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Alaska Alaska Al a Ska Al A Praise for ROSS Environmental Conflict in Alaska by Ken Ross A companion volume to Environmental “Over the past forty years, some of the most emotive Conflict in Alaska, Ken Ross’s Pioneering and spectacular American environmental struggles Conservation in Alaska chronicles the key have taken place in Alaska: disputes over the hunt- PioneeringPioneering land and wildlife issues and the growth ing of polar bears and wolves, various nuclear and of environmental conservation in Alaska dam-building enterprises, the Trans-Alaska Pipe- during its Russian and territorial eras. line and the ongoing strife over oil exploitation in ConservationConservation The Alaskan frontier tempted photograph by Wendy Ross Umbriac Ross Wendy by photograph the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, logging in the in fur traders, whalers, salmon fishers, Pioneering Conservation KEN ROSS, author of Environmental Tongass National Forest, and the Alaska National Pioneering Conservation gold miners, hunters, and oilmen to Conflict in Alaska (UPC, 2000), is pro- Interest Lands Conservation Act. In Environmental take what they could without regard fessor emeritus of political science at Conflict in Alaska, seventeen short, self-contained for long-term consequences. Wildlife Adrian College. chapters cover all this familiar ground and more. ALALAASSKAKA species, ecosystems, and Native cultures This book will undoubtedly serve as a reliable basic suffered, sometimes irreparably. Threats manual for courses in Alaskan history and environ- to wildlife and lands drew the attention mental and Northern studies.” KEN ROSS of environmentalists—including John —Alaska History Muir—who applied their influence to enact wildlife protection laws and set “Ross gives fair exposure to many of the heroes and aside lands for conservation. Alaska villains of the political history of Alaska. Whether served as a testing ground for emergent national resource policy in the United in you side with Edward Teller and his grandiose plan in for nuclear-powered progress, or with the Green- States, as environmental values of species AL peace opposition that was born as a result of nuclear AL and ecosystem sustainability replaced the testing in the Aleutians, the book will help you un- unrestrained exploitation of Alaska’s early derstand most points of view on this and other en- frontier days. vironmental conflicts of the times.” Efforts of conservation leaders and the territory’s isolation, small human A —Natural Areas Journal A population, and late development prevented widespread destruction and S S gave Americans a unique opportunity to Photo credits. Front: Hubbard coll. VTS 29-03, Santa Clara protect some of the world’s most pristine University Archives. Back, top to bottom: Powell coll. 64-43- KA UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO 213, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska and Polar Regions KA wilderness. 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Archives; Core coll. 01-3891, Alaska State Library; by Edward Enhanced by more than 100 Boulder, Colorado 80303 Curtis, Harriman coll. RBD 0201-118, University of Alaska Fair- photographs, Pioneering Conservation in banks, Alaska and Polar Regions Archives; from C.R.E. Radclyffe, Alaska illustrates the historical precedents Big Game Shooting in Alaska, London: Rowland Ward, 1904; For a list of UPC titles, from Edward M. Scull, Hunting in the Arctic and Alaska, Phila- for current natural resource disputes in please call 800-627-7377 delphia: Winston, 1915, p. 124. Alaska and will fascinate readers interested or visit www.upcolorado.com in wildlife and conservation. Fur Seal’s Friend: Henry W. Elliott Pioneering Conservation in ALASKA i FUR SEAL’S FRIEND: HENRY W. ELLIOTT ii Fur Seal’s Friend: Henry W. Elliott Pioneering Conservation in ALASKA K E N R O S S U N IV ers I T Y P ress oC f olora D O iii © 2006 by the University Press of Colorado Published by the University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in Canada The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of the Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State College, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Mesa State College, Metropolitan State College of Denver, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, and Western State Col- lege of Colorado. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American Na- tional Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48-1992 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ross, Ken, 1937– Pioneering conservation in Alaska / Ken Ross. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-87081-852-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-87081-852-X (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Nature conservation—Alaska—History. I. Title. QH76.5.A4R67 2006 333.95’1609798—dc22 2006030330 Design by Daniel Pratt An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open access ISBN for this book is 978-1-60732-714-1. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Fur Seal’s Friend: Henry W. Elliott to the North Pacific Right Whale v FUR SEAL’S FRIEND: HENRY W. ELLIOTT vi Fur Seal’s Friend: Henry W. Elliott Contents Photographs / ix Maps / xiii Tables / xiii Prologue / xv Acknowledgments / xix Chronology / xxi Part I: Early Naturalists and Wildlife Exploitation / 1 1. Sea Otters and Scientists / 4 2. Fur Seal’s Friend: Henry W. Elliott / 27 3. Wake of the Whalers / 58 4. John Muir and the Land / 91 5. The Boone and Crockett Club: George Bird Grinnell, Madison Grant, William T. Hornaday, Charles H. Townsend, Charles Sheldon / 116 6. Charles Sheldon and Mt. McKinley National Park / 135 7. Robert F. Griggs and Katmai National Monument / 154 8. John Muir, William S. Cooper, and Glacier Bay National Monument / 176 9. Alaska Natives and Conservation / 192 vii FCURONTENT SEAL’S FRIEND: HENRY W. ELLIOTT Part II: Wildlife and Wildlife Managers / 209 10. Bureau of Biological Survey Chiefs: C. Hart Merriam, Edward W. Nelson, Ira N. Gabrielson / 212 11. Alaskan Wildlife Managers: Frank Dufresne, Clarence Rhode, Jim Brooks, Jim King / 237 12. Grizzly Bears in Politics / 259 13. Frontier Justice: Predator Control / 282 14. Game and Fur Mammals / 316 15. Journey of the Salmon / 350 16. Gold and Oil on the Kenai / 378 17. Bob Marshall, Olaus and Margaret Murie, and the Arctic Refuge / 400 18. Evolution of Conservation Values / 427 Notes / 441 Works Employed / 480 Index / 514 viii Fur Seal’s Friend: Henry W. Elliott Photographs, Maps, and Tables Photographs 1.1 Sea otters, Amchitka Island, 1949. / 9 1.2 Aleut sea otter hunters, Unalaska, 1891 or 1892. / 10 1.3 Sea otter skins drying, Aleutian Islands, ca. 1890s. / 20 1.4 Robert d. “Sea Otter” Jones, Aleutian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, mid-1950s. / 24 2.1 Fur seal herd, Zapadni rookery, St. Paul Island. / 29 2.2 Henry W. Elliott, San Francisco, 1872, prior to leaving for the Pribilofs. / 37 2.3 William H. Dall, Western Union Telegraph Expedition, San Francisco, July 1865. / 38 2.4 Indian hunter and sealing gear on schooner Favorite, 1894. / 43 2.5 David Starr Jordan. / 47 2.6 Killing fur seals. / 48 2.7 Aleut workers at fur seal processing plant, St. Paul Island, ca. 1980. / 54 ix FPURHOTOGRA SEAL’Sphs FRIEND, MA:PS H, ENRYAND TW.ABLE ELLIOTTS 3.1 Captain William Mogg and bowhead whale baleen, ca. 1916. / 64 3.2 Eskimo whaling station, Cape Prince of Wales, 1891 or 1892. / 66 3.3 Harpoon gunner striking finback whale near Akutan. / 72 3.4 Right whale at Port Hobron whaling station, 1926. / 73 3.5 Remains of villagers starved at St. Lawrence Island, early 1880s. / 78 3.6 Polar bear struck by bullet, off Point Barrow, 1920. / 81 3.7 Walrus sport hunter and trophy, Arctic Ocean, 1913. / 82 3.8 Eskimo carver, Nome, ca. 1887. / 84 3.9 Walrus herd at Walrus Islands haulout, Bristol Bay, ca. 1957. / 85 3.10 Sea lion breeding male, Northeast Point, St. Paul Island. / 87 4.1 Placer miners on American Creek. / 99 4.2 Hydraulic mining on Dan Creek in the Wrangells. / 102 4.3 Fairbanks Exploration Co. dredge on Cripple Creek, twelve miles from Fairbanks. / 103 4.4 Wood yard at Tanana River Railway, ca. 1905–1910. / 107 4.5 Matanuska Colony farm, Palmer, 1937. / 110 4.6 John Muir and John Burroughs at St. Matthew Island, 1899. / 114 5.1 George Bird Grinnell at Yale, ca. 1890s. / 122 5.2 Madison Grant at Yale, 1912. / 124 5.3 William T. Hornaday and buffalo calf, Washington, DC, 1890. / 129 5.4 Charles Haskins Townsend, 1918. / 131 6.1 Members of expedition making first ascent of McKinley’s South Peak, 1913. / 139 6.2 Charles Sheldon, in winter camp north of Mt. McKinley, 1907. / 141 6.3 Belmore Browne in climbing gear. / 142 6.4 Dall rams in McKinley Park, June 1966. / 144 6.5 Former market hunter’s cabin used by park rangers, 1926. / 146 6.6 Tourist party crossing moraine of Muldrow Glacier, 1927. / 149 6.7 Adolph Murie at McKinley Park, November 1939. / 151 6.8 Charlie Ott, Fairbanks, 1984. / 152 7.1 Village of Katmai after eruption, 1913. / 156 7.2 W.A. Hesse filming Katmai volcano, 1913. / 159 7.3 Katmai volcano ash at Kodiak, 1912. / 160 7.4 Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes; Mt. Mageik (left) and Mt. Katmai in background. / 162 7.5 Laura Griggs and husband, Robert, at Baked Mountain, Katmai National Monument, 1919. / 164 7.6 Father Bernard Hubbard and dog at Katmai Crater, 1929.
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