Regional Snapshot Series: Aging Aging in the Regional District TABLE OF CONTENTS

Aging in the Fraser Valley

The Why Behind the Aging Boom

Financial Health

Education & Employment

Health & Illness

Mobility & Tranportation

Housing in the Region Today

Cost of Housing

Senior Housing Options

Aging Initiatives in the Fraser Valley

CHOICES FOR OUR FUTURE: our Regional Growth Strategy

As the senior population grows in the Fraser Valley, we believe that healthy aging is an important The Fraser Valley Regional District is comprised of 6 municipalities consideration for the Region’s and 7 electoral areas. future. City of Abbotsford, City of , District of Mission, District of Hope, The Fraser Valley Regional District District of Kent, Village of Harrison Hot Springs and Electoral Areas A, B, C, is, therefore, committed to D, E, F and G. incorporating the needs of an aging population into the policies and actions of the Regional Growth Strategy. Aging in the Fraser Valley

The Fraser Valley Regional District is comprised of six member municipalities and seven electoral areas and features a variety of diverse communities, from small rural hamlets to the fifth largest city in British Columbia. Healthy aging is becoming an increasingly important consideration because over the next 30 years, the number of seniors in the Region will grow from 15% to 21% of the total population. By 2041, one in every five, or almost 100,000 residents, will be over the age of 65.

This demographic shift will bring many opportunities. Many seniors will work past the age of 65, and others will give back to their communities by sharing their knowledge and time as volunteers. Providing for the needs of seniors also presents a unique opportunity for new businesses in the region.

An aging population will also bring unprecedented challenges as the baby boom generation moves into old-age. The healthcare system will continue to experience increasing pressure as rates of disease rise along with the senior population. This is already prompting a shift towards preventative health and innovative care solutions. There is a growing need for reliable transportation that ensures seniors can access health services, participate in social activities and take care of their day-to-day needs. In addition, planning for and providing a variety of housing options suitable to seniors has the potential to lower health care costs and improve quality of life. In addressing all of these factors, ensuring affordability, accessibility and adaptability is a priority.

Although many programs and services directed at finding solutions to these issues already exist in the Region, it will take cooperation among all levels of government, health authorities, non-profit organizations and the private sector to ensure that all seniors are able to maintain a high quality of life in the coming decades. Anticipating and addressing these issues today will ensure we are prepared for the future.

Fraser Valley Regional District and surrounding area

Lillooet Kamloops

Boston Bar Squamish Yale

Hope Harrison Hot Springs Kent

Metro Vancouver Chilliwack Mission

Abbotsford Canada Image: ESRI, i-cubed, USDA FSA, USGS, AEX, GeoEye, AeroGRID, Getmapping, IGP; FVRD United States Past Present and Future The Why behind the Aging Boom

Historic Context of an Aging Population

The post World War II baby boom, between the late 1940’s and mid-1960’s will continue to impact Canada’s social and economic dynamics as this population moves into retirement. In the mid-1960’s the baby boom turned into a bust, and although a smaller “echo” baby boom occurred in the mid-1980’s the number of The Woodstock generation comes of age... births in the following generations have come nowhere close to the number of births of the peak boom years. As a result, Canada’s population on average will become increasingly older in the coming decades. Who is considered a senior? CurrentCurrent and Projected and Projected Population Population of of thethe FVRDFVRD by by age age and and gender gender (Statistics Canada, 2006) For the purposes of this document, the (Statistics Canada, 2006) term senior refers to anyone over the 90+ F age of 65. Any exceptions to this rule 85 to 89 M 80 to 84 are noted accordingly. 75 to 79 70 to 74 65 to 69 60 to 64 55 to 59 50 to 54 45 to 49 40 to 44 35 to 39 30 to 34 25 to 29 20 to 24 Reaching 100 15 to 19 10 to 14 5 to 9 Canadians over the age of 85 are the 1 to 4 fastest growing segment of seniors. <1 There are 20 times as many individuals 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 in this age bracket today as there were 2011 2036 in 1921. The number of centenarians (100+) nationally has also increased Lower birth rates, increased life expectancy, and migration are all contributing by 22 percent. Current projections factors to our increasingly aging population. In BC, the impact of an aging see this population tripling in size population may not be as severe as in other parts of Canada due to higher by the year 2031, surging from 6,000 birth rates and rates of migration to BC. That said, migrants may include older in 2009 to 17,400 in 2036 (Statistics Canadians moving to BC for its relatively warmer climate. Canada, 2010). The number of seniors reaching this age group in the coming Canada has also experienced a remarkable 30-year increase in life expectancy decades will place additional demands since the start of the twentieth century. Today, women live on average 83.4 years on senior care, and likely lead to new and men 76.4 years compared to an average 50.2 and 47.2 years, respectively, in challenges. 1900. This longer lifespan is mainly the result of advances in medicine that allow more people to reach their senior years. Life Expectancy - Fraser East* Births 1946 to 2010 - British Columbia and Canada Source: Fraser Health Estimated Births 1946 to 2010 (Statistics Canada, 2006) British Columbia and Canada Total Male Female 50,000 B.C. Canada 600,000 84

82 # o

40,000 f C

. b i B

500,000 r , 80 t h s s h t , e r C i g

30,000 a B A 78

n f a o

d # 76 400,000 a 20,000 74 1987-1991 1997-2001 2006-2010 *Fraser East is the health service delivery area emcompassing the FVRD. 10,000 300,000 Past Present and Future The Why behind the Aging Boom

Seniors Today

The FVRD’s estimated total population is 291,855 (FVRD, 2011). Seniors currently make up just over 14% (or 41,917 persons) of the Region’s population with the majority living in the more urban municipalities of Abbotsford, Chilliwack and Mission. The smaller municipalities of Hope, Kent and Harrison Hot Springs have a much higher proportion of seniors (over 20%) when compared with their overall populations. Where seniors living in the larger centres have access to health care and other services, those living in smaller communities and rural areas face more challenges. Smaller tax bases and out-migration of younger residents can make it more difficult for smaller and rural communities to provide necessary senior services. Common concerns include the lack of nearby health services, decreasing mobility, and housing upkeep and accessibility.

