The Matola River Basin – Showing the Instream Reed Beds

REPÚBLICA DE MOÇAMBIQUE E4157v4 Ministério das Obras Públicas e Habitação

Public Disclosure Authorized

WATER SUPPLY AND INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT Identification of the Project: P0104566

Public Disclosure Authorized

COWI

Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme ESIA

Contact of the Proponent

Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de Água (FIPAG)

Avenida Felipe Samuel Magaia, Nº 1291 Maputo, Moçambique Tel: +258 21308840 / 308815 Fax: +258 21 308881 www.fipag.co.mz

Contacts of the Consultants

In order to ensure the environmental sustainability of the activities in this Project, FIPAG selected through a public tender FICHTNER in partnership with COWI (Mozambique) as consultants to conduct the Environmental and Social Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme within the Water Supply and Institutional Support Project.

COWI (Mozambique) FICHTNER

Av. Zedequias Manganhela, N. 95 Sarweystraße 3 ● 70191 Stuttgart 1.º Andar Postfach 10 14 54 ● 70013 Stuttgart Maputo-Cidade, Moçambique Tel.: 0711 8995-418 (Dr. Miller) Tel.: +258 21 358 351 Fax: 0711 8995-459 Fax: +258 21 307 369 [email protected] Cellular phone: 82 315 1190/82 311 6530 www.fichtner.de

Direct contact: Direct contact:

Yara Barreto (Team Leader) Dr. Hans G. Back (Project Manager)

Tel.: +258 82 20 50 0749 Tel: +258 82 66 85 002

E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]

Rev No. Rev-date Contents /amendments Prepared/revised Checked/released

0 23 Nov 2012 Draft Report submitted for comments Team Members Barreto/Back Final Draft following comments of 1 15 Dec 2012 Team Members Barreto/Back WorldBank/FIPAG Final following the public participation 2 25 Jan 2013 Team Members Barreto/Back meetings and comments of FIPAG Final following additional WorldBank 3 07 Mar 2013 Team Members Barreto/Back comments

Duration: From Februray 2012 to March 2013

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The whole set of Environmental Impact Reports contains the following volumes:

Vol. 1: Non-Technical Summary (NTS) Vol. 2: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Vol. 3: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Vol. 4: Bio-Physical Specialized Study Vol. 5: Socio-Economic Specialized Study Vol. 6: Health and Safety Specialized Study Vol. 7: Surface Water Specialized Study Vol. 8: Public Participation Process Report Vol. 9: Resettlement Action Plan

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Executive Summary

Introduction

The Greater Maputo Area is growing rapidly and neighbouring districts are more and more absorbed. The integration of these adjacent areas will nearly triple the service area for potable water and the population to be served will double up to 2035 reaching a total of 4,000,000 inhabitants.

As a consequence, the water demand will grow drastically and will exceed the present water production capacity between 2016 and 2019 for the actually served areas.

It is realized that the extension of the water supply scheme for Greater Maputo area is of paramount interest with respect to reliable and full provision of the population with potable water. Therefore the Government of Mozambique (GOM) is recently undertaking an investment program of urban water provision which includes the rehabilitation and extension of the water supply systems. GOM’s implementation agency for the new urban water program is the Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de Água (FIPAG, Water Supply Investment and Assets Fund) and the presented Project to develop a new source for drinking water supply to the Greater Maputo Area is part of this investment program.

Project Description

The project is located in Maputo province and crosses a number of human settlements, of both rural and peri-urban nature, in the Moamba District and the Machava Municipal Administrative Post (Matola Municipality).

Within this Project it is foreseen to take 60,000 m³/d from the existing Corumana Dam Reservoir in a first step, to treat it at a new Water Treatment Plant near Sabie and pump it to Machava Distribution Center. These 60,000 m³/d drinking water shall be available until 2017. Additional 60,000 m³/d shall be added until 2024, thus the full intended capacity of 120,000 m³/d will be reached then.

Main parts of the projected installations are:

1. About 94 km main from Corumana Dam site to Machava Distribution Center 2. Pumping station near Corumana Dam (1 ha land needed)

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3. Water treatment plant north-west of Sabié (10 ha needed including sludge storage site) 4. Area for control tanks south of Pessene (1 ha land needed) 5. Several off-takes along the corridor (not all determined yet) 6. Access roads 7. Medium voltage overhead lines to pumping station and to WTP site.

There is no other feasible alternative to the Project if the drinking water demand in the Greater Maputo Area beyond 2015 is met.

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process

The Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) has classified this Project as a Category A activity, making it necessary to carry out a full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA).

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process aims to identify the Project’s possible impacts on the socio-economy and on the environment and to develop mitigation measures to the impacts identified as well as their monitoring as to support the decision making regarding the environmental licensing of an activity.

In the process are included the screening, the scoping of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and the phase of environmental and social impact assessment and environmental and social management plan. In the scoping phase different alternatives concerning pipeline routing, location of pumping station, water treatment plant and extraction point have been analysed.

The other component of the ESIA process, whose importance is highlighted in the applicable legislation, is the Public Participation Process (PPP). Public participation is crucial, since it allows I&AP's to be informed about the various aspects that characterize the development of the Project while it can identify the expectations and concerns of those IA&P's during the ESIA.

Baseline Data

The land uses in the investigation area varies from dense settlement areas between Machava and Matola Gare to mainly agriculture fields and pasture areas for livestock from Matola Gare to Moamba and Corumana. Comparatively undisturbed habitats are found along the Matola River bed from Pessene to Moamba, between Incomati and Sabie Rivers and right downstream of Corumana Dam.

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The areas affected by the Water Supply Scheme run from Moamba District through the Machava Municipal Administrative Post (Matola Municipality). The current population of Greater Maputo is estimated to exceed two million inhabitants (INE, 2009). The projections indicate that Matola Municipality had 796.263 inhabitants in 2011. An urban area, it accounts for 53% of the total population in Maputo Province and has the highest population density (INE, 2009). Moamba is a rather rural district with low population density (MAE, 2005) and an estimated population of 62.392 inhabitants (Profile of Moamba District, 2005).

Most house walls in both Machava (93%) and Moamba (73%) are made of concrete blocks and cement. In Machava, only eight of the 108 typical houses are made of a different material: cane (5), burned brick (1), bamboo (1) and plastic (1). There is less diversity in houses made of different materials in Moamba: burned brick (4) or cane (2).

Roads are bad and public transport scarce, especially for Matola Gare. Electrical power distribution has been weak with many cuts. The focus groups also complained that electrical installation costs are beyond household means. As an alternative people use kerosene lamps, candles, batteries and solar panels;

Difficulties in accessing water are not just linked to long distances to the river but also the long waiting time in queues to get water and the bad quality of water. In the particular case of households in Moamba as they spend a long time during the day getting water from rivers/the dam they expressed the strongest dissatisfaction with the quality of water supply services. Most respondents in Machava have access to piped water either in their own or a neighbour’s yard (64%). In Moamba, however, the river, a pond or the dam (Corumana) is the main source for many households (36%). Very few have other water sources such as a tank in the yard (27%) and piped water in a neighbour’s yard (9%).

For assessment of resettlement needs all households in a potential working width corridor have been surveyed. This corridor of impact was selected to be 15 m on each side of the pipeline in rural areas and 8 m from one side of the pipeline axis in populated areas. Within this corridor, it was estimated that up to approximately 455 project affected units (households, persons, private and public infrastructures) can be identified whose assets (e.g. dwellings, fences, latrines, kiosks, farming areas, trees, shrubs etc.) will be potentially impacted by the Project. The survey indicates that up to a total of 12 households may require relocation and that 28 other houses may be partially affected (not

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requiring relocation)1. Only during the final survey for construction, it can be decided whether some of these households will really have to be relocated physically or not. It is expected that most of these households will in practice remain in place by means nominal realignment of the pipeline during the final setting out process. Combining houses and other infrastructures the Project may affect up to 300 infrastructures such as latrines, rooms, kitchens, fences, drains, sheds, roads and power lines, among others.

It is estimated that the agricultural areas of about 233 households will be affected and about 230 of the total households will lose trees/shrubs, mainly fruit bearing.

During construction, disturbance of cropping activities will occur, except where the pipeline is installed during the dry season when most fields lay idle. In the vicinity of the Machava Distribution Center there are about 89 small roadside kiosks in the corridor of impact, of which 84 are currently active2, and other 4 kettle that may lose part of its area of land use rights. Some of these kiosks and kettle will need to be moved a few meters back, some of them have to be relocated to other places temporarily and/or permanently, depending on the way they may interfere with the normal operations of the water main after installation.

Exact figures will be presented in the Resettlement Plan currently prepared to the Project.

The climate of the area is sub-tropical, varying from wet in the coastal areas to arid inland. The geology in the investigation area consists of five geological formations from coastal recent sediments at east, old sandy sediments around Matola River. From Pessene to Moamba and Sabie clay alluvium deposits are found and finally in the west there are the Lebombo basalt rhyolithes.

Protected areas are not occurring in the investigation.

The area of natural habitats that will be directly affected by the construction activities is very small compared with the current extension of these habitats. Very few species of fauna occurring in the Project area are threatened, near threatened or vulnerable. However, a considerable number of species (flora and fauna) were detected which are endemic to Southern Africa and whose conservation is relevant.

1 These 28 houses are located at the limit of the Corridor of Impact and are affected in the tyles or zync sheets of their roof. 2Of the 89 kioks/barracas inventoried, at the time of the inventory four were under construction and one was abandoned (i.e. no activity – comercial or of other nature – was developed in it).

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The proposed pipeline will cross two main rivers: Matola and Incomati Rivers as well as a few groups of mostly seasonal wetlands between Matola Gare and Pessene. These areas are considered to be sensitive areas because they are of ecological interest but they are degraded by intensive human utilization and do not present any official protection status. This type of wetland can be found very often in the broader investigation area and unique flora and fauna have not been detected in the corridor of the pipeline crossing these wetlands.

Main Bio-Physical Impacts of the Project

Potential impacts of the pre-construction phase vary in their importance from insignificant (in the physical environment) to low (in the biological environment). All impacts during this phase are considered to be insignificant after having implemented the proposed mitigation measures.

Negative impacts identified for the construction phase vary between low to moderate, both regarding physical environment. All potential biological impacts are low, except for the loss of vegetation cover and plant diversity which is considered to be of high importance dropping to moderate after implementing the mitigation measures. All impacts can be mitigated to the greatest extent possible and will last only during the construction period.

