Entre Goa E Ceilão: a Formação Do Clero Nativo E As Dimensões Das Mestiçagens No Oriente Português (Séculos XVI-XVIII)

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Entre Goa E Ceilão: a Formação Do Clero Nativo E As Dimensões Das Mestiçagens No Oriente Português (Séculos XVI-XVIII) UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS - FAFICH PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA Ana Paula Sena Gomide Entre Goa e Ceilão: a formação do clero nativo e as dimensões das mestiçagens no Oriente português (Séculos XVI-XVIII). Belo Horizonte 2018 Ana Paula Sena Gomide Entre Goa e Ceilão: a formação do clero nativo e as dimensões das mestiçagens no Oriente português (Séculos XVI-XVIII). Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em História. Linha de pesquisa: História Social da Cultura Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo França Paiva Belo Horizonte 2018 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior pela bolsa de doutorado concedida entre 2014 e 2018, que possibilitou a realização desta pesquisa. Agradeço ao professor Eduardo França Paiva, que gentilmente aceitou orientar esta pesquisa. Agradeço por toda paciência, pelas críticas e reflexões historiográficas realizadas ao longo do doutorado, que sem dúvidas, acrescentaram, e muito, no resultado final deste trabalho. Obrigada por me apresentar o universo das dinâmicas de mestiçagens! Ao professor Manuel Lobato devo uma orientação que me ajudou a aprofundar nos aspectos mais complexos do mundo português no Oriente, especialmente nas relações políticas e culturais em Ceilão. Obrigada pelas ótimas sugestões e por propor um caminho temático mais produtivo para a tese, que sem dúvidas, fez toda diferença no resultado final. À professora Maria de Deus Beites Manso, que desde os anos da graduação é uma das minhas grandes referências na temática da presença portuguesa na Índia, agradeço por todos os conselhos e pela leitura sempre cuidadosa. Deixo também registrado meu agradecimento aos funcionários do Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, da Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, da Biblioteca da Ajuda e da Brotéria por se mostrarem sempre solícitos e dispostos a ajudar durante minha estadia em Portugal. Aos colegas que fiz na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, pelos momentos de alegria e também de ajuda quando foram necessários! À minha família, e em especial, aos meus pais, pelo amor e apoio incondicional. Agradeço por encorajar todos esses anos de estudos e estarem comigo em todas as etapas da minha vida. Por último, agradeço a Rodrigo por todos os dias que esteve ao meu lado nesta jornada, que não foi nada fácil. Obrigada por sempre acreditar no meu potencial e me mostrar que tudo é possível. Todo o seu amor e companheirismo foram indispensáveis não só na finalização da tese, mas no meu dia a dia. RESUMO Estudo sobre os processos de mestiçagens realizados em Goa e Ceilão durante os séculos XVI-XVIII, especialmente a partir da formação do clero nativo indiano. O objetivo é analisar como as mestiçagens, tanto físicas quanto culturais, foram realizadas em duas áreas importantes na trajetória de expansão portuguesa no Oriente, identificando como as condições locais, as estruturas políticas administrativas e as conversões ao catolicismo, influenciaram a maneira como as mestiçagens foram realizadas nesses espaços. O conceito dinâmicas de mestiçagens foi usado para identificar os processos de classificações e hierarquizações de grupos sociais e indivíduos que foram operados por mestiços e não mestiços em Goa e Ceilão. Palavras-Chave: Mestiçagens. Goa. Ceilão. Congregação do Oratório de Goa. Clero nativo. ABSTRACT The main of that study consist in analyzing the processes of miscegenation carried out in Goa and Ceylon during the XVI-XVIII centuries, especially from the formation of Indian native clergy. The objective is to analyze how the mestizos, both physical and cultural, were carried out in two important areas in the Portuguese expansionary trajectory in the India, identifying how local conditions, administrative political structures and conversions to Catholicism influenced the way mestizos were performed in these spaces. The dinamicas de mestiçagens concept was used to identify the processes of classifications and hierarchizations of social groups and individuals that were operated by mestizos and non-mestizos in Goa and Ceylon. Keywords: Miscegenation. Goa. Ceylon. Congregation of the Oratory of Goa. Native clergy. LISTAS DE MAPAS E ILUSTRAÇÕES MAPA 1: Costa do Malabar MAPA 2: Ceilão MAPA 3: Províncias Jesuítas na Índia MAPA 4: O mundo ibérico em 1600 GRAVURA 1: O comércio em Goa GRAVURA 2: Embarcações usadas em Goa e Cochim LISTAS DE ABREVIATURAS ANTT: Arquivos Nacionais da Torre do Tombo BAL: Biblioteca da Ajuda de Lisboa DI: Documenta Indica DHMPPO: Documentação para História das Missões do Padroado Português no Oriente SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................... 