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Ceylon and the Hollanders, 1658-1796

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Ceylon and the Hollanders, 1658-1796 2RAJASINHA 2RAJASINHA 2RAJASINHA o .\^ 'b 2RAJASINHA Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation 2RAJASINHA http://www.archive.org/details/ceylonhollandersOOpieruoft 2RAJASINHA THE NAVARATNA MEDAL, 1686. l<bm^)c. CEYLON AND THE HOLLANDERS 1658 - 1796 BY P. E. PIERIS DERANIYAGALA SAMARASINHA SRIWARDHANA D. Litt. {Cantab.) Ceylon Civil Service. Vice-Presidtftt, Royal Asiatic Socitty {Ceylon.) 2RAJASINHA AMERICAN CEYLON MISSION PRESS, TELLIPPALAI. CEYLON. s 1918. 2RAJASINHA TO THE HON. SIR ANTON BERTRAM, Kl, K. C. Chief Justice of Ceylon, who, East of Suez, finely upholds THE Cambridge Tradition, this book 18 Respectfully Dedicated. 2RAJASINHA " "Wliere there is no vision, the people perish. 2RAJASINHA INTRODUCTION Many visitors from Europe since Saar of Nuremberg (1647-1658) have left on record their experiences in Ceylon during the time of the Netherlands East India Company, and the most important of these narratives have been translated into English and published from time to time. Much information is contained in the pages of various Journals and Magazines, and an important series of seven Memoirs, issued since 1903 by the learned Government Archivist and his able Assistant, Mrs. Anthonisz, has shed a great deal of light on the administration and policy of the Company till 1740. Sir Alexander Johnston, Chief Justice of Ceylon from 1811 to 1819, left behind a valuable collection2RAJASINHAof manuscripts, much of which has been rendered accessible to me through the great kindness of Mr. A. W. Winter of Baddegama. In addition, private documents in Sinhalese Walauwas throw an interesting and personal sidelight on the period. Out of this material the present compilation has been made, in the hope that it will furnish the average inhabitant of Ceylon who can read English with a co-herent, reasonably accurate, and perhaps not uninteresting account of his country during its transition from the mediaeval to the modern. The VI Medal shown in the Frontispiece was very kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. H. de 0. Ekanayaka of Matara. This book is the sequel to another, Ceylon and the Portuguese, written for publication in En-gland. Though the issue of this latter has been delayed by war conditions, the reader has been treated as not unfamiliar with its contents. The Judge's House, P. E. P. Jaffna. 2RAJASINHA CONTENTS CHAPTER I A conspiracy against the Company. Its territory. Principles of administration. Condition of the country. Agriculture. New industries. Justice. Conversion. The Lascarins. The Burghers. Inter-marriage. Anxiety for peace. Attitude of Raja Sinha. The British. A conspiracy against the King. Its failure. Van Goens as Governor. The Company prosperous. The French Company. The Nayaker of Madura. CHAPTER II Arandora captured. Embassy of Bystervelt. The French at Trincomalee. Count de LaneroUe. Bibilegama captured. Clement Magellian. Tennekon Disava. Ambanwela Rala. The King's pleasantries. Treachery of Tennekon. The Wanni. Laurens Pyl as Governor. The Company's policy. Raja Sinha and his subjects. Hanguranketa. The King's diversions. His religious attitude. His partiality for Europeans. Attempts to keep him in humour. Obsequiousness of Pyl. Hendrik van Rheede. The King's abdica- tion. The memorial celebration. CHAPTER m Wimala Daham Surya. The city of Colombo. Navaratna. Policy of the new King. Attitude of the Company. Buddhism. The clergy. Thomas van Rhee. The Chaliyas. The Elephant hunt. Arecanuts. Jaffna. Changarapillai. Character of the Tamils. Encroach- ment on tanks. Unrest in Jaffna. The Ports opened. The Bud- dhist Ordination. Friendly2RAJASINHAattitude of the Court. Administration of the Kingdom. Military measures. Subserviency of the Com- pany. Administration of Justice. Cornells Joan Simons. The Thesawalamai. Death of Wimala Daham Surya. CHAPTER IV Narendra Sinha. The Ports closed. Governor Becker's reforms. Condition of the Public Service. Wijayawardhana Mudaliyar. Salt and cinnamon. Jaffna. Conspiracy against the King. Misconduct of de Bevere. The King friendly. Augustin Rumpf. Trade dis- putes. Smuggling. The Chalias. Misgovernment of Vuyst. Versluys. Pielat as Commissioner. Narendra Sinha's administration. Unrest. Reform of abuses. The Law Courts. Van Domburg. Rioting among the Chalias. General discontent. The Council helpless. Lewke Disava. Arrival of Van Imhoff. vm CHAPTER V Sri Wijaya Raja Sinha. Van Imhoff's policy. Agriculture. Buddhism. Saranankara. Sinhalese literature. The religious revival. Roman Catholic missionaries. Mission to Pegu. Trade disputes. Smug- gling. Rioting. Mission to Siam. Accession of Kirti Sri Raja Sinha. The British, The King's religious policy. The Ordination