Seniors asS aen percentageiors as a perc eofn teachage o fjurisdiction each Jurisdic intio then in FVRD Seniors by Area of Residence th(currente FVRD ( candurre nprojected)t and projected) Seniors withinby Area of the Residence FVRD within FVRD 35.0% 3% 30.0% 2041 2011 3% 1% Abbotsford 25.0% 4% Chilliwack 20.0% 10% Mission 47% 15.0% Harrison HS 10.0% Hope

5.0% 32% Kent 0.0% EA's

The proportion of seniors in Canada has grown from less than 5% in 1982 to 13% today, and will grow to a projected 25% by 2036. Given the Region’s slightly younger age profile, the proportion of seniors in the FVRD is projected to be slightly smaller than Canada as a whole. Nonetheless, the number of seniors in the FVRD is expected to increase to 21% of the total population by 2041, or one in every five people. In real terms, that’s an additional 97,343 seniors, many of whom will eventually need assistance or care in some form, especially in their later years.

Projected # of Seniors based on FVRD Population Projections Projected (2006-2041)seniors based on FVRD Population projections (2006-2041) 500,000 Seniors (65+) Rest of Population 400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0 2006 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 2041 Seniors Profile Financial Health

Financial Matters The average household income for seniors in the FVRD is $36,583 which is almost half that of the average household. Seniors tend to be more asset rich, with many owning their own homes outright. Almost 70% of homeowners have paid off their mortgage by 65. Seniors also tend to spend less than younger individuals and families. (Hamilton 2001).

The extent to which Canadians maintain their income in retirement varies with their level of income and availability of pensions. The richest workers, those in the top 20% of the income distribution at 55, received on average about 70% of their working income during their 70s. People in the lowest 20% of income earners actually experience less of an overall decline in income during their 70’s as a result of various transfer payments and supplements, such as Old Age Security (OAS) and Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS). (Daw 2008, 2). k Economic PartnersChilliwac k Economic Corporation In the FVRD, 4.25% of seniors currently fall below the low income cut-off. The Low Income Cut-Off (LICO) varies with circumstance but is widely considered to be in the low $20,000’s for a single adult. Among populations more susceptible to falling under LICO are seniors living alone. Of this population, 11.3% are deemed low income. The rate is slightly higher for females which could, in part, be attributed to longer life expectancy and smaller pensions.

Average Senior Household income Are We Prepared? (Statistics Canada, 2006) Abbotsford $37,108 Given low savings rates and high debt levels, there is a real possibility that the percentage of low-income seniors will increase with the generational shift. Most Chilliwack $35,826 seniors today are from a generation of savers; the same can’t be said for the baby Harrison HS $36,735 boom generation. Over the last two decades, average annual personal saving rates in Canada have plummeted from a peak in 1982 of 20.1% of income saved Hope $31,929 to 1.2% in 2005. In 2010, the average savings rate in BC was actually negative at -3.3%. These numbers indicate a likelihood that many people will reach Kent $37,475 retirement age in debt or without substantial savings, escalating the number of Mission $36,668 low-income seniors in need of assistance. (BC Stats, 2012) EA ‘A’ $26,158 EA ‘B’ $19,523 Annual Personal Saving Rate by Province 1981-2010 EA ‘C’ $34,788 (Statistics Canada, 2012)

EA ‘D’ $55,445 36000 EA ‘E’ $49,084 30000 EA ’F’ $29,139 24000 British Columbia Quebec 18000 EA ‘G’ $37,867 Ontario 12000 FVRD $36,583 Dollars (annual) Manitoba 6000 Saskatchewan 0 Alberta -6000 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 Seniors Profile EDucation & Employment

Working after 65 In 2001, 4.4% of the senior population in Canada was part of the labour force. In the ten years since, that percentage has jumped to 11.8%. This number is expected to climb even higher. It is estimated that by 2036, 16% of the senior population will be working. This increase will likely be caused by a combination of factors. Some seniors may continue working to fill a labour gap caused by many of their peers retiring. A healthier senior population may make working Giving back longer a more viable option for many. And for some, working longer may be a financial necessity. This change is reflected in the average retirement age. In The contribution seniors make as 2000, the average retirement age began to rise after nearly two decades of volunteers is significant. In BC, 38.9% decline. By 2005, the average retirement age in Canada was 62.5. of seniors contributed over 76 million volunteer hours in 2010. That’s that highest number of hours of any age ActualA andctua Projectl and Pr Labourojected Force Labo uParticipationr Force of Seniors in BC 2001-2036 group. Seniors also provide help on an Participation of seniors in BC 2001-2036 informal basis such as providing child Source:Source BC: BC StatsStats care or running errands for their younger Males 65+ Females 65+ Total 65+ relatives and community members. 25 Donations of time and expertise can be 20 invaluable to communities and gives 15 seniors a way to contribute to their communities, feel needed, and be part of 10 a larger social network which, in turn, can 5 help prevent social isolation and maintain good health. 0

