease an Evolutionary Perspective Robert L
    170 commentary Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health [2016] pp. 170–176 doi:10.1093/emph/eow014 Mouse models of human disease An evolutionary perspective Robert L. Perlman* Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave, MC 5058, Chicago, IL 60637, USA *E-mail: [email protected] Received 31 December 2015; revised version accepted 12 April 2016 ABSTRACT The use of mice as model organisms to study human biology is predicated on the genetic and physio- logical similarities between the species. Nonetheless, mice and humans have evolved in and become adapted to different environments and so, despite their phylogenetic relatedness, they have become very different organisms. Mice often respond to experimental interventions in ways that differ strikingly from humans. Mice are invaluable for studying biological processes that have been conserved during the evolution of the rodent and primate lineages and for investigating the developmental mechanisms by which the conserved mammalian genome gives rise to a variety of different species. Mice are less reliable as models of human disease, however, because the networks linking genes to disease are likely to differ between the two species. The use of mice in biomedical research needs to take account of the evolved differences as well as the similarities between mice and humans. KEYWORDS: allometry; cancer; gene networks; life history; model organisms transgenic, knockout, and knockin mice, have If you have cancer and you are a mouse, we can provided added impetus and powerful tools for take good care of you. Judah Folkman [1] mouse research, and have led to a dramatic increase in the use of mice as model organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Micromys Minutus)
    Acta Theriol (2013) 58:101–104 DOI 10.1007/s13364-012-0102-0 SHORT COMMUNICATION The origin of Swedish and Norwegian populations of the Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) Lars Råberg & Jon Loman & Olof Hellgren & Jeroen van der Kooij & Kjell Isaksen & Roar Solheim Received: 7 May 2012 /Accepted: 17 September 2012 /Published online: 29 September 2012 # Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland 2012 Abstract The harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) occurs the Mediterranean, from France to Russia and northwards throughout most of continental Europe. There are also two to central Finland (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). Recently, isolated and recently discovered populations on the it has also been found to occur in Sweden and Norway. Scandinavian peninsula, in Sweden and Norway. Here, we In 1985, an isolated population was discovered in the investigate the origin of these populations through analyses province of Dalsland in western Sweden (Loman 1986), of mitochondrial DNA. We found that the two populations and during the last decade, this population has been on the Scandinavian peninsula have different mtDNA found to extend into the surrounding provinces as well haplotypes. A comparison of our haplotypes to published as into Norway. The known distribution in Norway is sequences from most of Europe showed that all Swedish and limited to a relatively small area close to the Swedish Norwegian haplotypes are most closely related to the border, in Eidskog, Hedmark (van der Kooij et al. 2001; haplotypes in harvest mice from Denmark. Hence, the two van der Kooij et al., unpublished data). In 2007, another populations seem to represent independent colonisations but population was discovered in the province of Skåne in originate from the same geographical area.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Mites
    A GUIDE TO MITES concentrated in areas where clothes constrict the body, or MITES in areas like the armpits or under the breasts. These bites Mites are arachnids, belonging to the same group as can be extremely itchy and may cause emotional distress. ticks and spiders. Adult mites have eight legs and are Scratching the affected area may lead to secondary very small—sometimes microscopic—in size. They are bacterial infections. Rat and bird mites are very small, a very diverse group of arthropods that can be found in approximately the size of the period at the end of this just about any habitat. Mites are scavengers, predators, sentence. They are quite active and will enter the living or parasites of plants, insects and animals. Some mites areas of a home when their hosts (rats or birds) have left can transmit diseases, cause agricultural losses, affect or have died. Heavy infestations may cause some mites honeybee colonies, or cause dermatitis and allergies in to search for additional blood meals. Unfed females may humans. Although mites such as mold mites go unnoticed live ten days or more after rats have been eliminated. In and have no direct effect on humans, they can become a this area, tropical rat mites are normally associated with nuisance due to their large numbers. Other mites known the roof rat (Rattus rattus), but are also occasionally found to cause a red itchy rash (known as contact dermatitis) on the Norway rat, (R. norvegicus) and house mouse (Mus include a variety of grain and mold mites. Some species musculus).
