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Diencephalondiencephalon ((““Inin --Betweenbetween Brainbrain ””))

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Diencephalondiencephalon ((““Inin --Betweenbetween Brainbrain ””)) DiencephalonDiencephalon ((““inin --betweenbetween brainbrain ””)) 33rdrd VentricleVentricle CNSCNS divisionsdivisions DirectionalDirectional termsterms –– forebrainforebrain levellevel dorsal superior rostral caudal anterior posterior ventral inferior Diencephalon – regional organization Thalamus (dorsalis) – topographic and nuclear organization (Gr. thalamos , “inner chamber”)) Metathalamus – the geniculate bodies Epithalamus – pineal gland and habenula Subthalamus (thalamus ventralis) Hypothalamus – divisions, nuclei and connections TheThe DiencephalonDiencephalon TheThe DiencephalonDiencephalon THALAMUS EPITHALAMUS SUBTHALAMUS HYPOTHALAMUS TheThe Fornix Adhesio Interthalamica DiencephalonDiencephalon Posterior commissure Pineal Gland Hypothal Sulcus Anterior Commissure Lamina Terminalis Mammillary Body Optic Chiasm Infundibulum DiencephalonDiencephalon dorsaldorsal surfacesurface DiencephalonDiencephalon –– superiorsuperior dorsaldorsal viewview anterior tubercle 3rd ventricle DiencephalonDiencephalon –– laterallateral dorsaldorsal viewview DiencephalonDiencephalon ventralventral surfacesurface MetathalamusMetathalamus Pulvinar Lateral Geniculate Medial Geniculate BordersBorders ofof thalamusthalamus Lat. ventricle 3rd Ventricle Int.capsule BordersBorders ofof thalamusthalamus Posterior commissure Fornix Hypothalamic sulcus Lamina terminalis Лимбичен таламус Thalamus OriginOrigin ofof CNSCNS subdivisionssubdivisions SecondarySecondary vesiclesvesicles DiencephalonDiencephalon isis largerlarger duringduring brainbrain developmentdevelopment thanthan inin postnatalpostnatal brainbrain Neural tube folding (5 th -8th wk) DiencephalicDiencephalic developmentdevelopment The diencephalon consists of roof and alar plates but lacks the basal and floor plates Lateral ventricle Alar plate → thalamus, hypothalamus, neurohypophysis, and infundibulum Roof plate → epiphysis, habenular nuclei and the posterior commissure AlarAlar vs.vs. BasalBasal inin forebrainforebrain alar basal DiencephalicDiencephalic developmentdevelopment Embryonic brain Adult brain ThalamocorticalThalamocortical axonsaxons passpass throughthrough thethe ventralventral telencephalontelencephalon (VT)(VT) andand futurefuture basalbasal gangliaganglia (GP/STR)(GP/STR) beforebefore theythey reachreach thethe cortexcortex EstimatedEstimated timetime ofof developmentdevelopment ofof variousvarious brainbrain regiregionsons 2 mo 6 mo Modified from Bayer SA et al. Neurotoxicology 14:83–144, 1993 General organization of the thalamus Nuclear groups Interthalamic adhesion Internal medullary lamina External medullary lamina Reticular nucleus Internal External medullary medullary lamina lamina Midline nuclei ThalamicThalamic nucleinuclei formform nuclearnuclear groupsgroups I. Lateral Group II. Medial Group III. Anterior Group metathalamus IV. Posterior Group V. Intralaminar Group VI. Reticular nucleus ThalamusThalamus –– sectionsection atat anterioranterior levellevel LV LV 3v reticular internal medullary lamina ThalamusThalamus –– sectionsection atat midmid --levellevel LV LV 3v reticular internal medullary lamina ThalamusThalamus –– sectionsection atat posteriorposterior levellevel LV LV 3v reticular internal medullary lamina TThalamushalamus isis thethe criticalcritical relayrelay forfor thethe flowflow ofof sensorysensory informationinformation toto thethe neocortexneocortex Cortex Motor pathway Sensory pathway ThalamusThalamus isis moremore thanthan simplysimply aa relayrelay !! ItIt actsacts asas aa gatekeepergatekeeper forfor informationinformation toto thethe cerebralcerebral cortex,cortex, preventingpreventing oror enhancingenhancing thethe passagepassage ofof specificspecific informationinformation dependingdepending onon thethe behavioralbehavioral statestate ThalamicThalamic nucleinuclei –– laterallateral groupgroup Ventral nuclear group ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) ventral posteroinferior nucleus (VPI) ventral lateral nucleus (VL) ventral anterior nucleus (VA) I. Lateral Group Dorsal nuclear group II. Medial Group Lateral dorsal nucleus (LD) III. Anterior Group Lateral posterior nucleus (LP) IV. Posterior Group Pulvinar -lateral posterior complex V. Intralaminar Group VI. Reticular nucleus ConnectionsConnections ofof thethe laterallateral thalamicthalamic nucleinuclei VentralVentral NuclearNuclear GroupGroup Cortex Prefrontal SMA MI, PM SI SMA - supplementary motor area MI (M1) – primary motor cortex PM – premotor cortex SI (S1) – primary somatosensory cortex SN pars reticulata Trigeminal lemniscus Basal Cerebellum Medial lemniscus, ganglia Spinothalamic tracts SomatosensorySomatosensory mapmap (( somatotopicsomatotopic organization)organization) inin VPLVPL && VPMVPM VPL +taste fibers VPM ConnectionsConnections ofof thethe laterallateral thalamicthalamic nucleinuclei DorsalDorsal NuclearNuclear GroupGroup Somatosensory cingulate gyrus, Association precuneus Area Visual Association area Pulvinar Hippocampal formation Superior colliculus, Pretectal area ThalamicThalamic nucleinuclei –– medialmedial groupgroup Mid DorsomedialDorsomedial NucleusNucleus (MD)(MD) pars magnocellularis (MDmc) pars parvocellularis (MDpc) pars paralaminaris (MDpl ) I. Lateral Group MidlineMidline NuclearNuclear GroupGroup ((poorlypoorly developeddeveloped inin humans)humans) II. Medial Group paratenial nucleus III. Anterior Group reunience nucleus IV. Posterior Group submedial nucleus V. Intralaminar Group rhomboid nucleus VI. Reticular nucleus MidlineMidline thalamicthalamic nucleinuclei Interthalamic adhesion Midline nuclei ThalamicThalamic nucleinuclei –– anterioranterior && posteriorposterior groupsgroups Mid AnteriorAnterior NuclearNuclear GroupGroup anteroventral nucleus (AV) anterodorsal nucleus (AD) anteromedial nucleus (AM) I. Lateral Group PosteriorPosterior NuclearNuclear GroupGroup II. Medial Group (medial(medial toto thethe Pulvinar,Pulvinar, III. Anterior Group mergemerge withwith MGB)MGB) IV. Posterior Group suprageniculate nucleus nucleus limitans V. Intralaminar Group nucleus limitans posterior nucleus VI. Reticular nucleus ConnectionsConnections ofof thethe thalamicthalamic nucleinuclei MedialMedial && AnteriorAnterior NucleiNuclei Mamillary Prefrontal Frontal Medial bodies, Cortex Eye Field Frontal Hippocampus Gyrus Cingulate gyrus Basal forebrain SN pars reticulata, superior colliculi, reticular formation ThalamicThalamic nucleinuclei –– intralaminarintralaminar groupgroup Caudal Nuclear Group (most important in humans ) Mid centromedian nucle us parafascicular nucle us Rostral Nuclear Group paracentral I. Lateral Group centrolateral II. Medial Group centromedial III. Anterior Group IV. Posterior Group V. Intralaminar Group VI. Reticular nucleus Afferent Efferent ConnectionsConnections ofof thethe thalamicthalamic intralaminarintralaminar nucleinuclei ReceiveReceive fromfrom manymany subcorticalsubcortical andand corticalcortical areasareas ProjectProject toto other thalamic nuclei cortex striatum (t he projection is topographically organized : centromedian nucleus → putamen ; parafascicular nucleus → caudate ) Intralaminar & midline nuclei are non-specific thalamic nuclei ThalamicThalamic nucleinuclei –– reticularreticular nucleusnucleus A continuation of the reticular formation of the brain stem into the diencephalon Unique among thalamic nuclei !!! its axons do not leave the thalamus Receives collaterals of corticothalamic projections and thalamocortical I. Lateral Group projections II. Medial Group Sends to other thalamic nuclei III. Anterior Group GABAergic (inhibitory) → plays a role IV. Posterior Group in integrating and gating activities of V. Intralaminar Group thalamic nuclei VI. Reticular nucleus Tricorn MetathalamusMetathalamus Shape Pulvinar Medial Geniculate Lateral Geniculate MetathalamicMetathalamic nucleinuclei MedialMedial GeniculateGeniculate NucleusNucleus (MG)(MG) ventralventral oror principalprincipal nucleusnucleus dorsaldorsal nucleusnucleus medialmedial nucleusnucleus LateralLateral GeniculateGeniculate NucleusNucleus (LG)(LG) dorsaldorsal nucleusnucleus (LGd)(LGd) ventralventral nucleusnucleus (LGv)(LGv) LateralLateral GeniculateGeniculate NucleusNucleus (LGd)(LGd) →→ VisualVisual PathwayPathway Dorsal Nucleus (LGd) dorsolateral Magnocellular Part 1, 2 Parvocellular Part 3, 4, 5, 6 contralateral afferents 1, 4, 6 ipsilateral afferents 2, 3, 5 ventromedial Ventral Nucleus ( LGv ) part of thalamic reticular nucleus VisualVisual PathwayPathway 1. Optic nerve 2. Optic chiasm 3. Optic tract 4. Lateral geniculate body 5. Optic radiation 6. Visual cortex VisualVisual pathwaypathway viavia LGNLGN loops Ocular dominance columns in primary visual cortex (V1) C I I C I = from ipsilateral retina C = from contralateral retina OverviewOverview ofof thalamicthalamic connectivityconnectivity VL VPL VL AN = Anterior nn. LP V LD = Lateral dorsal n. VA VA LP P LP = Lateral posterior n. Pul L Pul = Pulvinar DM DM = Dorsomedial n. AN LD Pul V Mid = Midline nn. DM P L VA = Ventral anterior n. LGB Pul G VL = Ventral lateral n. DM M B VPL = Ventral posterolateral n. MGB VPM = Ventral posteromedial n. LGB = Lateral geniculate body MGB = Medial geniculate body IL = Intralaminar nn. CM = Centromedian n. SummarySummary ofof thethe connectionsconnections ofof thethe thalamicthalamic nucleinuclei Specific nuclei (sensory or motor) Association nuclei (sensory or motor Non-specific nuclei OverviewOverview ofof majormajor functionsfunctions thalamicthalamic nucleinuclei
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