According to the Labour Force Survey conducted by Statistics Canada, almost half of all working seniors have higher paying positions in areas such as Senior Population by Highest SeniorPopulation by Highest Level of Education management, administration, health, and other professional occupations. Only Level of Education 25% of seniors work blue collar jobs and a higher percentage of seniors work 3.8% 2.8% No certificate, diploma or in sales and service jobs when compared to the younger workforce. This likely degree reflects the tendency for service jobs to be more flexible in terms of working High school certificate or part-time. In 2000 seniors made up 3% of the part-time workforce. In 2011, that equivalent 40.4% percentage had climbed to 7%. Another stark contrast is the high number of self- 31.8% Apprenticeship,trades or other certificate or diploma employed seniors. Over 40% of seniors are self-employed compared to 14% of below bachelor the younger working population. Self-employed seniors tend to be concentrated Bachelor's degree in occupations such as farming, construction and business services. 21.0% Degree above Bachelors

Education

The majority of seniors in the Fraser Valley have education at or below a high Seniors with Post Secondary Education Seniors with post secondary education in the Fraser Seniors with post secondary education in the Fraser school certificate or equivalent. This reflects a different time, where education in the FraserValle Valleyy by Incom eby income Valley by Income was less available. This is especially true of women. University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level University certificate, diploma or degree above bachelor level Bachelor's degree Bachelor's degree Certificate or diploma below bachelor level Of seniors who do have a post secondary degree, income is shown to increase Certificate or diploma below bachelor level 100% in relation to the amount of formal education attained. Labour force data show 100% 75% that seniors who had a university degree in 2005 were more than four times as 75% likely to participate in the labour force than those with less formal schooling. 50% 50% Education level is also a strong predictor of health status, with higher education, 25% and resulting higher incomes correlating to better health. Current graduation 25% 0% rates suggest that future seniors will have higher levels of education, but in 0% comparison to other parts of the , educations in the FVRD are still lower as a whole. Senior Profile Health & Illness

Health and Illness

As the population ages and rates of age-related illness rise, communities in the Fraser Valley will experience increased demand for health care services and rising costs. Overall, seniors are healthier than previous generations and are living longer. Better lifestyles and health care allow people to enjoy life after retirement for a longer period of time. That said, as people age the prevalence of multiple chronic conditions also increases. As the graph on the left shows, residents of the FVRD are no exception. According to Fraser Health, 34% of the population has more than one chronic condition and is responsible for 80% of health care costs. Prevalence of Chronic Conditions in the FVRD by Age, 2008/09 In Fraser East (the Local Health Authority encompassing the FVRD), only 30% of 40 seniors reported good to excellent health. The rate of physical activity in seniors was lower than the provincial average at 49%. And while older adults currently 35 represent only 13% of the population, they accounted for 34% of all inpatient

30 cases and 40% of all day procedures in 2009. If this ratio remains constant, by 2041 the senior population will be accountable for 54.6% of all hospital 25 admissions and 63% of day procedures.

20 If rates of diabetes, osteoarthritis and depression continue to grow at the current 15 pace, over 50% of seniors will be afflicted with at least one of the three by 2030. Longer life expectancy is the primary reason - more people are reaching the age 10 where chronic conditions are more prevalent. These high rates of disease will Prevalence of One or More Chronic Conditions (%) Chronic One or More of Prevalence 5 affect not only seniors but also society as a whole in terms of influencing housing needs, service requirements and demanding additional time and resources 0 Under 19 20-44 45-64 65-84 85+ (Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 2008). Age Group

One Condition Two Conditions Three Conditions

Four Conditions Five Conditions

Source: BC MoHS, PHC Patient Registries as of Nov. 2009, provided by Fraser Health Rates of Diabetes, Osteoarthritis, and Depression among Rates oseniorsf Diab (60+)etes in, O Frasersteo Eastart h(LHA)ritis 2000-2009, and Depression among seniors (6(Fraser0+) in Health Fras e2010)r East (LHA) 2000-2009 Diabetes Osteoarthritis Depression Living with Dementia 35% Currently, it is estimated that 5.3% 30% of older adults in Fraser East have dementia. According to Rodriquez and 25% Davidson (2008), the number of people diagnosed with dementia will double by 2031. This has the potential to 20% negatively impact patients, caregivers, and the overall population as the health 15% care system struggles to cope with increased demand. 10%

Prevention through exercise and healthy eating and the development of support programs may help to mitigate the effects of dementia. www.alzheimer.ca The Power of Prevention

While illness can be a natural part of aging, efforts to increase physical activity, healthy eating, and social interaction can go a long way towards preventing disease and reducing overall healthcare costs associated with old age. Offering fitness programs, educating seniors on healthy eating, and creating walkable communities that encourage active living may help the Region mitigate the health care challenges of an older population. As shown in the graphic below, many factors affect health and with appropriate policy, supports and services, instances of poor health can be prevented or at least reduced.

According to the Office of the Provincial Health Officer, there is “evidence that a number of preventative interventions are cost-saving for the health care system.” Accordingly, Fraser Health has begun shifting their focus from acute care to integrated primary care that is more proactive and preventative.