    [Show full text]
  • A Phylogeographic Survey of the Pygmy Mouse Mus Minutoides in South Africa: Taxonomic and Karyotypic Inference from Cytochrome B Sequences of Museum Specimens
    A Phylogeographic Survey of the Pygmy Mouse Mus minutoides in South Africa: Taxonomic and Karyotypic Inference from Cytochrome b Sequences of Museum Specimens Pascale Chevret1*, Terence J. Robinson2, Julie Perez3, Fre´de´ric Veyrunes3, Janice Britton-Davidian3 1 Laboratoire de Biome´trie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Universite´ Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France, 2 Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa, 3 Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, UMR CNRS 5554, Universite´ Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France Abstract The African pygmy mice (Mus, subgenus Nannomys) are a group of small-sized rodents that occur widely throughout sub- Saharan Africa. Chromosomal diversity within this group is extensive and numerous studies have shown the karyotype to be a useful taxonomic marker. This is pertinent to Mus minutoides populations in South Africa where two different cytotypes (2n = 34, 2n = 18) and a modification of the sex determination system (due to the presence of a Y chromosome in some females) have been recorded. This chromosomal diversity is mirrored by mitochondrial DNA sequences that unambiguously discriminate among the various pygmy mouse species and, importantly, the different M. minutoides cytotypes. However, the geographic delimitation and taxonomy of pygmy mice populations in South Africa is poorly understood. To address this, tissue samples of M. minutoides were taken and analysed from specimens housed in six South African museum collections. Partial cytochrome b sequences (400 pb) were successfully amplified from 44% of the 154 samples processed. Two species were identified: M. indutus and M. minutoides. The sequences of the M. indutus samples provided two unexpected features: i) nuclear copies of the cytochrome b gene were detected in many specimens, and ii) the range of this species was found to extend considerably further south than is presently understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Rats and Mice Have Always Posed a Threat to Human Health
    Rats and mice have always posed a threat to human health. Not only do they spread disease but they also cause serious damage to human food and animal feed as well as to buildings, insulation material and electricity cabling. Rats and mice - unwanted house guests! RATS AND MICE ARE AGILE MAMMALS. A mouse can get through a small, 6-7 mm hole (about the diameter of a normal-sized pen) and a rat can get through a 20 mm hole. They can also jump several decimetres at a time. They have no problem climbing up the inside of a vertical sewage pipe and can fall several metres without injuring themselves. Rats are also good swimmers and can be underwater for 5 minutes. IN SWEDEN THERE ARE BASICALLY four different types of rodent that affect us as humans and our housing: the brown rat, the house mouse and the small and large field mouse. THE BROWN RAT (RATTUS NORVEGICUS) THRIVES in all human environments, and especially in damp environments like cellars and sewers. The brown rat is between 20-30 cm in length not counting its tail, which is about 15-23 cm long. These rats normally have brown backs and grey underbellies, but there are also darker ones. They are primarily nocturnal, often keep together in large family groups and dig and gnaw out extensive tunnel systems. Inside these systems, they build large chambers where they store food and build their nests. A pair of rats can produce between 800 and 1000 offspring a year. Since their young are sexually mature and can have offspring of their own at just 2-4 months old, rats reproduce extraordinarily quickly.