11 CAPÍTULO 1: O ESTADO DA ÍNDIA PORTUGUESA: FORMAÇÃO DE UMA SOCIEDADE MESTIÇA ............................................................................................................ 23 1.2 A Índia e sua organização social ........................................................................................... 29 1.3 A capital Goa: centro politico, econômico e religioso do Estado da Índia ........................... 37 1.3 Maduré e a prática missionária de Roberto de Nobili ........................................................... 44 1.4 A politica de casamentos mistos .......................................................................................... 51 CAPÍTULO 2: MESTIÇAGENS E CONVERSÃO NA ÍNDIA PORTUGUESA ..................... 58 2.1 Os lusos-descendentes: castiços e mestiços .......................................................................... 58 2.2 Inserção política e cultural dos lusos-asiáticos no Império português ................................. 62 2.3 Dispositivos de conversão: entre o confronto e a mescla ...................................................... 69 2.4 A formação do clero-nativo: a qualidade dos lusos asiáticos ................................................ 73 2.5 Crise do Padroado Português e aspirações sociais na formação religiosa oriental .............. 84 CAPÍTULO 3. A PRESENÇA PORTUGUESA EM CEILÃO: DA CONQUISTA ÀS MISSÕES ORATORIANAS NOS SÉCULOS XVII e XVIII .................................................... 91 3.1 Ceilão: a ―ilha da canela‖. ..................................................................................................... 91 3.2 A presença holandesa no Ceilão. ......................................................................................... 111 3.3 A Congregação do Oratório da Santa Cruz dos Milagres de Goa ....................................... 120 3.4 O padre José Vaz e sua missão no Ceilão ........................................................................... 129 3.5 José Vaz: o santo asiático .................................................................................................... 139 CAPÍTULO 4: ENTRE GOA E CEILÃO: AS DINÂMICAS DE MESTIÇAGENS NA FORMAÇÃO DO CRISTIANISMO NO ORIENTE PORTUGUÊS. ...................................... 149 4.1 Hierarquização e Classificação: o clero brâmane em Goa e no Ceilão ............................... 149 4.2 - Um catolicismo mestiço: práticas religiosas em Goa e em Ceilão ................................... 159 4.3 As mestiçagens a partir da cristianização dos povos asiáticos ............................................ 178 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .................................................................................................... 193 FONTES .................................................................................................................................... 197 BIBLIOGRAFIA ....................................................................................................................... 199 ANEXOS................................................................................................................................... 210 11 INTRODUÇÃO A expansão ibérica a partir do século XV promoveu o encontro entre diversos universos e sistemas culturais nos quatros cantos do mundo, universos estes que foram aproximados, colididos, renovados, adaptados e até mesmo preservados, fomentando ao longo da passagem dos séculos, um intenso sistema de misturas em escala global, resultando no desenvolvimento de múltiplas sociedades mestiças. Ao utilizar o conceito de mestiço para definir o encontro em diferentes sociedades ao redor do mundo na época moderna é necessário compreender seus usos e significados de modo histórico e metodológico. Desde os anos iniciais da ocupação de portugueses e espanhóis no Novo Mundo, mulheres nativas e homens ibéricos mantiveram relacionamentos sexuais, conformando-se, a partir daí, a primeira geração de mestiços/mestizos, os chamados ―filhos‖ da América, conforme salientou Eduardo França Paiva1. Até o ano de 1530, nas áreas de domínio português, o vocábulo mestizo/mestiço não aparece na documentação de maneira sistemática, apesar das referências à presença de filhos nascidos dos relacionamentos mistos. Seria somente a partir de 1530, que o termo adquiriu importância, passando a ser empregado de maneira mais intensa entre as gentes que habitavam e transitavam na Ibero-América2. Situação semelhante foi a que ocorreu no Oriente. O emprego do termo mestiço no contexto de presença portuguesa na Índia aparece em meados da década de 1540. Pedro de Faria, em carta à Rainha, relatou que em ―rezão estaua não morrer de fome e meus filhos não se perderem por
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