Determinants of Health Virtual Villages One innovative example of seniors using technology is the concept of Virtual Villages, or membership-based non-profit organizations that provide a Health Health Social Income Culture way for seniors living within a defined Services Policy Support & Status geographic location or neighbourhood to make connections. These online villages Education Employment Gender Environment coordinate access to any number of services, transportation, social activities,

Based on information from the Public Health Agency of Canada health programs, and even home repair.

The Phinney Neighborhood Association in the Seattle area operates the PNA Social Connectivity and Mental Health Village Program. The three main program areas are: It is becoming widely recognized that strong social support is linked to better overall physical and mental health. Results from the Canadian Community ▪ Network of Helpers - Volunteers Health Survey (CCHS 2005) found that seniors who reported a strong sense of help with small tasks and larger community belonging were almost twice as likely to report excellent or very projects. good general and mental health. In Fraser East, almost 75% of seniors reported a strong or very strong sense of community belonging. 64.9% of seniors in the ▪ Information & Referrals - Assisting Region reported high levels of social support. members with finding the resources to meet their changing needs. The ability of seniors to participate in social and other meaningful activities such as volunteering is closely tied to transportation and access. 24% of ▪ Community Building Activities - women over 85 said that they did not participate more in social, recreational or programs and events to help village group activities for lack of transportation. (CCHS 2005). members stay connected to their community while making new friends. With a new generation of computer savvy seniors, connecting online is gaining potential. The number of seniors using the internet is now estimated to be over For more information visit www. 50%, with 7 in 10 using it daily. (Pew Research Center, 2012) While the majority phinneycenter.org or visit the original continue to use the internet for email, the number of ways in which seniors are virtual village in Boston at www. using technology is ever growing. beaconhillvillage.org. Senior Profile Mobility & Transportation

Getting Around

Increased mobility and reliable access to transportation can contribute to better mental and physical health of seniors, by providing opportunities to participate in fitness programs, and social activities which lead to a more meaningful life. Adequate transportation can also enable a senior to stay in their own home longer, reducing costs of facility care and increasing quality of life.

Maintaining a high level of mobility can be challenging given the increase in physical limitations often associated with age. In the FVRD, 45% of seniors between the ages of 65-74 reported limitations in activities. After age 75, the percentage of seniors experiencing difficulty or reduction in daily activities climbs to 70%. The numbers are even higher for low-income seniors. These limitations can make it unsafe for many seniors to get around without help.

ReportedR Limitationseportedl andimi tReductionsations an ind rActivityeducti byon ages in and incomeactivi tiny bthey aFVRDge a n(%d ofin totalcom epopulation) in the FVRD (Fraser(% o fhealth total 2010)population) 80% Total Population-Income before tax More than just a Ride Low Income 60% Reliable and adequate transportation is more than just getting from A to B. It contributes to an overall higher quality of life by enabling seniors 40% to participate in social activities and health programs, take advantage of senior services and give back to the 20% community by volunteering.

One of the biggest challenges facing the Region is finding cost 0% effective ways to provide reliable senior transportation, particularly in rural areas. Doing so will require collaboration among all levels of A government, the private sector and non-government service providers. In BC, driving remains the primary mode of transportation for 77% of senior men and 47% of senior women between the ages of 65 and 74. Seniors over the age Hope of 75 are more commonly passengers than drivers. While public transit, active transportation and accessible transit are used at a much lower rates, seniors rely on public transit more than any other age group in Canada (Turcotte, 2012) C Harrison HS BC Transit recognizes that growth of the senior population, particularly growth in B the older cohorts, is leading to an increased demand for custom and accessible F Kent conventional transit service. (Outlook for Public Transit 2005-2010). Handydart, D the Taxi Saver program in Chilliwack and Abbotsford, volunteer driver programs FVRD jurisdictions such as Care Transit in Hope, and private chauffeuring businesses, are all examples Highways of current programs which aim to provide reliable transportation for seniors. 40% - 80% Mission Chilliwack 32% - 40% Non-profits, such as Senior Transportation Access and Resources (STAR), are working with communities to develop senior transportation options. There G 21% - 32% is also increasing emphasis on building communities that encourage active 14% - 21% transportation (walking, biking, etc). Accommodating increasing demand will E 8% - 14% require expanding existing programs and finding innovative solutions. 0% - 8% * Data unavailable for grey areas Abbotsford Age Friendly Communities

Communities that are built to be age friendly can help seniors maintain healthy, active and productive lives. The range of independence in the population of seniors varies widely, but at some point most seniors will experience challenges that can be mitigated with age friendly infrastructure, whether it be accessible transit, a built environment sensitive to their needs, or housing that can be adapted to a variety of circumstances. Even small changes such as installing crosswalk signals and accessible ramps, removing obstacles from sidewalks, and placing benches along common paths, can significantly improve mobility. “Scootability” An age friendly community is an accessible community for everyone. Building communities that encourage all residents to live healthier and longer lives by One example of a growing trend in promoting daily exercise and a nutritious diet throughout life will also help to senior transportation is the scooter. stabilize health care costs and allow seniors to remain independent and healthy Currently, an estimated 250-300 far later in life. people use scooters to get around in the Fraser Valley but that number is climbing rapidly, and for a good Mobility in Rural Communities reason. According to one study, 68% of users felt that scooters enabled Nowhere is the issue of mobility more challenging than in rural areas. Long them keep their independence. distances, a small population, and small tax base present added challenges in finding affordable and timely transportation. As the map below illustrates, there Planning for this increasingly are pockets of older populations in the region’s urban centres, but electoral areas popular mode of transportation will tend to have older populations on average. have its own challenges as sidewalks and roads are not currently built There is an identified need for custom transit options for rural seniors. According to accomodate this mode of to one study*, 49% of seniors living outside of urban centres said they did not use transportation. (UFV Mobility transit primarily because it was not offered in their area. Lack of transportation Scooter Research Project, 2008 can increase the risk of social isolation and limit access to needed medical care Steyn, P. & Chan, A.) (Profile of Seniors’ Transportation Habits, Statistics Canada, 2012).