    [Show full text]
  • Dental Adaptation in Murine Rodents (Muridae): Assessing Mechanical Predictions Stephanie A
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2010 Dental Adaptation in Murine Rodents (Muridae): Assessing Mechanical Predictions Stephanie A. Martin Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DENTAL ADAPTATION IN MURINE RODENTS (MURIDAE): ASSESSING MECHANICAL PREDICTIONS By STEPHANIE A. MARTIN A Thesis in press to the Department of Biological Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2010 Copyright©2010 Stephanie A. Martin All Rights Reserved The members of the committee approve the thesis of Stephanie A. Martin defended on March 22, 2010. ______________________ Scott J. Steppan Professor Directing Thesis _____________________ Gregory Erickson Committee Member _____________________ William Parker Committee Member Approved: __________________________________________________________________ P. Bryant Chase, Chair, Department of Biological Science The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables......................................................................................................................iv List of Figures......................................................................................................................v Abstract...............................................................................................................................vi
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Flea Infestation in Rodents and Insectivores from Intensified
    Herrero‑Cófreces et al. Parasites Vectors (2021) 14:16 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071‑020‑04492‑6 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access Patterns of fea infestation in rodents and insectivores from intensifed agro‑ecosystems, Northwest Spain Silvia Herrero‑Cófreces1,2*† , Manuel Fabio Flechoso1,3†, Ruth Rodríguez‑Pastor1,2, Juan José Luque‑Larena1,2† and François Mougeot4† Abstract Background: Fleas frequently infest small mammals and play important vectoring roles in the epidemiology of (re) emerging zoonotic disease. Rodent outbreaks in intensifed agro‑ecosystems of North‑West Spain have been recently linked to periodic zoonotic diseases spillover to local human populations. Obtaining qualitative and quantitative information about the composition and structure of the whole fea and small mammal host coexisting communities is paramount to understand disease transmission cycles and to elucidate the disease‑vectoring role of fea species. The aims of this research were to: (i) characterise and quantify the fea community parasiting a small mammal guild in intensive farmlands in North‑West Spain; (ii) determine and evaluate patterns of co‑infection and the variables that may infuence parasitological parameters. Methods: We conducted a large‑scale survey stratifed by season and habitat of feas parasitizing the small mammal host guild. We report on the prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance of fea species parasitizing Microtus arvalis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Mus spretus and Crocidura russula. We also report on aggregation patterns (variance‑to‑ mean ratio and discrepancy index) and co‑infection of hosts by diferent fea species (Fager index) and used general‑ ized linear mixed models to study fea parameter variation according to season, habitat and host sex.
    [Show full text]
  • Mice Are Here to Stay
    Mice A re Here to Stay Wherever people live, there are mice. It would be difficult to find another animal that has adapted to the habitats created by humans as well as the house mouse has. It thus seemed obvious to Diethard Tautz at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Plön that the species would make an ideal model system for investigating how evolution works. BIOLOGY & MEDICINE_Evolution Mice A re Here to Stay TEXT CORNELIA STOLZE he mice at the Max Planck mice themselves only within a range of can be a key factor in the emergence of Institute in Plön live in their 30 to 50 centimeters, they convey high- new species. For Tautz, the house very own house: they have ly complex messages. mouse is a model for the processes of 16 rooms where they can Diethard Tautz and his colleagues evolution: it would be difficult to find form their family clans and have discovered that house mice be- another animal species that lends itself T territories as they see fit. The experi- have naturally only when they live in so well to the study of the genetic ments Tautz and his colleagues carry a familiar environment and interact mechanisms of evolution. out to study such facets as the rodents’ with other members of their species. “Not only is this species extremely communication, behavior and partner- When animals living in the wild are adaptable, as demonstrated by its dis- ships sometimes take months. During captured, they lose their familiar envi- persal all over the globe, but we also this time, the mice are largely left to ronment: everything smells and tastes know its genome better than that of al- their own devices.