All predicted impacts for the operation phase are assessed to be low, and will be insignificant after implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

Impacts of the decommissioning phase following similar pattern as for the construction phase (after mitigation insignificant to low). However, a positive impact of this phase is related to the restoration of higher levels of ecological water flow at Sabie and Incomati Rivers.

Most critical issue of the construction activities during laying of the pipeline will be the crossing of the mostly seasonal wetlands and the Rivers of Matola and Incomati. For these pipeline sections specific mitigation activities have been developed to reduce the impact on these habitats to an absolute minimum. Furthermore, as the pipes will be installed below ground and the natural soil reinstated, the post construction impact will be negligible.

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Main Socio-Economic Impacts

For the characterization of the socio-economic status in the Project area 130 households along the study area have been surveyed, from which 108 in Machava and the remaining 22 in Moamba are located. 50.2% are men and 49.8 % are women. About half of all interviewed people are between 15 and 64 years. Most of these households living along the study area are not covered by a water supply system.

During survey and processing the data, fatal issues that might derail from the installations of the project could not be identified. The socioeconomic negative impacts identified are most low or insignificant, and can be reduced significantly after implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

The impacts will come up during construction phase. Assets will be impacted, business will be temporarily interrupted normally for a day or two at most, as the construction front for trenching, installing, and burying the pipeline passes by. None of these impacts will have a significance bigger than moderate after implementing of the management measures to be developed. However, some physical relocation actions will be necessary. This impact is likely to be significant for those households and owners that experience them. Notwithstanding, considering that in the context of the project the scale of such impacts is limited to a few households within the project footprint, these impacts can be readily managed through the implementation of the Resettlement Plan. Such implementation process must involve the affected and host communities, including their leaderships, and maintain regular communication with them.

A very positive effect of the construction activity will be the employment of up to 300 skilled and unskilled workers.

During operation positive effects of the Project are most obvious. Thus a much better supply with clean water will be possible after beginning of operation of the water supply system to the households. In a Dutch project (ORIO) it is foreseen to connect up to 20,000 household to the system. This will also improve the health situation of the population in the Greater Maputo Area.

Main Impacts related to Health and Safety

The impacts and risks for health & safety during the pre-construction phase are mostly related to the design of buildings, e.g. administration building, storage building, workshops, etc. required for the Project. It has been identified that the non-consideration of (i) ‘fire fighting equipment

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and fire alarm systems’ and (ii) ‘appropriate storage areas for chemicals, hazardous and flammable materials’ can present a risk of substantial significance.

During the construction and operational/maintenance phases impacts and risks for workers and for the community can occur and are assessed in nature, likelihood and severity. Decommissioning activities and tasks are generally very close in nature to construction activities.

Most of the impacts and risks identified have a low significance. Considering the nature of the required work, the extent of the construction activities and the proximity of local inhabitants to the construction corridor, the project can bring some substantial risks to workers and communities especially during the construction and decommissioning phases.

In order to assess the overall impacts of the Project, it should be considered that the water supply of the cities of Maputo and Matola and parts of the district of Moamba and Marracuene will be significantly improved. Especially the availability of potable water to areas not supplied by drinking water provided by the State will result in the improvement of the health and sanitation conditions, especially with respect to the reduction of the transmission of diseases by consumption of unsafe water. Most of the people in the project area are prone to contracting diseases caused by the consumption of unsafe water, such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, gastroenteritis, intestinal worms, and polio. The supply of treated water in sufficient quantity will contribute to the reduction index of these diseases and consequently contribute to a reduction in mortality.

HIV/AIDS represents one of the biggest threats for the development in Mozambique. Considering the high infection rate in Mozambique and the fact that the southern provinces are subject to an increase of the infection rate according to the newest statistics, there is a significant risk for the workers to contract an infection. The Contractor must undertake general preventive actions and shall develop and implement a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan in order to rise the awareness of workers and the population regarding transmission modes of HIV/AIDS and other STIs, including the consequences of risky behaviours. He has to take concrete measures to minimize the risk to an absolute minimum.

One specific health issue is related to the possible occurrence of cyanobacteria (also called green-blue algae) in the Corumana Dam Reservoir. These cyanobacteria producing substances named mycrocystins that might be harmful to the human health. It was reported that in the last years a blooming of these cyanobacteria took place in the reservoir, however, no scientific measurements have been performed.

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Therefore, it is recommended to monitor the occurrence of cyanobacteria in the reservoir already during the construction period. Independent of the results of these measurements the water treatment process foresees to use ozonisation in the pre-oxidation process and to add powdered activated carbon in the flocculation process. Both measures are suitable to destroy and to remove cyanobacteria and mycrostins as well very effectively.

Conclusion and Recommendations

It can be stated that the Project can be implemented and operated without having significant impacts on the bio-physical environment if the proposed mitigation measures are implemented. In order to reduce the impacts on flora and fauna to a minimum, the following main recommendations are presented:

(i) Usage of already existing roads and tracks especially when crossing natural habitats,

(ii) The crossings of wetlands and rivers shall be done during the dry season to minimize the impacts on the aquatic environment. The pipeline will be buried below the river bed at both Matola and Incomati Rivers. For crossing the Incomati River, another possible option is to pass the pipeline along the bridge either mounted to the bridge or on own pylons.

(iii) The Contractor shall establish well managed workers camps, provided with all the necessary means for waste water and solid waste collection.

In order to reduce the socioeconomic impacts to a minimum, the following main recommendations are presented:

(i) Implementation of the Resettlement Plan, including compensation and physical relocation of Project Affected Persons, before the commencement of construction works;

(ii) Set up of communication flows with the affected and host communities, for provision of regular and timely project information and for involvement in specific resettlement tasks;

(iii) Hiring of skilled and unskilled local labour during construction phase, according to skills available and needs of Contractor;

(iv) Apply subsidized water supply tariffs and payment of household connections in instalments for the disadvantaged populations.

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The project is viable from a social point of view and the implementation of the identified mitigation measures will minimize the socioeconomic implications of the project to a minimum.

In order to compensate the loss of assets of affected people and to manage physical relocation properly a Resettlement Plan to the Project will be set up. The implementation of the resettlement plan especially the compensation payment shall be carefully monitored and involve the local leaderships and the project affected persons, for both coordination and communication purposes.

For the construction works, it is highly recommended to hire local workers wherever possible. This will raise the acceptance of the population to the project even if they do not benefit directly from the expanded drinking water supply and will help to improve the livelihood in the region.

Regarding Health and Safety aspects, the Project can be implemented without any remaining significant risks and impacts, provided that the Health and Safety requirements stated are put in place.

The Contractor shall set up a corresponding Health, Safety and Environment Management (HSE) Plan and shall implement a Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSMS) during the whole construction phase.

Overall Conclusion

If the drinking water demand in the Greater Maputo Area beyond 2015 shall be met another feasible alternative to the Project including the No- Project option does not exist.

From the findings gained during the investigations to the impact assessment to the proposed Project it can be stated that the Project can be constructed and operated without having any significant negative impact on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment and does not show any non-acceptable risks if the proposed ESMP is implemented.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Context of the Project 1 1.2 Scope of Investigation 2 1.3 General Structure of the ESIA Report 3

2. Legal Framework 5

2.1 Administration 5 2.1.1 Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs 5 2.1.2 Ministry of Public Works and Housing 6 2.1.3 Ministry of Agriculture 6 2.1.4 Ministry of Health 7 2.1.5 FIPAG 8 2.2 Key National Strategies and Programmes 9 2.2.1 Millennium Development Goals 9 2.2.2 National Policies 11 2.2.3 Strategies 12 2.3 Key National Legislation 17 2.4 International Standards and Agreements 27 2.4.1 Key Agreements and Conventions 27 2.4.2 World Health Organization Guidelines 31 2.4.3 IFC/WorldBank Group Guidelines 32 2.4.4 Guidelines of the World Comission on Dams 38

3. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process 41

3.1 Methodology and Steps of ESIA 41 3.1.1 Project Categorization 42 3.1.2 Environmental Pre-Feasibility Study and Scoping Definition (EPDA) Phase and Terms of Reference for the ESIA 43 3.1.3 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Phase 44 3.2 Public Consultation 44 3.3 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report and Environmental and Social Management Plan 45

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3.4 Specialised Studies 46 3.5 Resettlement Plan 47

4. Project Definition 49

4.1 Proponent Identification 49 4.2 Project Relevancy 49 4.3 Alternatives 50 4.3.1 Location 50 4.3.2 Technologies used 54 4.3.3 Water Sources 55 4.3.4 Time Schedule 55 4.3.5 No Project Option 55 4.4 Risk Analysis 56 4.4.1 Location 56 4.4.2 Technologies used 56 4.4.3 Time Schedule 56 4.4.4 No Project Option 56 4.5 Associated Activities 56

5. Project Description 58

5.1 Project Location 58 5.2 Location of Water Extraction 58 5.3 Main Routing and Location of Installations 61 5.3.2 The Main intake 63 5.3.3 Off Takes 63 5.3.4 Pumping Station 64 5.4 Water Treatment 64 5.4.1 Principles of Treatment Process 65 5.4.2 Residues from Water Treatment Process 67 5.5 Construction Activities 68 5.5.1 Laying of the Pipeline 68 5.5.2 Workers Camps and Laydown Yards 70 5.5.3 Water Treatment Plant Site and Control Tank Area 70 5.5.4 Associated Works 70

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5.5.5 Solid Waste Generation 70 5.6 Number of workers 71 5.7 Project Implementation Schedule 71 5.8 Project Investment Costs 72

6. Area of Influence 73

7. Baseline Data 79

7.1 Physical Environment 79 7.1.1 Topography, Geology and Soil 79 7.1.2 Climate 82 7.1.3 Hydrology 85 7.1.4 Hydrogeology 91 7.1.5 Noise and Vibrations 91 7.1.6 Air Quality 92 7.2 Ecological Environment 93 7.2.1 Protected Areas 93 7.2.2 Flora 93 7.2.3 Fauna 103 7.2.4 Areas of Ecological Importance 109 7.3 Socioeconomic Environment 111 7.3.1 Land Use 112 7.3.2 Demography 116 7.3.3 Administrative Organization 118 7.3.4 Education 124 7.3.5 Health 126 7.3.6 Infrastructures and Services 128 7.3.7 Water and Sanitation 131 7.3.8 Energy 134 7.3.9 Roads and Communication 135 7.3.10 Economic Activities 137 7.3.11 Cultural Heritage 141 7.3.12 Preliminary Quantification of Resettlement Needs 145