Seniors as a percentage of each Census Area in the FVRD (Statistics Canada 2011 Dissemination Area Data)

A

Hope

C Harrison HS B F Kent D

FVRD jurisdictions Highways 40% - 80% Mission Chilliwack 32% - 40% G 21% - 32% 14% - 21%

E 8% - 14% 0% - 8%

* Data unavailable for grey areas Abbotsford Senior Profile Housing in the Region Today

The Current Housing Situation

With a growing population of seniors, it is increasingly important to consider not only the quantity but also the type and cost of housing stock that will be needed to adequately accommodate this population in the coming years. Understanding the housing situation for seniors at present can help determine what housing will be needed in the future.

Owning vs. Renting SeniorSeni oHouseholdsrHouseholds bbyy T eTenurenure (% )(%) Rented Owned In 2006 there were 90,800 private households in the FVRD, of which 21,170 or 23.3% were senior households. Home ownership far outweighs rental 100% households with 81.7%, or 17,300 homes, owned by seniors. The remaining 75% 18.3% of senior households are rented. The rental market provides access to a broad range of housing types, from high-end condos and single-family homes to 50% more affordable apartment units and secondary suites for households with more modest incomes. Secondary rental market units include basement suites, rented 25% condos, and tenant occupied houses. (Statistics Canada, 2006 Census) 0% Younger seniors (ages 65-84) tend to reside in housing which they own debt- free. Many older seniors (85+) also remain in housing that has been paid off, but Abbotsford apartments and care facilities are more common in older age groups.

Housing Types Housing in FVRD according to Age and Structure In most of the Region’s municipalities, the majority of seniors ages 65-84 live (2011 Census Data) in single-detached homes. Abbotsford is the exception, where the majority of seniors live in other forms of multi-family housing. In the older age groups, 100% Other single-attached house 90% apartments, townhouses and other semi-detached housing are more prevalent. 80% Apartment, duplex Over 5% of the Region’s senior population lives in mobile homes. 70% Row house 60% Semi-detached house 50% Increasing health problems and reduced mobility lead older seniors (85+) to 40% Movable dwelling downsize into apartments or move into senior care residences. Because older 30% Apartment < 5 storeys 20% seniors constitute the fastest growing sector of the senior population, there Apartment > 5 storeys 10% will be an increasing need for senior friendly apartments and senior residence 0% Single-detached house 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ options. It is estimated that by 2036 an additional 1,728 apartments suitable for seniors over age 85 will be needed to keep up with demand in the Fraser Valley.

Housing in FVRD Municipalities according to age of primaryHousing in “HouseholdFVRD Municipali tiMaintainer”es according to Age

Other single-attached house Semi-detached house Apartment ≥ 5 stories Apartment, duplex Movable dwelling Row house Apartment ≤ 5 stories Single-detached House

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ Abbotsford Chilliwack Harrison Hot Hope Kent Mission Springs Who is a household maintainer? Statistics Canada defines a household maintainer as the person in the Household Maintainer household responsible for major household payments. (Statistics Canada) When comparing all age groups, Household Maintainer more males tend to take on the by age and gender in the FVRD Household Maintainer by Age and Gender Built Form by age role of household maintainer. Male Female However, after age 75, there is a 80% of Household Maintainer Built Form by Age of Household Maintainer significant increase in the number 70% Suite Semi-detached/row Movable dwelling Apartment Single-detached house of female household maintainers. 60% This is primarily due to longer life 100% 50% expectancy of women. This can 80% prove financially challenging for 40% older generations of women who 30% 60% did not work and have no pension 20% 40% plan on which to rely. For this 10% 20% reason, an increasing number of 0% women in this category are at risk 0% of homelessness. Years of Age

Homelessness

There is a growing number of older people in the Region who are homeless. Some older homeless people have lived on the streets for many years, but others become homeless because they have been displaced from low-cost housing. Homeless people, no matter their age, lack nutritious food, appropriate clothing, adequate medical care and social support networks.

8.3% of the homeless population in the Homelessness by age in the FVRD is 55–75+ years old. In addition to FVRD (% of total) dealing with homelessness, this group Homelessness by age in the FVRD (% of total) has the added burden of dealing with 0-25 25-55 55-64 65-74 75+ the physical and physiological challenges of aging. This group reported physical, psychological and social challenges that 62.8% include amongst others lack of social 6.1% 1.8% support networks (Van Wyk and Van Wyk, 0.4% 2011). It is anticipated that the number of seniors experiencing homelessness will 28.9% grow in the coming decades if housing is not adequately addressed.