    [Show full text]
  • APPENDIX K: Accepted ECOTOX Data Table
    APPENDIX K: Accepted ECOTOX Data Table The code list for ECOTOX can be found at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/blackbox/help/codelist.pdf CAS Number Chemical Name Genus Species Common Name Effect Group Effect Meas Endpt1 Endpt2 Dur Preferred Conc Value1 Preferred Conc Value2 Preferred Conc Units Preferred % Purity Ref # 330541 Diuron Pimephales promelas Fathead minnow ACC ACC GACC BCF 1 TO 24 0.00315 TO 0.0304 mg/L 100 12612 330541 Diuron Rattus norvegicus Norway rat BCM BCM PHPH NOAEL 140 2500 ppm 100 90555 330541 Diuron Zostera capricorni Eelgrass BCM BCM FLRS LOAEL 8.33E-02 0.01 mg/L 100 72996 330541 Diuron Zostera capricorni Eelgrass BCM BCM FLRS LOAEL 8.33E-02 0.01 mg/L 100 72996 330541 Diuron Zostera capricorni Eelgrass BCM BCM FLRS LOAEL 8.33E-02 0.01 mg/L 100 72996 330541 Diuron Seriatopora hystrix Coral BCM BCM FLRS NOEC LOEC 0.416666667 0.0003 0.0003 mg/L 100 75334 330541 Diuron Seriatopora hystrix Coral BCM BCM FLRS EC25 0.416666667 0.00085 mg/L 100 75334 330541 Diuron Seriatopora hystrix Coral BCM BCM FLRS EC50 0.416666667 0.0023 mg/L 100 75334 330541 Diuron Acropora formosa Stony coral BCM BCM FLRS NOEC LOEC 1 0.00003 0.0003 mg/L 100 75334 330541 Diuron Acropora formosa Stony coral BCM BCM FLRS EC25 1 0.0012 mg/L 100 75334 330541 Diuron Acropora formosa Stony coral BCM BCM FLRS EC50 1 0.0027 mg/L 100 75334 330541 Diuron Synechococcus sp. Blue-green algae BCM BCM CHCT NOAEL 3 0.0033 mg/L 99 98904 330541 Diuron Lemna minor Duckweed BCM BCM GLTH LOAEL 2 0.02475 mg/L >99 64164 330541 Diuron Scenedesmus acutus Green Algae BCM BCM
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Hormone Data, No Bootstrap NJ ME MP UPGMA
    Growth hormone data, no bootstrap dog GH dog GH domestic cat GH domestic cat GH pig GH pig GH cattle GH cattle GH sheep GH sheep GH human GH2 human GH2 human GH1 human GH1 rhesus monkey GH1 rhesus monkey GH1 Norway rat Gh1 Norway rat Gh1 house mouse Gh house mouse Gh gray short-tailed opossum GH gray short-tailed opossum GH chicken GH1 chicken GH1 Japanese quail GH complete cds Japanese quail GH complete cds African clawed frog Gh A African clawed frog Gh A beluga GH complete cds beluga GH complete cds banded houndshark GH complete cds banded houndshark GH complete cds zebrafish gh1 zebrafish gh1 North African catfish GH complete cds North African catfish GH complete cds 0.05 0.05 NJ ME dog GH zebrafish gh1 domestic cat GH North African catfish GH complete cds pig GH African clawed frog Gh A cattle GH beluga GH complete cds sheep GH banded houndshark GH complete cds Norway rat Gh1 chicken GH1 house mouse Gh Japanese quail GH complete cds gray short-tailed opossum GH gray short-tailed opossum GH chicken GH1 Norway rat Gh1 Japanese quail GH complete cds house mouse Gh human GH2 human GH2 human GH1 human GH1 rhesus monkey GH1 rhesus monkey GH1 African clawed frog Gh A cattle GH beluga GH complete cds sheep GH banded houndshark GH complete cds dog GH zebrafish gh1 domestic cat GH North African catfish GH complete cds pig GH 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 MP UPGMA Growth hormone data, 1000x bootstrapping 96 dog GH 95 dog GH 85 domestic cat GH 93 domestic cat GH 79 pig GH 81 pig GH cattle GH cattle GH 92 77 100 sheep GH 100 sheep GH
    [Show full text]