8. Public Participation 147

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8.1 Focous groups 147 8.2 Public Consultation Meetings 150 8.2.1 Enquadramento 150 8.2.2 Public Announcement and Information Disclosure 152 8.2.3 Meetings 153

9. Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures 159

9.1 Methodology 159 9.2 Pre-construction Phase 163 9.2.1 Physical Environment 163 9.2.2 Biological Environment 165 9.2.3 Socioeconomic Environment 168 9.2.4 Health and Safety 171 9.3 Construction Phase 177 9.3.1 Physical Environment 177 9.3.2 Biological Environment 184 9.3.3 Socioeconomic Environment 190 9.3.4 Health and Safety 194 9.4 Operation/Maintenance Phase 217 9.4.1 Physical Environment 217 9.4.2 Biological Environment 221 9.4.3 Socioeconomic Environment 222 9.4.4 Health and Safety 228 9.5 Decommissioning Phase 240 9.5.1 Physical Environment 240 9.5.2 Biological Environment 245 9.5.3 Socioeconomic Environment 250 9.5.4 Health and Safety 250 9.6 Summary of Impacts 266 9.7 Social Responsibility 275 9.8 Cumulative Impacts 275

10. Accounting 278

11. Conclusions and Recommendations 279

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References 282

Annexes 284

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List of Figures

Figure 1-1: Expected development of the water demand calculated as a high scenario (taken from FIPAG 2012, Final Option Report) ...... 2 Figure 2-1: Institutional Framework of the Water Sector [Source: www.cra.org.mz] ...... 6 Figure 3-1: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process (*if necessary) ...... 42 Figure 3-2: Resettlement assessment process ...... 48 Figure 4-1: Alternatives investigated for water extraction and main routing ...... 53 Figure 5-1: Location of the project in Maputo Province ...... 59 Figure 5-2: Location of water extraction point ...... 60 Figure 5-3: Road Sections that have to be closed completely during activities for laying down of the pipeline (solid white line) ...... 64 Figure 5-4: Flow chart of treatment process and mass balance (taken from FIPAG 2012, Final Option Report and ammended according to COBA’s information, January 2013) ...... 66 Figure 5-5: Roads in the area of influence of the project ...... 69 Figure 6-1 - Direct and Indirect Bio-Physical Influence Areas ...... 77 Figure 6-2 - Direct and Indirect Socio-Economic Influence Areas ...... 78 Figure 7-1: Geological map of the project area 1:250.000 (Consortium GTK, 2006) ...... 81 Figure 7-2: Soils in the Project Area...... 83 Figure 7-3: Vegetation distribution in the Project area ...... 102 Figure 7-4: Land use and major habitats in the investigation area ...... 114 Figure 7-5: Age pyramid of household members in the study area (from top to bottom: don’t know; 65 or over, 15-64 years, < 15 years) ...... 116 Figure 7-6: Administrative Organization at the project area of influence ...... 121 Figure 7-7: Which person or source of information do you trust most to receive information and help when you have a conflict (from left to right: district administrator, head of post, neighbourhood secretary, bloc head, régulo/land, chief village, chief relative/family member friends/neighbours, radio and television) ...... 123 Figure 7-8: Main source of fuel for household lighting (electricity, kerosene and other) ...... 135 Figure 7-9: Percentage of the active population in the study area ...... 137 Figure 8-1: Route of the water pipe and crossings with roads, the gas pipeline and the railway ...... 158

List of Tables

Table 2-1: Key National Legislation ...... 18 Table 2-2: Key Agreements and Conventions ...... 28 Table 2-3: IFC Envirionmental Noise Guidelines ...... 37 Table 4-1: Ranking of the different pipeline alternatives from the ecological and socio-economic points of view ...... 51 Table 5-1: Amount of chemicals needed for the operation phase (120,000 m³ of drinking water)...... 66 Table 6-1: Criteria used to determine the project DAI and IAI ...... 74 Table 7-1: Total household members in the project area ...... 117 Table 7-2: Languages spoken in Machava and Moamba ...... 118 Table 7-3: Administrative organization of Moamba District ...... 119 Table 7-4: Administrative organization of Matola Municipality ...... 120 Table 7-5: Level of education concluded by household head ...... 124 Table 7-6: Level of education of all household members ...... 125 Table 7-7: Most common diseases/illnesses in Machava and Moamba ...... 127 Table 7-8: Type of services sought ...... 128 Table 7-9: Services and resources in Machava and Moamba ...... 130

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Table 7-10: Type of water source for human consumption ...... 133 Table 7-11: Type of household hygiene facility ...... 134 Table 7-12: How the household deals with waste ...... 134 Table 7-13: Main household means of transport ...... 136 Table 7-14: Occupation status of household members ...... 138 Table 7-15: Sources of income ...... 139 Table 7-16: List of household possessions ...... 140 Table 7-17: main religion of the surveyed households ...... 141 Table 7-18: Most common reasons of mobility in the household ...... 142 Table 7-19: Location of the houses affecetd by the porject that might have to be ressetled ...... 145 Table 8-1: Settlements covered by the qualitative survey...... 147 Table 8-2: most common concerns about the community ...... 150 Table 9-1: Criteria used for evaluation of impacts ...... 160 Table 9-2: Assessment of impacts after implementation of mitigation/incrementation measures ...... 266 Table 10-1: Costs to ensure compliance with the environmental management recommended ...... 278

List of Photographs

Photograph 5-1: Outlet of Corumana Dam ...... 61 Photograph 5-2: Preinstalled extraction structure at Corumana Dam site ...... 61 Photograph 5-3: Preinstalled equipment at the extraction point at Corumana Dam site ...... 62 Photograph 5-4: Water storage tanks at distribution Centre of Machava ...... 62 Photograph 7-1: Sabie river bed and banks downstream of Corumana Dam site ...... 94 Photograph 7-2: Lebombo arid vegetation at the Pumping Station Site in Corumana ...... 94 Photograph 7-3: Clay thorn bushveld at Sabieat the proposed location for the water treatment plant ...... 95 Photograph 7-4: Stand of Lebombo arid vegetation with Euphorbia ingens in the background and Euclea shrubs near Sabie village ...... 96 Photograph 7-5: Clay thorn bushveld with Aloe marlothi in the background ...... 96 Photograph 7-6: Incomati River in dry season at the proposed site for crossing the water pipeline .. 97 Photograph 7-7: Riparian vegetation of the river creeks draining into Incomati and Sabie River between Moamba and Corumana ...... 97 Photograph 7-8: Permanent wetland north of Pessene ...... 98 Photograph 7-9: Temporary inundated grassland near Pessene ...... 98 Photograph 7-10: Bushveld located south-east of Pessene at the site for the control tanks system .. 99 Photograph 7-11: The Matola River basin – showing the instream reed beds ...... 100 Photograph 7-12: Temporary wetlands – inundated grassland at Matola Gare ...... 101 Photograph 7-13: Gas pipeline system in the route of the water supply system towards Corumana 115 Photograph 7-14: Two typical houses, one in Moamba (left) and one in Machava (right)...... 128 Photograph 7-15: Socimol factory ...... 131 Photograph 7-16: Stalls in Machava-Sede neighbourhood (left) and Pessene village (right) ...... 139 Photograph 7-17: Sacred marula tree (left) and family graves (right) in Matola-Gare neighbourhood 143 Photograph 7-18: community map showing a sacred site in Ciduava, Matola-Gare, belonging to a community leader – Régulo Pedro – in which traditional ceremonies are performed (Lower corner on the left hand side) ...... 144 Photograph 8-1: Venn chart in Machava-Sede used during the focous groups discussions ...... 149

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Abbreviations

AdeM Águas da Região de Maputo – Águas de Moçambique AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBNRM Community Based Natural Resources Management CC Construction Contractor CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COBA Consultores de Engenharia e Ambiente, S.A., Portugal COFAMOSA Committee for the Facilitation of Agriculture between Mozambique and South Africa COI Corridor of Impact DAI Direct Area of Influence DC Distribution Center DHS Demographic Health Survey DNAIA Directorate for Environmental Impact Assessment DP Displaced Person DPCA Provincial Directorate of Environmental Affairs DWTP Drinking Water Treatment Plant EC European Community EFO Environmental Field Officer EL Environmental License EMP Environmental and Management Plan EN European Standard (Normative) EPDA Environmental Pre-Feasibility and Scoping Study ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESHIA Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan FIPAG Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de Água (Water Supply Investment and Assets Fund) GIIP Good International Industry Practice GIS Geographical Information System GNP Gross National Product GMWSS Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme GoM Government of Mozambique HAZID Hazard Identification Study HDPE High Density Polyethylene HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HSE Health, Safety and Environment HSO Health and Safety Officer

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IAI Indirect Area of Influence I&AP Interested and Affected People IFC International Finance Corporation INE National Statistics Bureau INGC Instituto Nacional de Gestao de Calamidades (National Disaster Management Institute) INSIDA National AIDS Survey ISO International Organization for Standardization MDGs Millennium Development Goals MICOA Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet MoH Ministry of Health NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan n. a. not applicable NIHL Noise Induced Hearing Loss NTS Non-Technical Summary NWDP National Water Development Project OHSAS Occupational Health- and Safety Assessment Series OP Operational Policy PAC Powdered Activated Carbon PAP Project Affected People PARP Action Plan for the Reduction of Poverty PE Polyethylene PES Economic and Social Plan PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPP Public Participation Process PS Performance Standard QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control RoW Right of Way SADC Southern African Development Community SCBA Self Contained Breathing Apparatus SIA Social Impact Assessment SMP Social Management Plan SOP Safe Operating Procedure STI Sexually Transmitted Infection TFCA Transfrontier Conservation Area ToR Terms of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solids UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

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UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USD U(united)S(tates) Dollar UV Ultraviolet WASIS Water Sector Service and Institutional Support WB WorldBank Group WHO World Health Organisation WTP Water Treatment Plant

List of Units dB(A) decibel(A) g gram h hour ha hectare = 10,000 m³ hm³ hectom³ = 1 Million m³ = 1,000,000 m³ km kilometre km³ cubic kilometre l litre m meter m³ cubic meter m³/d cubic meter/day m³/day cubic meter per day mg milligram n Number t ton

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Definitions

Term Definition An effective Malaria Control Program: A–Awareness and Public Education; B–Bite Prevention, C– A, B, C, D Chemoprophylaxis, D–Diagnosis and Treatment, E– Environmental Control

