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Isotopic Tracing and Numerical Modelling of Saline Groundwater Discharge Into Matola Wetlands, Mozambique

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Isotopic Tracing and Numerical Modelling of Saline Groundwater Discharge Into Matola Wetlands, Mozambique Isotopic Tracing and Numerical Modelling of Saline Groundwater Discharge into Matola Wetlands, Mozambique Rezwana Binte Delwar MSc Thesis WSE-GW.19-02 Student number 1047724 August 2019 Updated version October 2019 1 2 Isotopic Tracing and Numerical Modelling of Saline Groundwater Discharge into Matola Wetlands, Mozambique Master of Science Thesis by Rezwana Binte Delwar Supervisor Prof. Michael McClain, PhD, MSc (IHE Delft) Mentors Dr. Tibor Yvan Stigter, PhD, MSc (IHE Delft) Prof. Yangxiao Zhou, PhD, MSc (IHE Delft) Examination committee Prof. Michael McClain, PhD, MSc (IHE Delft) Prof. Yangxiao Zhou, PhD, MSc (IHE Delft) Dr. Tibor Yvan Stigter, PhD, MSc (IHE Delft) Dr. Matthijs Bonte, PhD, MSc (Shell) This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the academic degree of Master of Science in Water Science and Engineering IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands Master of Science in Environmental Engineering Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Master of Science in Hydro Science and Engineering Technische Universität Dresden, Germany MSc research host institution IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education Delft August 2019 3 Although the author and IHE Delft Institute for Water Education have made every effort to ensure that the information in this thesis was correct at press time, the author and IHE Delft do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. © Rezwana Binte Delwar, 2019. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License 4 Abstract Population pressure, repeated natural disasters and sea-level rise associated with projected climate changes increase pressure on secure freshwater resources, notably on groundwater of the coastal areas such as the Great Maputo Area in Mozambique. The Matola River, located in the west of Maputo, is a perennial river that carries mostly brackish/saltwater originating from groundwater seepage and salinity makes the river water unusable. The main origin of the saline groundwater is assumed to be fossil seawater, entrapped in the silty marl and clay dominated aquitards for thousands of years. However, detailed studies about the salinity problem of coastal Maputo city, particularly of Matola River are very limited. This research focuses on the integration of regional hydrogeochemistry, isotopic analysis and groundwater flow models to trace the source and evolution of saltwater in Matola wetlands. The Piper plot, Stiff map and bivariate diagrams of major ions reveal salinization through mixing with seawater followed by ion-exchange as the prominent hydrochemical processes of the study area west of the Matola River. On the other hand, east of the Matola River the dominant process seems to be freshening, and this distribution is related to land cover connected recharge rates of the area and the hydraulic properties of the aquitards. Water stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O) and 18O/Cl further confirm the mixing process between fresh and connate saline groundwater in conjunction with evaporation of shallow groundwater and surface water being the major sources of salinity. The advective transport model was developed in PMWIN based on the existing steady-state model to examine the residence time and flow paths of the groundwater, particularly for the area of Matola River and wetlands. The existing steady-state model shows the highest sensitivity to effective porosity, followed by hydraulic conductivities and model geometry. The range of travel times obtained through particle tracking was frequently large and highly dependent on the number of particles. Using the result of 13C/14C (DIC) isotopes, the evaluation of the existing groundwater flow model was undertaken. Despite several uncertainties in the tracer age calculations as well as model-simulated residence time, both studies agree the residence time of groundwater to be approximately 6000 years at maximum, with an average range of 3000- 4000 years. Development of two salt transport models (SEAWAT) further aided to assess the mentioned hypotheses. The “paleo” SEAWAT model partially validates the result of 14C tracer and PMPATH simulated residence time. On the other hand, the “modern” SEAWAT model predicts fresher aquifer system within next 1000-1500 years approximately. Based on the overall findings in combination with the recent transgressional history of the area, this research infers that the Holocene connate seawater cannot be the only source of salinity in Matola wetlands; other sources such as evaporite dissolution and slow diffusion of formation water (older than Holocene period) might also stimulate the intensification of the salinity problem of Matola wetlands. The results obtained in this research can contribute to target adaptation and mitigation measures for high groundwater salinity and assist the policymakers to take feasible solutions to sustainable groundwater management for Maputo region. i Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to thank my father for being my supporter, being the only person to believe in me and allowing me to pursue my dream. Thanks to my other family members and friends from Bangladesh for tolerating my bad mood and giving continuous inspiration. Thank you Dr. Tibor Yvan Stigter, for your curiosity, valuable advice, constructive comments and encouragement throughout this journey. Thank you Prof. Yangxiao Zhou, for your guidance, instructions and patience. I am in great indebtedness to these two of my guardian angels. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to all the teachers and colleagues with whom my path have crossed and who helped me to grow my knowledge directly or indirectly. Thanks to Eng. Fátima Mussa, people from ARA-Sul and University of Eduardo Mondlane who provided their support during the field work in Maputo. I also want to thank IHE-Delft Laboratory staffs for their help. Special thanks to Alberto Casillas and Ahmed Ameen for allocating time to answer my doubts within their busy schedules. No words can fully express my emotions towards the GroundwatCH family for this amazing journey of past two years. All the small gestures, care, laughter, sleepless nights and craziness hold a special place to my heart. You are my second family and I wish the very best to all of you. Special gratitude to my Delft colleagues for taking care of me when I was sick during thesis phase. Heartiest love to Hafsa for all the long conversations, listening to my naggings and sticking with me from the very beginning. It is also worth mentioning her name because she allowed me to come to Delft to do this research (!!!) Each of the three cities has different stories to tell. They have seen me struggling, feeling frustrated and crying. Again they have witnessed me going beyond my comfort zones, finding confidence and laughing with joy. These three cities have contributed a lot in shaping my mind and maturity, whatever I have today. So, I am beholden to Lisbon, Dresden and Delft too. Thanks to Sandipa didi for showing sisterly affection towards me. Without you, my first few days in Delft would have been worse. And at last but not the least I would thank the person who was always with me, invisibly. Sometimes few is more. নয়ন তেোমোরে পোয় নো তেখিরে, েরয়ছ নয়রন নয়রন। Rezwana Delft 26th August, 2019 ii iii Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. ii Table of Contents .................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .......................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ......................................................................................................... viii Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... ix Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Hypothesis and research objectives ............................................................................. 3 1.4 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 3 State of Art ......................................................................................... 4 2.1 Sources and hydrogeochemistry of saline groundwater .............................................. 4 2.2 Contribution of environmental isotopes in studying groundwater salinity and residence time 6 2.2.1 Environmental stable isotopes .............................................................................. 6 2.2.2 Radioactive isotopes ............................................................................................. 6 2.3 Groundwater flow models ........................................................................................... 8 Study Area Description
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