Housing in FVRD Municipalities according to age Housingin FVRD Electoral Areas According to Age Other dwelling Movable dwelling Single-detached House

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ 65-74 75+ A B C D E F G Cost of Housing Striving for Affordability

Making Ends Meet

The vast majority of seniors in the FVRD are in good shape financially - over SeniorSen (65+)ior (65 +Household) Household payments payments 60% of senior homeowners spend less than 15% of their income on household as a a%s %of o income,f income , OwnersOwners payments. Yet, there remains a percentage of the population struggling to make 12000 ends meet. For example, over half of all senior renters spend more than 30% of 10000 their household income on housing. With the high cost of housing, it is difficult for these seniors to maintain a healthy life style and the risk of homelessness is 8000 heightened. 6000 4000 Several metrics are used to monitor housing affordability. The Shelter-to-Income 2000 Ratio (STIR) is used by CMHC as a basis for determining affordability. STIR takes into account owner shelter costs, including mortgage payments, property taxes, 0 condominium fees, and utility payments (for heating fuel, water, and electricity). Households spending greater than 30% of their income on housing are considered to be at a housing affordability threshold (CMHC, 2009).

Average Senior Household Income andand ShelterShelter toto IncomeIncome Ratio Ratio Senior (65+) Household payments Senior (65+) Houshold payments % Income spent on housing Average Household Income as a s% % ofof income,income, RRentersenters

1600 50% $50,000 1400

1200 40% $40,000 ($) Income 1000 800 30% $30,000 600 400 20% $20,000 200 % Income 0 10% $10,000 0% $0 FVRD Not in core need In core need

The High Cost of Care

The high cost of utilities, insurance, taxes, repairs and maintenance can put low- Defining Affordability income seniors that live on their own at risk of having to move when they lose a partner or reach the oldest age bracket. A household is considered to be in core housing need if its housing The average vacancy rate in BC’s residence and care facilities for seniors was does not meet one or more 10.4% in 2010 (CMHC, 2010). This vacancy rate is not necessarily a reflection of standards for housing adequacy, an over-supply, but rather a reflection of the higher costs associated with such suitability, or affordability and if it facilities. There is an increased need for heavy care units that can provide more is unable to afford median-priced than 1.5 hours of medical care each day and primarily serve seniors over the age alternative rental housing in the local of 85. Affordable options for this type of housing in the FVRD frequently have market (CMHC, 2010). In general, long waiting lists. households spending greater than The cost of market driven independent living residences in the FVRD is also 30% of their income on housing (and high and often unaffordable even for average-income seniors. The average associated costs) are deemed to be annual income for senior households is $36,583 while the average rent for senior facing affordability challenges and residences in the Fraser Valley is $2,238 a month or $26,856 per year. Heavy care may be considered the “most at risk” units are even more costly with an average rent of 5,626 a month in the Lower in terms of housing security. Mainland. (CMHC 2012) Cost of Housing Striving for Affordability

CMHC’s “Core Housing Need” indicator goes beyond the STIR test. Households Seniors in Core need by Community are deemed to be in core housing need when, in addition to spending more than 30% of their household income on housing, households cannot afford % In Community Tenure suitable and adequate housing in their community (CMHC, 2009). Approximately core need 2,450 or 11.5% of senior households in the Region are in core housing need. Of Total 12.5% these, 1,105 are owners and 1,345 are renters. However because the number of homeowners far outweighs renters, the total number of households in core need Abbotsford Owners 6.6% represent almost 35% of all renters and only 6.4% of all homeowners. Renters 40.4% Total 10.2% The difference between households in core need and those not in core need Chilliwack Owners 4.6% is more clearly defined when one looks at the average shelter-to-income ratio. Renters 30.4% The STIR of households in core housing need is 50%, meaning that on average, Total 12.1% households in core housing need spend 50% of their income on housing and Mission Owners 7.7% associated costs. In contrast, households not in core housing need spend on Renters 27% average only 19.8% of their income on housing (FVRD, 2009). Total 10.3% Hope Owners 3.8% Renters 45.8% Seniors in Core Housing Need by Tenure (FVRD 2006) Seniors in Core Housing Need (FVRD 2006) Seniors in Core Housing Need (FVRD 2006) Total 3.6% % Not in core need % In core need Owners Renters Kent Owners 2.2% 6.4% Renters 12.5% Total 21.2% 45.1% 34.7% Harrison Owners 13.3% Renters 71.4%

65.3% 93.6% 54.9% Total 15.2% EAs Owners 14.7% Renters 28.6% % of OwnersOwners In Core Need % of RentersRenters In Core Need % of Total In Core Need FVRD Total 11.5% Owners 6.4% Renters 34.7%

Are we prepared?