It is the medium in which humans and other living Environment things interact with each other and with the medium itself. It is an instrument of preventive environmental Environmental and management that consists in the identification and Social Impact preliminary, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the Assessment (ESIA) beneficial and harmful environmental effects of a proposed activity. It is the component of the process of environmental Environmental and impact assessment that examines the technical and Social Impact Study scientific implications of implementing development (ESIS) activities on the environment and the social environment. Environmental and The actions to be undertaken by the proponent in order Social Management Plan to manage the negative impacts and enhance the (ESMP) positive impacts resulting from the implementation of the proposed activity, elaborated under the EIA. It is the ability that an activity has to be implemented Environmental feasibility without causing significant adverse impacts on the environment of the implementation area or that its negative impacts are susceptible to mitigation. It is any positive or negative change on the Environmental Impact environment, especially with effects on air, land, water and human health, resulting from human activity. The capacity of the dam to meet behavior requirements regarding the limitation of harmful Environmental safety (of impacts on the environment, particularly with regard to a dam) water quality, silting of the reservoir, downstream evolution of the river bed and changing groundwater levels, as well as ecological, climate, scenic, historical, cultural and archeological aspects. Set of measures taken to minimize or avoid negative Mitigation measures impacts on the biophysical and socioeconomic environment It is the regular and periodic measurement of Monitoring environmental variables representing the evolution of the environmental impacts of the activity after its

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Term Definition implementation to document the changes that were caused, in order to verify the occurrence of the predicted impacts and the effectiveness of the respective mitigation measures. The capacity of the dam to meet structural behavior Structural safety requirements towards actions and other influences associated with the construction and operation, as well as with exceptional occurrences

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1. Introduction

1.1 Context of the Project

The Maputo Water Supply System currently covers only a part of the Municipalities of Maputo and Matola and the Boane District. Many people have still to use unprotected water sources. Only about 40 % of the residents in this area have access to adequate drinking water, with most areas being served at low pressure and only a few hours of supply per day. In addition, not all households who have access to water are fitted with proper sanitation facilities. This represents the origin of various diseases as diarrhoea, cholera, malaria, etc. (FIPAG 2011 ‘Master Plan for the Greater Maputo Water Supply System’).

At present, the main source for the water supply system of Maputo is the Umbeluzi River. The Umbeluzi Water Treatment Plant (WTP), which treats the water pumped from this river, has a treatment capacity limited to a flow rate of 240,000 m³/day. This drinking water production only satisfies the demand of the population in the short term but will not be able to sustain their demand after 2016.

In addition, the boundaries of Maputo City witness rapid changes as the neighbouring districts of Marracuene and Moamba are increasing and are integrated more and more to form what is being currently termed the ‘Greater Maputo Area’. This integration process will nearly triple the service area and by 2035 it doubles the population in need of water supply services to a total of 4,000,000 inhabitants. This will require the water supply system to undergo changes from sources (extraction), transport and treatment to distribution and consumption. The forecast of the total water demand in 2035 is around 560,000 m³/day (see Figure 1-1), more than twice as much the value of the current consumption (FIPAG 2011 ‘Master Plan for the Greater Maputo Water Supply System’).

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300 000 600 000

Cidade De Maputo 250 000 500 000 Catembe

200 000 400 000 Inhaca

Matola 150 000 300 000

m3/d Boane + Matola-Rio m3/d (total)m3/d 100 000 200 000 Marracuene

50 000 100 000 Moamba

GM_Tot._High Scn. 0 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 GM_Tot._Base Scn.

Figure 1-1: Expected development of the water demand calculated as a high scenario (taken from FIPAG 2012, Final Option Report)

The overall objective of the Government is now to reach a service ratio of the population with safe water of 70 % by 2015 and a full coverage in the long term (FIPAG 2011 ‘Master Plan for the Greater Maputo Water Supply System’).

In a first step it is intended to provide additionally up to 120,000 m³/day of potable water to the Greater Maputo Area. This is the scope of the Environmental and Social Studies to which the presented ESIA Reports with its appendices reports have been prepared as part of the whole approval process.

1.2 Scope of Investigation

The scope of the environmental and social investigations covers the elaboration of the environmental and social studies as needed for the environmental assessment process aiming at issuing the Environmental Licence by MICOA. These studies will include among others an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) and an associated Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

The Specialized Studies prepared to this Project (see Vol. 4 – Vol. 7) represent the basis for the environmental assessment of the impacts that might come up by planning and implementing the Project.

A Resettlement Plan Report was also prepared. This Report contains a survey of the affected people and assets. The resulting data were used to

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present the costs for relocation actions, for compensation of land due to the Right of Way (RoW) crossing private properties and for any damages that might arise from construction.

After having performed the associated Public Consultation Meetings, the Public Participation Process Report was written and the outcome of these meetings were considered in the ESIA/ESMP Study.

1.3 General Structure of the ESIA Report

The presented ESIA report follows in content the Decrees 45/2004 and 129/2006, in order for it to be applied for the Environmental Impact Assessment Process in Mozambique.

The ESIA Report contains 13 Chapters containing the following information:

Chapter Description Gives a short overall summary about Executive Summary the findings of the study. Presents general information about the Introduction Project. Examines the specific legal requirements applicable to the ESIA, including the framework of the Project in the environmental impact assessment regime in force in Mozambique and other legal requirements relevant to the Legal Framework proposed activity. This chapter also presents the main guidelines of the proponent and international organizations concerning the ESIA process, public participation and resettlement. Describes the legal requirements and Environmental and Social Impact the different steps of the whole ESIA Assessment Process Process incl. all the public consultation requirements. Presents the project developer and the Project Definition Consultant’s alternatives of this Project. Presents a description and rationale of Project Description the proposed Project and its components. Describes the direct and indirect area of Area of Influence the Project’s influence. Describes the physical, ecological and Baseline Data socio-economic environment in the Project area.

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Chapter Description Lists and explains the potential environmental impacts of the proposed activity. Classifies the impacts Impact Assessment and Mitigation associated with the development in all Measures phases of the Project as well as cumulative impacts. Identifies the mitigation measures of the impacts. Gives the cost for auditing the Accounting implementation of the Environmental and Social Management Plan. Provides summarizing findings and Conclusion and Recommendations recommendations. References Lists the references used in this study. Contains maps, photographic Annexes documentation and others.

The whole set of reports to the ESIA Process comprises 8 Volumes whereof this report is Vol. 2. Others are:

Vol. 1: Non-Technical Summary (NTS) Vol. 3: Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) Vol. 4: Bio-physical Specialized Study Vol. 5: Socio-Economic Specialized Study Vol. 6: Health and Safety Specialized Study Vol. 7: Surface Water Vol. 8: Public Participation Process Report Vol. 9: Resettlement Plan

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2. Legal Framework

The purpose of this section is to present the legal frameworks at national and international development and environmental, that are applicable to the proposed project, including: legal instruments both international and national, the identification of international conventions ratified by the Government of Mozambique, as well as regional agreements among countries in southern Africa.

2.1 Administration

The proposed project is covered by the regulation of Mozambique on the process of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Decree No. 45/2004 of September 29 combined with the Decree No. 42/2008 of November 4, while maintaining the other regulations and standards prevailing in the country and the regional and international standards applicable for such cases.

2.1.1 Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs

The Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) is the central organ of the state structure that directs the implementation of the environmental policy, and that coordinates, advises, controls and encourages the proper planning and use of natural resources of the country in accordance with the principles, objectives and tasks set by the Council of Ministers. Its organizational status was approved by the Resolution No. 16/2009, establishing its structure and functions. The Ministerial Order No. 255/2009 determines the Internal Regulation of MICOA.

The Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) directs the execution of the policy established by the government for the sector, namely:

 Decides on the environmental impact studies related to the realization of socio-economic activities in the context of the development of projects in the sectors;  Decides on the technical quality of environmental impact assessments;  Conducts environmental audits and carry out activities due to legal procedures when there are offenses covered by the Environment Act;  Proposes to the Council of Ministers policies for sustainable development of the country;

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 Disseminates and report regularly on the environmental situation of the country;  Recommends to the government the creation of environmental incentives;  Decides, after consultation with the sectors of protection and research institutions, on the creation of areas of ecological value; and  Decides on the sustainability of the development plans.

2.1.2 Ministry of Public Works and Housing

Ministerial Diploma No. 217/98 of December 23 sets out the objectives, functions and powers of the Ministry of Public Works and Housing. In its Chapter I Section 1 Article 1 defines the areas of action as:

 Public Works;  Housing and Urban Development;  Water resources;  Complete inspection of public works; and  Administration.

Figure 2-1: Institutional Framework of the Water Sector [Source: www.cra.org.mz]

2.1.3 Ministry of Agriculture

The Ministry of Agriculture, created by the Presidential Decree No. 13/2005, is the central organ of the state structure which, in accordance with the principles, objectives and tasks set by the government, directs,

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organizes and ensures the implementation of the policies in the areas of land, agriculture, livestock, forestry, wildlife and agricultural hydraulics.

The Ministry of Agriculture has the following structure:

• National Directorate of Agrarian Services; • National Directorate of Veterinary Services; • National Directorate of Land and Forests; • National Directorate of Agrarian Extension; • Inspectorate - General; • Directorate of Economics; • Directorate of Human Resources; • Directorate of Administration and Finance; • Agrarian Documentation and Information Centre; • Department of International Cooperation; • Office of the Minister.

Subordinated Institutions:

• Institute of Agricultural Research of Mozambique (IIAM); • Mozambique Cotton Institute (IAM); • Cashew Promotion Institute (INCAJU); • Center for Promotion of Agriculture (CEPAGRI); • National Center for Cartography and Remote Sensing (CENACARTA); • Training Institute for Land Administration and Mapping (INFATEC); • Technical Secretariat for Food Security and Nutrition (SETSAN).

In the provinces, the ministry is represented through Provincial Directorates of Agriculture (there are 10 in total, one per province) which are mandated with policy dissemination, provincial planning and budgeting and coordination of activities in the province. At the district level, the ministry is represented through the District Service of Economic Activities within the District Administration Office.

The main public services provided by MINAG and its subordinate institutions include: the issuing of agricultural policy directives and legislation on agriculture and natural resource management, agricultural research and extension, veterinary services and community land delimitation.

2.1.4 Ministry of Health

The Ministry of Health, created by the Presidential Decree No. 11/95, is the Central Authority of the State apparatus regarding the principles, objectives and tasks set by the Government and is responsible for the implementation of Health Policy in the fields public, private and community sectors.

