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A Study of the NORWEGIAN – LED PRT in MEYMANEH

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A Study of the NORWEGIAN – LED PRT in MEYMANEH A study of THE NORWEGIAN – LED PRT IN MEYMANEH, AFGHANISTAN, AND IT`S CONTRIBUTION TO SECURITY. Lill-Hege Nergård Master’s Thesis in Political Science Faculty of Social Science University of Tromsø Spring 2009 Preface Working with this thesis has been a long and instructive process. The theme of the thesis is of very great present interest and under constant change and development, which has made my work difficult and challenging. Therefore, now that I am finished, the feeling is indescribably good. Several people deserve to be mentioned and thanked for their great help in the process of writing this thesis, and thereby making it possible. First, my informants at NUPI, PRIO, the Norwegian Defence Department and the Norwegian Army deserve a special thank you for having devoted their time to me and shared their thoughts and knowledge. They have also provided me with relevant literature and contacts, which have been of enormous help. A special thanks to my supervisor, Tor Christian Dahl-Eriksen for giving me good guidance and constructive comments during the time of writing. Thank you to Jeff Thomson and Melissa Markussen for proof-reading my english. You have all made this a better thesis. Thank you to my fellow students at lesesalen. At last, but not least, a special thank you goes to my family and friends. You have all given me a great amount of support and encouragement through the time of writing this thesis, for which I am very grateful! Tromsø June 2, 2009 Lill-Hege Nergård Abstract. Today, Norway contributes to the ongoing international operation in Afghanistan, in order to fight insurgency and to reconstruct and contribute to development for the Afghan population by building a democratic state built on the principles of human rights and the rule of law. However, the political and strategic rationale for Norway to be present in Afghanistan must also be seen in light of our engagements as a NATO allie and as a means in order to protect our selves and western allies from happenings such as the September 11, 2001 ever happening again. This assignment will therefore focus on the conflict in Afghanistan and how civil- military cooperation, through the use of Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs), and then especially the Norwegian led PRT in Meymaneh, Faryab province, has become an important part of the security dimension. Analytical tools used in this thesis, will be the state security concept, with a widening and a deepening of the security concept moving towards societal and human security. Here, the use of human security will be of most focus when analyzing the PRT Meymanhes contribution to security. Content: 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Theme and background for the research question........................... 1 1.2 Research question........................................................................... 6 1.3 Definition of concepts..................................................................... 7 1.3.1 The PRT – concept............................................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Civil – military cooperation.............................................................................. 10 1.4 Structure of the thesis.................................................................... 11 2 Theory ................................................................................................... 12 2.1 What is security?............................................................................. 12 2.2 State security: internal and external enemies.................................. 14 2.2.1 Political ends and military means..................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Pluralism............................................................................................................ 15 2.3 Towards a widening of the security concept................................... 15 2.3.1 Societal security................................................................................................ 18 2.4 The human security approach......................................................... 19 2.4.1 `Narrow´ and `broad´ approach to the concept.................................................. 22 2.4.2 Gender security.................................................................................................. 23 3 Methodological approach ..................................................................... 25 3.1 The research design......................................................................... 25 3.2 The gathering of empirical data........................................................ 25 3.2.1 The documental review...................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Interviews........................................................................................................... 26 3.3 Strenghts and weaknesses................................................................ 28 3.3.1 Validity and reliability....................................................................................... 28 4 Analysis .................................................................................................. 30 4.1 The concept of PRT Meymaneh..................................................... 30 4.1.1 Mission and overarching tasks..................................................................... 30 4.1.2 Civil-military coordination/cooperation....................................................... 32 4.2 PRT Meymanehs contribution to security...................................... 34 4.2.1 PRT Meymaneh and the human security concept......................................... 34 4.2.1.1 Does the PRT deminish violent threats to individuals?..................................... 35 4.2.1.2 Does the PRT promote development?................................................................ 43 4.2.1.3 Gender security................................................................................................... 50 4.2.2 PRT Meymaneh and societal security............................................................ 55 4.2.2.1 Military presence and counter-insurgency......................................................... 55 4.2.2.2 The “Speech Act”............................................................................................... 56 4.2.3 PRT Meymaneh and state security: internal and external enemies............... 57 4.2.3.1 Mentoring and assisting the ANSF................................................................... 58 4.2.3.2 Political ends and military means..................................................................... 62 4.3 Challenges in completing the mission............................................ 63 4.3.1 Challenges and the human security concept................................................. 63 4.3.1.1 Deteriorating security situation....................................................................... 63 4.3.1.2 Civil-military coordination/cooperation.......................................................... 67 4.3.1.3 Cultural awareness........................................................................................... 70 4.3.1.4 The lack of natural resources.......................................................................... 72 4.3.2 Challenges and societal security................................................................... 72 4.3.3 Challenges and state security......................................................................... 73 5 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 75 6 Bibliography ........................................................................................... 79 Appendix 1: List of abbreviations .................................................................................... 86 Appendix 2: Interview guide ............................................................................................. 87 Appendic 3: The Afghanistan Compact and the ANDS ................................................. 89 1. Introduction 1.1 Theme and background for the research question. The world`s security picture has changed dramatically since the end of the Cold War. With new types of immerging threats, the focus on human security has become more and more evident in academical debates during the 21 st Century. This indicates a shift from the traditional state security aspect, towards a recognition that individual citizens are also being exposed to security threats (Fierke, 2007: 5). This thesis will focus on the widening of the security concept and examin, how it can be used to analyse the Norwegian contribution of building security and peace in Afghanistan, with a particular focus on the Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) stationed in Meymaneh. Further explained as “a joint, integrated military-civilian organization, staffed and supported by ISAF member countries, operating at provincial level within Afghanistan” (PRT Handbook, 2007: 3). Today, Afghanistan is ranked as one of the worlds poorest and dangerous countries to live in and the country`s humanitarian crisis is being characterized as one of the world`s biggest. As a result, the creation of a safe and secure environment in Afghanistan is extremely important and very challenging. It contains a complex situation where the mission to establish security is very difficult. The establishment of security
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