There is a clear need to ensure an adequate supply of affordable and appropriate SAFER Program rental housing for seniors in the region. The extent to which the Fraser Valley lacks affordable housing for seniors becomes more visible when projected Low-income seniors that rent rely on senior population growth is factored into the equation. It is estimated that there subsidized units and the Shelter Aid will be a shortage of units for seniors by 2036 if the current secondary market for Elderly Renters (SAFER) program. rental rate is maintained. SAFER provides cash subsidies to residents of British Columbia, aged It is estimated that 3,000 additional units for low income seniors will be required 60 and over, who are paying more in order to adequately address the need for affordable housing in the Fraser than 30% of their income toward Valley by 2036. That’s 272 affordable units that will have to be constructed each housing costs (BC Housing, 2007g). year just to keep up with demand. The need for affordable housing may turn out Subsidy maximums are set based on to be considerably higher if, as current savings trends imply, more seniors reach household composition, household retirement without the financial security and savings of the previous generation. income, and location. The amounts Given this growing need, investment in affordable and appropriate housing could range between $1 and $610 per represent an opportunity for the Region’s development industry and provide individual, per month (BC Housing, the housing stability needed to manage healthy community environments for 2007f). seniors. A healthier senior population could in turn benefit the entire population by reducing some of the long-term costs to the health care system. Senior Housing Options

Guidelines for Adaptable Housing Providing for A Range of Needs

Listed below are a few examples of design Aging in Place guidelines, that once applied, can make it easier to age-in-place. For many seniors, independence means having their own place and a car. Another important factor is privacy. This helps to explain why aging in place, or aging at Building Access: home, is one of the most preferred senior living arrangements. Seniors that Clear paths from all entrances, parking, ▪ remain at home tend to experience an overall better quality of life (Hanlon and common areas and the elevator Halseth, 2005). In the Fraser Valley almost 9,000 seniors continue to live in their own homes. Doorways: Easy to grasp handles ▪ Independence, financial status, the proximity of family members such as a spouse, Level opening at least 850 mm wide ▪ and physical and mental health work in combination towards successful aging in place. The availability of home-based programs that provide medical and non- Corridors: medical housekeeping support such as cooking and cleaning can enhance quality Minimum width of 1220 mm ▪ of life and lengthen the amount of time seniors are able to remain at home. This type of home care is seen as an affordable option when compared to the cost of Bathrooms: many assisted living facilities (Maurier and Northcott, 2000). It has also been Enough floor space to be manueverable ▪ shown to lessen the burden on the healthcare system. ▪ Reinforced walls around the toilet and tub to accomodate grab bars in the future In Canada, only 0.15% of seniors currently receive home care but this may be changing (Steed, 2008). Expanding non-medical home support across BC is is Outlets/Switches: one of the primary objectives of the province’s new action plan, Improving Care Light switches placed between 1015mm ▪ for BC Seniors. While home care may relieve some of the demands on housing and 1120 from the floor and healthcare, providing a wide range of senior’s housing options is the only Outlets no less than 450mm from the ▪ way to ensure all seniors will be provided for in the coming years. floor

Kitchens: Accessible and Adaptable Housing ▪ Continuous counter space between the stove and sink Successful aging in place is also limited by physical ability of a resident to get ▪ Faucets that are easy to grasp. around.There is therefore increasing emphasis on constructing and retrofitting buildings to be more accessible and adaptable as needs change with age (for examples of adaptable guidelines see left panel).

In the FVRD, both Abbotsford and Chilliwack have addressed adaptable housing to varying degrees. The City of Abbotsford’s Official Community Plan recommends that at least 5% of all apartment buildings over 40 units be adaptable. In 2010, a comprehensive study was conducted to determine how to better meet future senior housing needs. The study made several recommendations which included updating zoning regulations to accommodate aging in place, and incorporating age-friendly policies into the Official Community Plan, the Affordable Housing Room to Strategy and the building code. maneuver In 2011, Chilliwack went a step further, adopting a bylaw that requires 50% of all new apartment units be adaptable as defined by the BC building code. This Wide is expected to increase adaptable housing in Chilliwack by 3,000 units by 2025. Doorway While this is great progress, even that amount may not be enough. There are currently 6,915 senior households in Chilliwack. With predicted population growth, this number will rise to 18,163 households. 3,000 adaptable houses will only serve one sixth of this population in 2041, limiting housing options for seniors in the future. Planning for more adaptable housing may enable younger seniors to stay at home longer. Grab Bars

An example of an adaptable bathroom design (Source: DesignAble Environments, Inc.) When Aging in Place isn’t an option: Daycare and Assisted Living

Aging in place may be preferred, but it is not always feasible. For people who require additional help with basic daily activities, pain management, rehabilitation or any combination of the above there is a a range of housing facilities available. Cedar Valley Manor Life lease development - Mission, BC Independent living suites offer private accommodations within a larger complex that can offer meals, and a minimal amount of health care. While the number of seniors living in independent living facilities is gradually increasing, so too is the demand for heavy care or assisted living facilities. These facilities accommodate seniors with greater needs and constitute almost 60% of seniors housing in BC Life Lease: An innovative take on (CMHC 2012). co-housing

Adult daycares vary in their design, but most offer some combination of meals, Life leasing is an increasingly popular health services and recreational activities for seniors while giving caregivers form of seniors co-housing. A respite. Caregiver support is often overlooked but can have a profound impact cross between renting and owning, on the health and well-being of both the patient and the caregiver. a life lease provides the benefit of maintaining equity in your own home Many people prefer adult daycare or assisted living for older relatives due the without the burden of building upkeep high cost of facility care. However, even assisted living can be financially unviable and maintenance. By leasing a unit, for many seniors. British Columbia has a 10% vacancy rate for assisted living, seniors provide the capital to build the yet a shortage of affordable assisted living options for low income seniors exists housing project; once up and running, (CMHC, 2010). a non-profit manages and maintains the property. Co-housing

Co-housing commonly allows seniors and others to maintain a private household and a certain degree of independence within a larger community that provides social support, common areas, and limited services. Abbeyfield is one example of a non-profit co-housing option in which a small group of seniors is housed in a family-style home where private living is combined with common areas. Though each Abbeyfield is different in terms of the amenities they provide, most are accessible houses equipped to provide meal service and social support.