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Its objectives are:

 Promoting and encouraging the resolution of health problems, designing and developing programs to promote and protect health and the prevention and combating disease;  Provide health care to the population through the public sector Health;  Promote and support the private sector non-profit;  Promote, supervise and support a Community System to provide health care;  Formulate pharmaceutical policy and direct its implementation in accordance with the guidelines outlined by the Government;  Promote and guide the technical and professional training of the staff of Health;  Promote the development of appropriate technologies for the Health System; and  Promote the development of research on the different levels of health care, to guarantee a better definition of Health Policy and Management programs.

2.1.5 FIPAG

The Water Supply Investment and Assets Fund (FIPAG) is a public national institution with legal personality and administrative, financial and patrimonial independence. It was created by the Decree No. 73/98. The Ministerial Order No. 118/2001 approved the Rules of FIPAG.

FIPAG’s Resettlement Policy Framework presents the action plan for the resettlement activities of project namely the expansion of the water supply network. It sets the principles and guidelines for resettlement in the frame of urban water supply interventions under FIPAG's responsibility and gives the principles and guidelines for resettlement in the frame of urban water supply interventions under FIPAG's responsibility

Generic Framework Environmental Management Plan for Construction Works FIPAG’s Generic Framework Environmental Management Plan for Construction Works (FIPAG 2003) has been implemented by FIPAG for ongoing WorldBank financed Water Services and Institutional Support Projects (WASIS) setting appropriate standards for construction works. This plan shall be considered by bidding companies for the construction works to this Project.

The purpose of this EMP is to control the potential negative environmental impacts associated with the construction phase of a sub-project, and/or to

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enhance any positive environmental impacts. The effective implementation of a sub-project EMP ensures that the construction activities are conducted and managed in an environmentally sound and responsible manner.

EMPs typically contain Environmental Specifications to which the Contractor will be required to adhere throughout the duration of his contract, to reduce or prevent negative environmental impacts to the surrounding environment. An EMP also details the organisational authority and structure required to ensure the effective implementation of the EMP and measures to monitor and improve the application of the EMP.

The Generic EMP contains a library of the minimum scope of environmental information that must be communicated by the Contractor to his staff, including all sub-contractors and on-site workers for the duration of his contract.

2.2 Key National Strategies and Programmes

2.2.1 Millennium Development Goals

The 8 Millennium Development Goals are:

a) Eradicate Absolute Poverty and Hunger

According to the latest national progress report on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) produced in 2010, the percentage of people living below the national poverty line in Mozambique stood at 54.7%.

If the recent dynamics of training and job creation continue, the national target of 1 million people employed and/or professionally trained by 2015, may be exceeded by more than 100%. The other main target of MDG1 is to have, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger. It is potential for Mozambique to meet the target.

b) Achieve universal primary education

Hundred per cent net enrolment rate in primary education by 2015 seems to be a potential goal for Mozambique. In 2008, 81% of children in the age for attending primary school (6-12 years old) were enrolled in school (MICS data). Completion rate has also increased tremendously.

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c) Promote gender equality and empower women

d) Reduce child mortality

Mozambique has the potential to achieve its 2015 targets for infant mortality (67/1,000 live births) and under-five mortality (108/1,000 live births).

Vaccination is one of the interventions that contribute strongly to the reduction of child mortality, through decrease of the incidence of preventable diseases.

Malaria, AIDS, pneumonia and diarrhoea were the main causes of child deaths in Mozambique in 2008.

Fair allocation of qualified human resources for neonatal and infant health at all levels would reduce child mortality.

e) Improve Maternal Health

The maternal mortality rate has reduced gradually from 1,000 deaths per 100,000 live births in the beginning of the 90s to 500,1 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2007 (Census 2007). The national goal for 2015 is set to 250 deaths that may be hard but potential to meet.

The coverage of prenatal visits with at least once a year has increased from 71.4% to 84.5%, and to 92% respectively (IDS1997, IDS 2003 and MICS 2008). The national goal for this indicator is set to 95%, and it seems to be very potential to be met.

The use of contraceptives by married women (or women living in a marital union) increased from 6% in 1997 to 18.2% in 2003 and decreased slightly to 16.2% in 2008. This decrease corresponds to the decrease of the use of modern contraceptives, which decreased from 14.2% in 2003 to 12.2% in 2008.

Since 1977 Maternal Health has been on top of the Government's priorities and significant progress is made.

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f) Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases

HIV and AIDS is one of the big threats to development in Mozambique. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS among youths and adults (15- 49 years of age), was estimated at the rate of 11.5% between 2008 and 2009 (INSIDA 2009). In 1997 the rate was 8.6%. There is no nationally set goal for 2015.

Malaria is still one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Mozambique. There are eight nationally set goals to prevent malaria and deaths due malaria by 2015.

Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem in Mozambique. The target for this disease by 2015 is to lower its prevalence from 298 to 149 cases per 100,000 inhabitants and to reduce mortality from 36 to 18 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. More than half (66%) of the patients with TB are HIV positive.

g) Ensure environmental sustainability

For environmental indicators there are no nationally set targets but during the last few years, the country has increased its reforestation investments and protected areas. On the contrary, The consumption of ozone layer depleting substances has increased in Mozambique.

The access to safe drinking water supply has increased from 37.3% in 1997 to 56.0% in 2009 when the national target for 2015 is 70%. Proportion the population with access to improved sanitation has increased from 40% in 2003 to 45% in 2009, with the target for 2015 being 50%. At this rate of improvement Mozambique will likely meet the 2015 targets for access to water as well as sanitation.

h) Establish a global partnership for development

The debt of Mozambique has remained sustainable in the last few years. The indicator called Debt Service shows reasonable results. From 1997 to 2009, the sustainability of the debt, measured by the Debt Service / Exports of Goods and Services (X) Ratio, has decreased from 21.7% to 2.54%.

The cellular technology is a more rapidly adopted technology by Mozambicans than other information technologies. The environment is quite supportive for ICTs. There are no set goals in this area

2.2.2 National Policies

Since 1990, the Government of Mozambique has produced and adopted a wide range of policies which include instruments that provide protection for natural resources. These are:

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The Agrarian Policy The aims within this policy are to develop agrarian activities to achieve food security for the country based on sustainable use of natural resources.

The Land Policy The objective of this policy was to entrench the rights of the population over the land and other natural resources, while promoting investment and sustainable and equitable use of these resources. The following goals were defined:

 increasing national agriculture production,  stimulating private investment by securing land rights,  promoting land access rights of rural populations,  guaranteeing customary and traditional land rights,  preserving important ecological areas, and  creating an effective land tax system.

The Environmental Policy This policy ensures environment and natural resources maintain their functional and productive capacity for current and future generations; ensures that environment is considered in socioeconomic planning; and integrates global and regional efforts in the search for solutions to environmental problems. The national policy was implemented through two legislative instruments: the National Environmental Management Program and the National Strategy and Action Plan for Conservation of the Biological Diversity prepared in 1997 which was later approved in 2003 as the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, within which an institutional and legal framework has been built for the most relevant sectors and subsectors of national development (MICOA, 1997; Massango, 2004, USAID 2008).

2.2.3 Strategies

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan approved in 2003 by the Mozambican Government has the following objectives:

1. Fulfil the requirement of the article 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) that appeals to develop national strategies that reflect the measures defined in the convection. 2. Identify issues that need national priority actions and that need immediate coordination efforts. 3. Have a basic tool that helps the government agencies and the society to assure that all government policy plans related to biological diversity are realized, especially through efforts to coordinate relevant sectorial

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policies, programs and strategies. The NBSAP is specially designed to achieve the following strategic objectives:  Conservation of the country’s biological resources, based on knowledge, research, and rehabilitation and strengthening of the conservation areas as well as on conservation measures extended to fragile or important ecosystems.  Sustainable use of biological resources, through reinforcement of inspection measures, change of attitudes and practices harmful to biological resources, promotion of the use of sub-products derived from natural resources, observation of genetic viability, enforcement of institutional coordination, control on introduction of invasive species, capitalization of the use of natural resources specially wildlife, marine, and coastal resources to improve economic and social status of the country.

These strategic objectives were designed to respond to the articles 6 and 7 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). There are several priority activities included in NBSAP:

1. Obtention of a political and institutional commitment to achieve the objectives of this strategy. 2. Promotion of coordination efforts among and within institutions in order to assure a better organization and implementation of the actions proposed in the action plan of the NBSAP. 3. Identification of the components of biological diversity (updated and/or new data). 4. Promotion and establishment of an information system regarding the current status of the components of biological diversity. 5. Establishment of protection measures for sensible natural habitats and/or endangered species, including, if necessary, recommendations of new areas to be protected. 6. Reinforcement of the inspection on informal and formal exploitation of natural resources, covering features related to human, material and financial resources. 7. Monitoring of biological diversity, especially in areas under exploitation, using a system of criteria and indicators to monitor biological diversity. 8. Valuation of natural resources, evaluation of the costs related to utilization of natural capital and incorporation of the costs and benefices into national accounts. 9. Promotion and valuation of the role of research into information production and decision making processes about natural resources utilization. 10. Community management of natural resources and valuation of traditional knowledge (intellectual property). 11. Conservation of genetic resources of plants and animals.

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12. Control and knowledge of GMO and potential invasive species, which are capable of harming the biological diversity. 13. Creation of conditions to improve the well-being of people throughout the exploitation and sustainable use of natural resources. 14. Simplification and dissemination of the NBSAP.

National Policy and Strategy of Forestry and Wildlife The Policy and Strategy for Wildlife and Forestry Development, through Cabinet Resolution number 8/97 of 1 April 1997, allowed the creation of potential opportunities for substantial community participation in forestry and wildlife management. The Mozambican Wildlife and Forestry Policy states that it is important that those who use and benefit more directly from wildlife shall participate in the management planning processes. Local communities are, in fact, targeted as the principal actors in the implementation of the policy. The policy determines the objectives of wildlife and forestry management as including:

a) conserving basic resources, including biological diversity; b) involving people who are dependent on forestry and wildlife resources in the planning and sustainable use of such resources; and c) ensuring that communities benefit from wildlife resources.

It also establishes, as a principle, that wildlife and forestry resources must be managed to ensure harmony between local communities and local institutions of the State, so that customary practices and conservation principles are respected.

Tourism and Conservation Strategy Conservation Strategies to support the Development of Tourism in Mozambique

The following specific conservation related strategies will be used to support the development of tourism in Mozambique over the next ten years:

i) Consolidation of Key Natural Resources Management

The concept of Management of Natural Resources defines, among others, how natural resources as biodiversity, landscapes, habitats, biotopes and ecosystems, including coastal and inshore marine can be conserved with simultaneous sustainable development of the tourism industry. This concept follows the strategy to consolidate the various bodies which are currently involved in the nautral resource management into one natural resource management structure in the country. This entity will provide a

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structured approach in policy definition, regulation, management and coordination of all activities related to conservation.