restored. Lienderan de Saram. Government of Loten. Jan Schreuder. CHAPTER VI Review of the Company's administration. Classes of its subjects. Nepotism. Dishonesty. Legal administration. The Land Raad. The Portuguese Tombo. The New Tombo. Classes of lands. The native officials. Bribery over their appointments. Their remunera- tion. Misuse of the Company's lands. Badawedili lands. The Com- pany's dues. The Pearl Fishery, Other sea revenue. Wijayawardhana Coffee. Cardamoms. Pepper. Arecanut. Smuggling. Coconut and arrack. The Leper Asylum. Conversion. Persecution of the heathen. Indifference of the clergy. The Seminaries. The Catholic mission- aries. The resistance of the Catholics. Criticism of the clergy. Immorality of the Europeans. The Scholarchal Commission. Education under the Company. CHAPTER VII The King's marriages. The Malabar influence. Dumbara Rala and the Company. Greed for cinnamon. Consequent obsequious- ness of tlie Company. Desertions. Trade jealousy. Growth of » stronger policy at Court. Policy regarding cinnamon. Secret policy against the King. Attitude of the Company's subjects. Unrest among them. Rioting. A conspiracy against the King. He supports the rioters.2RAJASINHAOpen war. Matara and Hanwella captured. Guerrilla tactics of the Sinhalese. Company anxious for peace. Letter to the King. Arrival of Baron van Eck as Governor. Pybus' Mission. Description of the Capital. The reception of an ambassador. Method of conversation. Failure of the Mission. CHAPTER VIII Chilaw and Puttalam occupied. Failure of a fresh expedition. Further preparations. Illangakon Maha Mudaliyar. The new cam- paign. The Capital occupied. The attack on Hanguranketa. Withdrawal of van Eck. His death. The garrison blockaded. Moyaart summoned from Jaffna. Arrival of Falck as Governor. Energetic steps taken by him. The Treaty of Colombo. Falck's intrigues. The Treaty ratified. Cost of the war. Trouble with IX the Thever. Chilaw. Puttalam. The salt industry. Batticaloa. Jaffna. The Mutu Raja Wela scheme. Canals. Hena cultivation. Planting cinnamon. CHAPTER IX The Disawa and his duties. Policy towards the Mudaliyars Attitude towards Sinhalese prejudices. Pseudo Burghers. Caste duties. Sumptuary regulations. Buddhism tolerated. Roman Catho- lics. Wolfs of Mecklenburg. The Tamils. Purchase of titles. Domestic habits. Embassy to Batavia. The Tooth Relic restored. The Buddhist revival. Anxiety of the Company. Literature at Court. Literature in the South. Jeux d' esprit. Metrical Diagrams. The King and the Company. The supply of salt. The Wanni. The British at Trincomalee. Hugh Boyd. Death of the King. Military preparations. Death of Falck. Abayasinha Maha Mudaliyar. Treaty with the Nawab. The British and the United Provinces. Unrett, De Meuron in Sabaragamuwa. CHAPTER X Attitude of the Company. Development of cinnamon planting. Medals. Weakness of Sinhalese for Medals. Agriculture and Irrigation. The Giant's Tank. The Negumbo canal. The areca trade. The elephant hunt. Cotton cultivation. The Public Service. The condi- tion of the Sinhalese. Social changes. Jaffna. The Sinhalese Kingdom. The Exchange Problem. Outbreak of hostilities in Europe. Departure of van der Graaf. The British and the piece goods trade. Holland invaded. British capture Trincomalee. Robert Andrews at Court. 2RAJASINHAJaffna occupied. Dumbara Rala at Madras. Preparations at Colombo. The de Meuron Regiment. Colombo threat- ened. Condition of the Hollanders. The enemy before Colombo. Negociations. End of the Company's rule. AUTHORITIES RELIED ON. Ceylon, Account of, by Johann Jacob Saar of Nuremberg, (1647- 1658), tr. by Ph. Freudenberg. R. A. S. Ceylon xi. Philip Baldaeus, (1656-1665) Amsterdam 1672, tr. in Churchill's Voyages, iii. Robert Knox, (1659-1679) London 1681. Wouter Schouten of Haarlem, (1661-1664) tr. by Ph. Freudenberg, R. A. S. Cey. xi. Albrecht Herport of Berne, (1663-1665) tr. by? I. Cey. Lit. Reg. Christoph Schweitzer of Wurtemberg, (1675-1682) tr, by S. L. London 1700. Aegidius Daalmans of Antwerp, (1687-1689) tr. by D. W Ferguson. R. A. S. Cey. x. Christoph Langhansz of Breslau, (1695-1696) tr. by D. W, Ferguson, iii Cey. Lit. Reg. Johan Christopel Wolfs of Mecklenburg, (1749-1768) tr. by? London 1785. Charles Peter Thunberg of Upsala, (1777-1778) in Travels in Europe, Africa2RAJASINHAand Asia. London 1796. Paul Eschelskroon, (1782 ? ) appended to the English tr. of Wolfs. Jacob Haafner of Halle (1782-1784) tr. fom a French tr. by D. W. Ferguson, v Cey. Lit. Reg. Travels on Foot through Ceylon, tr. by ? London 1821. Robert Percival, 1796 London. Anthony Bertolacci, London 1817. John Davy (1816-1820) London 1821. From Welsh's Military Reminiscences, reprinted ii Cey. Lit. Reg. H. Suckling ("An Officer, late of the Ceylon Rifles") London 1876. XI Memorie of Ryclof Van Goens, Jr., (1675-1679). tr. by Sophia Pieters,
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