Other forms of co-housing mix generations, creating communities where other residents “look out” for their neighbours. While these developments are strata in nature with private units, there are often common facilities such as community kitchens. There are several seniors co-housing initiatives underway in BC, including one in Chilliwack at the Yarrow . www.canadianseniorcohousing.com; www.yarrowecovillage.ca Micro-suites: An affordable Household Structure by Age in the FVRD (StatisticsHouseho Canadald Struc tCensusure by A2006)ge option for seniors 18000 Family households A newer concept in affordable housing 15000 One person households is micro-suites. In Abbotsford, the Two or more person households Lynnhaven Society has teamed up with 12000 a developer to build 64 micro-suite 9000 apartments, each approximately 300 square feet in size. These stand-alone 6000 units are designed specifically with low- income seniors in mind and will help 3000 to accommodate a growing demand 0 for affordable seniors housing in the Region. Aging Initiatives Consider establishing a regional mechanism In the Fraser Valley to monitor and address housing affordability There is a growing recognition at all levels of government and throughout on a regional basis. communities across BC that an increasingly aging population in BC will require adapting policies on everything from housing to healthcare and poverty to - Choices for our Future pension plans. Implementing progressive policies and programs that address all aspects of aging will give seniors the support they need to maintain a high quality of life even as they face uncertainty.

Provincial, federal, local government, health authorities, non-profits and social service providers all have a role in supporting the senior population in the coming decades. The spectrum of needs is wide-ranging. Below are just a few of the many local initiatives that are already addressing some aspects of aging in the Fraser Valley.

Housing

Adaptable Housing Bylaws: Local governments are beginning to address aging through changes to policy and bylaws. In Abbotsford, a 1996 policy recommends that at least 5% of all apartment building over 40 units be adaptable. In 2012, the City of Chilliwack enacted a bylaw requiring that 50% of all new apartment units be adaptable as defined by the BC building code. This is expected to increase adaptable housing in Chilliwack by 3000 units by 2025.

Better at Home: A program run in partnership with the United Way, the province, and local non-profits, Better at Home aims to help seniors manage daily tasks such as cleaning, grocery shopping and transportation, so that they are able to continue living at home longer. This program is currently available in Abbotsford but is expected to expand. www.betterathome.ca

Fraser Valley Rent Assistance Project: Serving communities throughout the Fraser Valley Regional District, this program provides one time loans and grants for people at risk of losing their homes. While not exclusively for seniors, many low income seniors fall into this category. http://bc.mcc.org/whatwedo/fvrap

Health Care

Home Health: Fraser Health provides home and community care services for residents who have acute, chronic, palliative or rehabilitative health care needs. Services include health assessment and case management, nursing, rehabilitation, home support and palliative care. Home visits occur seven days a week. www. fraserhealth.bc

Senior Peer Counseling: The objective of this volunteer run program is to promote mental health and well being by providing one on one peer support for seniors at risk of loneliness, depression, or who are grieving. Available in communities throughout the Region.

Alzheimers Resource Centre: Serving Abbotsford, Agassiz and Misson, the Alzheimers Resource Centre offers support groups and workshops on all aspects of dementia and Alzheimers from diagnosis to long-term care. www.alzeimerbc. org Transportation

Care Transit (Hope): Care Transit provides transportation service to individuals in Hope and surrounding areas who need assistance getting to health related appointments. Over 200 people use the service which is entirely dependent on volunteer drivers. www.caretransit.org

Taxi Saver Program: The Taxi Saver Program provides a more affordable option for seniors to get around when HandyDART is unavailable. Seniors registered with the program receive a 50% subsidy towards the cost of taxi rides.

Senior Transportation Access and Resources (STAR): STAR, an initiative of the non-profit organization BEST, provides technical and financial support to agencies looking to initiate or expand transportation services or ride programs for seniors that are accessible, affordable and reliable. STAR has recently completed a needs assessment and feasibility analysis in Abbotsford and is in communication with other stakeholders throughout the region.

Social Networking and Educational Opportunities

Abbotsford Learning Plus Society: This organization offers programs, classes and workshop for seniors who want to continue learning. The society’s wide range of programs are affordable, offered during the day so seniors don’t have to drive at night, and provide opportunities for learning and socializing. www. learningplus.ca

Lunch with the Bunch: Hope and Abbotsford offer this social lunch program as an opportunity for seniors to get together to socialize, do activities, and eat together. The programs are free or low-cost and transportation is provided.

Resources bc211: Often the problem is simply not knowing what resources are out there. bc211 is a free telephone service extending across the region that connects seniors to local organizations or programs that can help address their needs. www.bc211.ca Regional Snapshot Series: Aging

Aging in the Fraser Valley Regional District

November 2012

Strategic Planning and Initiatives Department Fraser Valley Regional District 45950 Cheam Avenue Chilliwack, BC V2P 1N6 Toll free: 1.800.528.0061 www.fvrd.bc.ca

The Regional Snapshot Series for the Fraser Valley Regional District is designed to provide the public with greater insight into the forces which are shaping growth and change in the region today. For a full list of documents currently available in the series, please visit us on the web at: www.fvrd.bc.ca