Thus, the management of all wild natural resources, including coastal and marine, will be gradually improved and consolidated in a framework of natural resources management in the country, which will enable a structured approach in the policy of definition, regulation, management and coordination of all activities related to conservation.

ii) Improving Conservation Related Products and Service Quality

One obvious shortcoming in the present state of affairs is the absence of regulations to operationalize the various Laws and Decrees supporting conservation activities in the country. Specific Regulations are required for each segment activity area, namely: • Regulations and Guidelines related to tourism development and uses in coastal and marine protected areas, and Regulations and Guidelines related to tourist hunting activities; • Regulations and Guidelines pertaining to Community Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM); • Regulations and Guidelines pertaining to the management and trade in living animals; • Regulations and Guidelines pertaining to concession and investment opportunities in the special conservation areas, i.e., National Parks and National Reserves.

iii) Fast-tracking the Rehabilitation of Wildlife into Conservation Areas

Given the low base of wildlife populations in the country’s conservation areas and on communal lands, it is necessary to accelerate the rehabilitation of games into appropriate areas for wildlife management, by offering special investment incentives.

iv) Using TFCAs to Support the Development of Tourism

The primary goal of conservation areas is to provide high quality recreation opportunities to support the growth of tourism. There is a need to continue the efforts of strengthening the TFCAs already established (Lebombo e Chimanimani). Additional TFCAs will be planned and developed wherever appropriate and possible.

v) Supporting the Establishment of New Conservation Areas

Given the low human densities in some areas, the promulgation of new conservation areas is an important option to enhance development opportunities and preservation of resources. There are also exceptional opportunities to establish IUCN’s Category VI conservation areas, arising from CBNRM initiatives.

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vi) Strengthening and Expanding the Professional Hunting Industry

Tourist hunting operations have the potential of being a good source of revenue, especially in CBNRM areas.

National Strategic Plan for HIV and AIDS Response (2010-2014) The main objective of this Strategic Plan (PEN III) is to contribute to the reduction of the number of new HIV infections in Mozambique, to promote the improvement of the quality of life of persons living with HIV and AIDS, and to reduce the impact of AIDS on national development efforts. So as to ensure the success of these interventions, the family is called upon to play a central role in all dimensions of the response.

The essence of the Plan is the reaffirmation of the guiding principles of respect for human rights, the multi-sectoral nature of the response, orientation according to proven results, the economy of resources, systems strengthening, respect for the socio‐cultural context and the "mozambicanization" of the message, and the use of legally established mechanisms and structures, in the context of the decentralization of interventions.

Action Plan for the Reduction of Poverty The Action Plan for the Reduction of Poverty (PARP) is a medium-term strategy established from 2011 to 2014 by the Government of Mozambique, which operates the Government's Five Year Plan (2010-2014), especially for the purpose of fighting poverty and promote the culture of work in order to achieve equitable economic growth, and reduce poverty and vulnerability in the country.

The PARP recognizes that the country is vulnerable to disasters caused by abnormal weather events. Climate change is one of the factors that aggravate the situation of absolute poverty in Mozambique, since they have an impact on the human dimension and the socio-economic infrastructure. This plan, while not clearly address or prioritize natural disasters (especially droughts, floods and tropical cyclones) as being of relevance to poverty reduction and improvement of living standards and welfare of Mozambicans in the long term, recognizes the need to prevent and reduce its effects.

In order to achieve equitable economic growth for poverty reduction, the Government set the following general objectives, which will guide government action, namely:

• Increased production and productivity in agriculture and fisheries; • Promoting employment; • Human and social development;

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• Governance, and Macroeconomics and public finance management.

Economic and Social Plan for 2012 The Economic and Social Plan for 2012 (PES 2013), is an instrument for the implementation of economic and social objectives set out in the Government's Five-Year Plan for the period 2010 to 2015. It sets targets for economic growth, the primary care of social services, inflation, exports, with net international reserves and public finances.

The main objectives of the PES are the following:  Achieve an economic growth of 7.5%.  Contain the average annual inflation rate by about 7.2%;  Achieving a level of 3.020 million dollars in exports of goods, representing a growth of 17% compared to the amount in 2011;  Achieving a level of net international reserves to finance about of 4.7 months of imports of goods and non-factor services, including major projects;  Proceed with the creation of employment opportunities and a favourable environment for private investment and development national business, safeguarding, however, proper management the environment;  Improve the quantity and quality public education services, health, water and sanitation, energy and roads;  Proceed with the consolidation of the State and Local Government Municipal service to the citizen.

2.3 Key National Legislation

The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique defines the right of all citizens to a balanced environment and the duty to protect it (Article 72). Furthermore, it requires that the State guarantees: (i) the promotion of initiatives to ensure balance and environmental conservation, and (ii) the implementation of policies to prevent and control pollution and integrate environmental concerns into all sectorial policies in order to guarantee citizens the right to live in a balanced environment, supported by sustainable development (Article 117). On its Article 85 indicates the Right to remuneration and job security and the employee is entitled to protection, safety and hygiene at work.

In Mozambique the legislation with relevance to health and safety at the work place is scattered diplomas across a number of legal texts. The Table 2-1 below presents a brief description of the relevant legislation, as well as its relevance to the project.

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Table 2-1: Key National Legislation

Legislation Brief Description Relevance General Resolution N º Establishes the basis of all The proponent has 5/95 - National environmental legislation. According to the responsibility to Environment Article 2.1, the main objective of this ensure that the Policy policy is to ensure sustainable proposed activities development in order to maintain an are in line with this acceptable balance between policy and ensure socioeconomic development and environmental environmental protection. To achieve sustainability of the the above objective, the policy must project. ensure, among other requirements, the management of natural resources in the country - and the environment in general - in order to preserve their functional capacity and production for present and future generations. Law 20/97 – Article 12 states that all activities that Set the framework Environmental may harm the conservation, for environmental Framework Law reproduction, quality and quantity of licensing of biological resources are prohibited, development especially on those endangered by activities extinction. It states that the government must ensure that adequate measures are taken to enable the maintenance and regeneration of animal species, recovery of harmed habitats, and creation of new habitats, controlling especially those activities or the use of chemicals capable of harming the fauna species and their habitats. Special protection must be provided to endangered plant species or of individual or group of specimens that may have a genetic potential, size, age, and rarity, scientific and cultural value.

Article 14 prohibits the deployment or construction of any infrastructure which by its size, nature or location may cause a significant environmental impact. This is especially applicable to zones susceptible to erosion or desertification, wetlands, areas of environmental protection and other ecological sensitive zones. Decree No. Amendment to Articles 5, 15, 18, 20, The requirements for 45/2004, as 24, 25 and 28 of the Regulation on the the environmental amended by EIA process. permits shall be Decree No. respected. 42/2008 - Regulation for the Environmental

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance Impact Assessment Ministerial Provides details on the procedures for The ESHIA report Diploma No. obtaining environmental permits, as should conform to 129/2006 - well as the format, structure and the specifications General content of the general report of described in this Guidelines for environmental impact assessment. Ministerial Diploma. Environmental The purpose of this directive is to Impact Studies standardize the procedures followed in the ESHIA process. Decree No. Defines an environmental audit as a Once operations 25/2011 - tool for objective and documented begin, the proponent Regulations for management and systematic will have to organize the assessment of the management independent Environmental system and relevant documentation in environmental audits Audit Process place to ensure the protection of the to be conducted at Repeals Decree environment. Its aim is to assess the least once a year, No. 32/2003. performance of operational processes without sacrificing and working with the environmental public environmental management plan, including auditing that may be environmental legal requirements in subject under this force, approved for a particular project. decree. Decree No. Aims to regular supervision, monitoring During project 11/2006 - and verification of compliance with the implementation, the Regulation of standards of environmental protection project will be Environmental at the national level. subject to Inspections inspections by the MICOA in order to verify compliance with environmental legislation. The proponent shall cooperate with such inspections. Ministerial Defines the basic principles related to The public Diploma No. public participation, methodologies and participation process 130/2006 - procedures. Considers public during the ESHIA Guidelines for participation an interactive process that should be in Public begins in the design phase and accordance with the Consultation continues throughout the lifetime of the specifications Process project. described in this Ministerial Diploma. Law 19/2007 - Article 4 states that the organization of The project must Territorial the territory follow among others the consider locations of Planning Law principle of sustainability of the quality public domain and and values of the physical spaces the zones of ensure the social development and environmental improvement of the quality of life of the protection. citizens, and on the use of the The project will have precautionary principle in which to be approved and systems must to prevent harmful registered under this activities to the environment when law as a public designing, implementing and changing facility. the territorial ordination instruments in order to avoid the occurrence of negative, irreversible and significant

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance environmental impacts.

Article 7 states that the territorial planning and ordination must ensure the organization of the land of public domain which includes territorial waters, roads, public trails, sacred places and cemetery, zones of environmental protection, among others. Air Emission and Quality Decree 18/2004 - It provides: Parameters for the The project must Regulation on maintenance of air quality (Article 7); meet air quality Environmental emission standards for gaseous standards and Quality Standards pollutants for various industries (Article effluent emissions, and Effluent 8), and Standards for the emission of considering the Emission gaseous pollutants from mobile emissions allowable sources (Article 9), including light by law, so as not to vehicles and heavy. Note that the harm the Mozambican legislation is silent as to environment. The the pollutant PM10 proposed project must consider the levels permitted under the terms of this decree. The violation involves a fee. Decree No. Includes changes in Annexes I and V, Since this decree 67/2010 - referred to in Article 7 and Article 16, amending the Amendments to from Annexes I and V to this Order previous one Decree No. effective. (Decree No. 18/2004 18/2004) and adds Approves Annexes IA and B of this new attachments, decree, which becomes part of the the client must Regulation on Environmental Quality ensure that the Standards and Wastewater Emission. project complies with This order prohibits the burning of solid these standards. or liquid waste or any other flammable material. Law No. 20/97 - Article 9.1 prohibits the discharge of Requirements must Environment Law toxic substances into the atmosphere if be considered. it exceeds legal standards.

Water Resources and Quality Resolution No. Repeals the National Water Policy The proponent 46/2007 - Politics adopted by Resolution no. 75/95. This should ensure that of Water new policy covers important topics not the project complies covered in the previous policy, such as with the principles of improving sanitation in urban, peri- water policy. Section urban and rural areas, hydrological 3.4, related to the networks, the development of new water industry, agriculture and water infrastructure and integrated navigation, states management of water resources with that the use of water

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance the participation of stakeholders. resources should promote economic development, job creation and improved social conditions. Decree No. 72/98 The QGD promotes the differentiation Clarifies the - of functions, considering that certain involvement and Institutionalization functions follow economic efficiency coordination of the of the Delegated criteria (like for FIPAG) and some different entities of Management decisions are more professionalized, the water sector Framework standardized and exempt (like for CRA). The QGD also considers the growing involvement of local authorities and the institutional linkages flexibly accommodate this gradual transition, in particular in decision making about infrastructure development and related public investments Law No. 16/91 - This law is based on the principle of The client has the Water Law public water use, water management responsibility to based on river basins, the principle of implement measures user pays and polluter pays. It aims to to prevent pollution ensure the ecological and of any water environmental balance. The use of resources during water requires a concession (to use and after project permanent or long term) or license implementation. If (uses short-term). The licenses are effluent discharges given for renewable periods of five to any of surface years, while concessions are valid for water authorization renewable periods of 30 years. For from the regional water concessions, a set of water South (ARA- documentation must be submitted to Sul) will be the Regional Water Administration necessary. This South (ARA-Sul), including a authorization is description of the proposed use, subject to a fee. economic justification and technical description. Article 54 of this Law stipulates that any activity with the potential to contaminate or degrade the public waters, particularly the discharge of effluents, is subject to a special permit to be issued by ARA-SUL, and the payment of a fee. Decree No. Determines that when the industrial The project must 18/2004 - effluents are discharged into the meet water quality Regulation on the environment, the final effluent standards and Issuance of discharged must comply with the effluent emissions, Environmental standards for discharge as are set out considering the Standards and in Annex III of the decree. Discharges emissions allowable Wastewater of domestic sewage must comply with by law, so as not to the standards for discharge as are set harm the out in Annex IV. Annex III sets out the environment. Any standards for the discharge of effluent action project should consider the levels

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance for various industries. permitted under the terms of this decree. The violation involves a fee. Biodiversity Law N º 20/97 - Articles 12 and 13 define the planning, The project should Environment implementation and operation of consider biodiversity Law projects should ensure the protection protected, ensuring of biological resources, particularly their protection and species of animals and plants avoiding threatened with extinction, or that, degradation. because of their genetic, ecological, cultural or scientific, requiring special attention. This protection should extend up to their habitats, especially in areas of integrated environmental conservation. Decree No. Article 14 recognizing the importance The client must 45/2006- of wetlands in the management of ensure that all Regulation for floods, maintenance of water quality measures are taken Prevention of and its exceptional value in terms of to cause minimal Pollution and biodiversity and recognizing that this harm or changes to Protection of habitat suffers several pressures, the wetlands. Coastal and prohibits activities which may change Marine substantially its hydrological regime The client must get a Environment. and function. license to install the Article 66 declares as areas of partial project in the areas protection: the river beds, the strip of of partial protection land of up to 50 m wide measured from in the appropriate the high water mark and the belt of entity. land up to 250 m around dams and artificial lakes. In these locations, users cannot obtain rights of use and exploitation, but only special licenses may be issued for certain activities, which include the water supply infrastructure. Law 10/99 – Law This law recognizing the economic, The client must get a of Forestry and social, cultural and scientific land use rights for Wildlife importance of the forestry and wildlife the project resource establishes its sustainable development utilization and the promotion of The client must initiatives for protection, conservation ensure that the of forestry and wildlife resources to be project gets all benefit of the lifestyle of the citizens. necessary licenses Article 3 establishes basic principles for removal of and norms about the protection, vegetation. conservation and sustainable use of forestry and wildlife resources. These resources are off the public domain. Article 9 establishes that the land use owner must request the license to exploit the forestry and wildlife resources. Decree No. Articles 103, 104 and 105 related to A bush clearing

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance 12/2002 - procedures to obtain authorization to license is needed Regulation of the modify natural environments for Law on Forests construction of infrastructure. and Wildlife Waste and Pollution Decree No. Establishes the legal framework for The proponent has 13/2006 - waste management in Mozambique the responsibility to Regulation for The fundamental objective of implement best Waste Regulation on Waste Management is practice waste Management to establish rules for the generation, management during removal or release in soils and / or construction and basements, water and / or air, any operation phases, as toxic substance and / or pollution, as well as for well as to regulate potentially polluting decommissioning. activities that accelerate environmental The project must degradation in order to minimize their comply with the negative impacts on health and the requirements environment. Article 5 classifies waste outlined in this into two categories: hazardous and regulation. non-hazardous. Assigned to MICOA skills hazardous waste management, including license management units. Only registrants and licensees may collect and transport the waste outside the boundaries of the premises. Law N º 20/97 - Limited "production and / or deposited The proponent has Environment Law on soil or subsoil and deposition into the responsibility to water or air of any toxic substances or implement measures pollutants, as well as the practice of to prevent pollution activities that accelerate erosion, during and after deforestation, desertification and other project forms of environmental degradation" to implementation. The the limits established by law (Article 9). project must comply As for environmental pollution, Article 9 with the prohibits the production and disposal requirements of any toxic substances or pollutants in outlined in this soil, sub-soil, water or atmosphere, as regulation. well as prohibiting any activities that might accelerate any form of environmental degradation beyond the limits set by law. Health and Safety Law No. 23/2007 This Law applies to legal relations of The proponent must – Labour Law subordinate work established between provide its workers employers and workers, domestic and good physical foreign, of all industries, carrying on condition, business in the country. Chapter VI environmental and provides the principles and rules on moral work, inform hygiene, safety and health of the them about the risks workers. of her job and instruct them on proper compliance with the rules of hygiene and safety at work. Proponent must also provide for

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance its workers first aid in case of accident, sudden illness, poisoning or indisposition. The proponent, in cooperation with the union, it shall inform the competent organ of the administration work on the nature of work accidents or occupational diseases, their causes and consequences, after making inquiries and registration thereof. Law nº 5/2002 - This Law establishes the general It prohibited the Law to protect principles aimed at ensuring that all testing of HIV / AIDS workers with employees and applicants for workers, job HIV/AIDS employment are not discriminated seekers, candidates against in the workplace or when to access training or applying for jobs because they are candidates for suspected or HIV / AIDS. Article 8 promotion, at the states that the worker who becomes request of infected with HIV / AIDS in the employers, without workplace, in connection with his the consent of the professional occupation, in addition to employee or the compensation they are entitled, applicant for have ensured adequate medical employment. The assistance to alleviate their state of proponent is health, pursuant to the Labour Law required to train and and other applicable law, at the reorient all workers expense of the employer. infected with HIV / AIDS who is able to fulfil their duties at work, taking it to a job commensurate with their residual capacities. Decree nº This Regulation lays down rules on The proponent must 45/2009 - inspection activities in the context of comply with the General control of labour legality. Point 2 of requirements. In Inspection of Article 4 provides employer’s case of an Work Regulation responsibilities regarding the inspection, the prevention of professional health and proponent must safety risks for the employee. assist and provide all the required information to the inspectors. Land Use and Territorial Planning Resolution No. Provides that the State shall provide The proponent 10/95 - National land to each family to build or have should ensure that Land Policy their housing, and that the State is the project complies responsible for land use planning and with the principles of

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance physical occupation of the land, this policy. although the private sector to participate in developing plans.

Law No. 19/1997 Defines the rights of people to use the The project should - Land Law land, indicating the details of the rights respect the land based on customary claims and rights of procedures for acquiring the title for communities. If any your use and benefit by communities activity (such as and individuals. This law recognizes agriculture) is and protects the rights acquired disturbed by the through inheritance and occupation proposed project, (customary rights and duties of good the affected parties faith), except for reservations or legally would have to be defined areas where land was legally compensated transferred to another person or accordingly. institution. Decree No. 66/98 Defines the total protection zones This regulation - Regulation of reserved for nature conservation and defines zones of the Land Law the protection state, as well as partial total and partial protection zones, where they cannot protection. In these be granted titles of land use and where areas, land use is activities cannot be implemented in the restricted. The absence of a license. The partial proponent must protection zones include among comply with these others, the strip of land 50 feet wide regulatory from the edge of lakes and rivers, the requirements. strip of land 250 feet wide around the dams and reservoirs, and the strip of land 100 m wide at the coast and estuaries. Decree No. Its main purpose, according to its The proponent must 19/2007 - Land Article 2: "create a legal framework of consider the fair Planning Law land use, in accordance with the compensation when principles, objectives and citizens' expropriating private rights enshrined in the Constitution of property. the Republic" on the one hand, and "materialize through instruments of spatial planning, the policy planning“.

Article 20 refers to the expropriation of private property belonging to, or used by, traditional communities; due to activities of public interest or need/utility. In these cases fair compensation must be paid to cover, among others, the loss of tangible and intangible goods, breakdown in social cohesion and loss of productive assets Decree No. Provides specific guidelines to the use Provides guidelines 60/2006 - of land in urban centres, such as cities for land use in urban Regulation on and towns, based on the Land Law. settings. Urban Land Use Cultural Heritage Decree No. 42/90 The burial of corpses in rural areas States that the burial

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance - Burial may be performed in cemeteries or of corpses in rural Regulation other places authorized by the areas may be authorities. performed in cemeteries or other No reference to reburial of corpses in places authorized by rural areas by which development the relevant projects should abide. It is assumed authorities. that traditional leaders are to be Traditional leaders consulted to define appropriate burial are to be consulted places and traditions to follow. to define appropriate burial places and traditions to follow Law No10/88 - Intends to legally protect the property Some archaeological Cultural and intangible cultural heritage of objects may be Protection Law Mozambique. Under this law, cultural encountered during heritage is defined as "a set of material the construction and non material created or integrated phase of the project. by the Mozambican people throughout If this happens, the history, with relevance to the definition proposer must of the Mozambican cultural identity." immediately notify The material cultural heritage includes the relevant agency monuments, groups of buildings (with of cultural heritage. important historical, artistic or scientific), places or locations (with archaeological, historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological) and natural elements (physical and biological formations of particular interest to from a scientific perspective or aesthetic). Resettlement Decree 31/2012 - Establishes the basic rules and The Resettlement Regulation of principles governing the process of Plan needs to Resettlement resettlement in Mozambique. comply with this Resulting from Decree. Economic Creates a Technical Commission for Activities the review of Resettlement Plans (RAP) triggered by projects causing resettlement, and defines the Commission’s responsibilities and procedures for the approval of the RAP as well as the follow-up to its implementation. This responsibility falls under the District Government.

Introduces specific procedures for the design and the implementation of the RAP. It defines the contents of the RAP and the Resettlement Implementation Action Plan, the rights of PAPs, the responsibilities of the project proponent and the implementation of the public consultation process. Introduces specific procedures for the design and the implementation of the RAP: it

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Legislation Brief Description Relevance defines the contents of the RAP and the Resettlement Implementation Action Plan, the rights of PAPs, the responsibilities of the project proponent and the implementation of the public consultation process.

Compensation Decree No. Introduces guidelines and standards Sets guidelines and 181/2010 - for the process of expropriation for standards for the Directive on the land use planning purposes, due to process of process of development activities of public expropriation for expropriation for interest/utility. land use planning the purposes of purposes Land It defines i) the contexts in which Management expropriation can take place for land planning purposes, and ii) how to conduct the process of expropriation. It also sets the calculation framework of compensation costs for the expropriation of housing, commercial, industrial, service provision, sea side and countryside infrastructure. Decree No. Defines guidelines for assessing home Provides guidelines 119/94 - values, in case of impeding relocation. for assessing home Regulation of The guidelines are produced and values, in case of goodwill stores or updated by the Provincial Directorates relocation warehouses of Public Works and Housing. located in rural areas Regulation Defines the compensation guidelines Sets the minimum 66/1998 - Land for the loss of trees and crops due to value costs of trees Act development projects (which incur in and crops, for the the relocation of land users). calculation of compensation costs Together with the Provincial due to relocation Directorate of Agriculture (Ministry of processes Agriculture), it defines the minimum value of various trees and crops used in Mozambique. The Provincial Directorates update the guidelines with tables of value costs for a range of trees and crops.

2.4 International Standards and Agreements

2.4.1 Key Agreements and Conventions

Mozambique is a signatory to various international agreements and conventions related to environmental management. Some of the key agreements are listed in Table 2-2 below.

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Table 2-2: Key Agreements and Conventions Agreement/ Brief Description Relevance Conventions Air Quality United Nations Control of emissions of The sustainability of Framework greenhouse gases. the project should be Convention on Climate considered, e.g. their Change (UNFCCC), activities should not 1994 contribute to climate change Vienna Convention for The overall aim is that Member The client should the Protection of the States assume the obligation to avoid contributing to Ozone Layer (UNEP), adopt measures to prevent or the destruction of the 1985 reduce the negative effects on ozone layer, through the modification of the ozone the emission of gases layer caused by human in quantities which activities. could damage the ozone layer, thereby impacting human health and the environment. Kyoto Protocol, 1997. It sets targets for emissions of Measures should be greenhouse gases. taken to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Montreal Protocol on Controlling the production of The proponent should Substances that substances that deplete the avoid the use of deplete the Ozone ozone layer and the banning of equipment using CFCs Layer (UNEP), 1987. chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). and other substances that can damage the ozone layer. Biodiversity The African The fundamental principle of Measures of the Convention on the this convention is that: the convention are Conservation of Contracting States shall incorporated into Nature, 1969) undertake to adopt the national legislation. measures necessary to ensure The project has to conservation, utilization and comply with all development of soil, water, flora national laws on and faunal resources in nature and natural accordance with scientific resources. principles and with due regard The project must to the best interests of the promote people. environmental Contracting states are bound awareness and have to: an environmental  to accord a special protection management plan to those animal and plant species that are threatened with extinction or which may become so, and to the habitat necessary to their survival.  ensure the conservation and

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Agreement/ Brief Description Relevance Conventions management of natural sources as integral part of national and/'or regional development plans. Where any development plan is likely to affect the natural resources of another State, the latter shall be consulted.  declare and list protected species of fauna and flora, maintain conservation areas within their territories, take all necessary legislative measures to reconcile customary rights with the provisions of this Convention.  ensure that their peoples appreciate their close dependence on natural resources and that they understand the need, and rules for, the rational utilization of these resources.  Encourage and promote research in conservation, utilization and management of natural resources Convention on Ensure that international trade The proponent should International Trade in in specimens of wild fauna and be aware that in Endangered Species flora does not threaten their CITES listed species of Wild Flora and survival in the wild. The same are identified in the Fauna in Peril gives varying degrees of area of influence of the (CITES), 1973. protection to more than 33,000 project, appropriate species of plants and animals. measures should be taken. The United Nations The objectives of this The project by Convention on Convention, to be pursued in complying with Biological Diversity, accordance with its relevant Mozambican laws of 1992 provisions, are the conservation conservation of biological diversity. the environment and sustainable use of its biodiversity. components and the fair and

equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of Any potential impact of genetic resources, including by the project on the appropriate access to genetic natural resources of a resources and by appropriate neighbouring state transfer of relevant must be a matter of technologies, consultation between “Biological diversity" means the states. variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are

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Agreement/ Brief Description Relevance Conventions part States have the sovereign right to exploit their own resources and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. The Convention on It is an intergovernmental treaty The project must Wetlands of that provides the framework for ensure that wetlands International national action and international are neither affected Importance (also cooperation for the negatively or that known as Ramsar conservation and wise use of wetlands functions are Convention) -1971 wetlands, as a contribution restored after towards achieving sustainable intervention development throughout the world. This convention deals with a particular ecosystem Under this convention wetlands are defined as lakes, rivers, swamps and marshes, wet grassland and wetlands, oases, estuaries, deltas and tidal flats, near-shore marine areas, mangroves and coral reefs, and human-made sides such as fish ponds, rice paddies, reservoirs and salt pans. Stockholm Convention Action and control the world of The proponent should on Persistent Organic chemicals that persist in the avoid the use of Pollutants (POPs), environment, are persistent organic 2001. bioaccumulative in the food pollutants, whose use chain and pose a risk to human is prohibited. health and the environment. These substances are listed in Annex I.

Protocol Development Ensuring the preservation and Project activities Community's (SADC) sustainable development of the should not harm the on the Conservation of use of wildlife resources. wildlife. Wildlife and its Law Enforcement, 1999.

UNESCO Convention Promotes cooperation among The proponent must for the Protection of nations to protect the world use these resources the World Cultural and heritage of exceptional value, sustainably. Natural Heritage, 1972 so that its preservation is (Convention on the important for current and future Protection of the World generations. Heritage).

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Agreement/ Brief Description Relevance Conventions Convention for the Safeguarding the intangible The proponent must Safeguarding of the cultural heritage and ensure consider the Intangible Cultural respect for the intangible provisions of this Heritage (UNESCO), cultural heritage of Convention. 2003. communities, groups and individuals. Convention on the Protect and promote the The proponent must Protection and diversity of cultural expressions, ensure compliance Promotion of the to encourage dialogue between with this Convention Diversity of Cultural cultures and foster respect for for the life of the Expressions cultural diversity. project (e.g. promoting (UNESCO), 2005. respect for cultural diversity).

2.4.2 World Health Organization Guidelines

World Health Organization Outbreak Communication Planning Guide

The objective of this document is to help national authorities apply the communication principles and the preparation activities. This document addresses specific public health objectives including:

 ensuring at-risk populations have the information they need to make well-informed decisions and to take appropriate actions to protect their health and safety during an outbreak;  supporting coordination and the efficient use of communication resources among local, national and international public health partners;  providing relevant public health information to inform implicated non- health sectors;  minimizing social and economic disruption; and  as an overarching goal before, during and after outbreaks, to maintain and build public trust in public health authorities.

Global Plan of Action on Workers’ health 2008-201

WHO is implementing a Global Plan of Action on Workers’ health 2008- 2014 endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2007 with the following objectives:

 devising and implementing policy instruments on workers' health;  protecting and promoting health at the workplace;  improving the performance of and access to occupational health services;

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 providing and communicating evidence for action and practice; and incorporating workers' health into other policies.

2.4.3 IFC Guidelines

IFC Performance Standards The Performance Standards are directed towards clients, providing guidance on how to identify risks and impacts, and are designed to help avoid, mitigate, and manage risks and impacts as a way of doing business in a sustainable way, including stakeholder engagement and disclosure obligations of the client in relation to project-level activities. In the case of its direct investments (including project and corporate finance provided through financial intermediaries), IFC requires its clients to apply the Performance Standards to manage environmental and social risks and impacts so that development opportunities are enhanced (IFC, 2012).

Together, the eight Performance Standards establish standards that the client is to meet throughout the life of an investment by IFC:

 Performance Standard 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts

The objectives of this guideline are tp: o Identify and assess risks and environmental impacts of the project. o Adopt a hierarchy of mitigation to predict and prevent or, where not possible, to minimize, and, when residual impacts remain, to offset / neutralize the risks and impacts to workers, the environment and Affected Communities. o Promote a better socio-environmental performance of the clients through the use of effective management systems. o Ensure that the claims of Affected Communities and external communications of other stakeholders are answered and managed appropriately. o Promote and provide appropriate means of engagement with the Affected Communities throughout the lifecycle of the project with respect to issues that have the potential to affect them and ensure that relevant environmental information is disclosed and disseminated.

 Performance Standard 2: Labour and Working Conditions

It recognizes that the pursuit of economic growth through employment creation and income generation should be accompanied by protection of the fundamental1 rights of workers.

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The objectives of this IFC guideline are to:

o Promote the fair treatment, non-discrimination, and equal opportunity of workers. o Establish, maintain, and improve the worker-management relationship. o Promote compliance with national employment and labour laws. o Protect workers, including vulnerable categories of workers such as children, migrant workers, workers engaged by third parties, and workers in the client’s supply chain. o Promote safe and healthy working conditions, and the health of workers. o Assure that forced labour is not used.

 Performance Standard 3: Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention

The objectives of this guideline are to:

o Avoid or minimize the adverse impacts on human health and the environment by preventing or minimizing the pollution resulting from the project activities. o Promote a more sustainable use of resources, including energy and water. o Reduce the GHG emissions related to the project.

 Performance Standard 4: Community Health, Safety, and Security

It recognizes that the project activities, equipment, and infrastructure can increase the community exposure to risks and impacts.

The main objective of this performance standard is:

 To anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on the health and safety of the Affected Community during the project life from both routine and non-routine circumstances.  To ensure that the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out in accordance with relevant human rights principles and in a manner that avoids or minimizes risks to the Affected Communities.

This Performance Standard, in Section 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement, states that, when resettlement is inevitable for more than 200 people, a Resettlement Plan (RP) must be formulated. The RAP must be in accordance with national policies and legislation

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and international best practices, including the borrower's guidelines (such as the OP 4.12 of the World Bank).

The initial analysis for the SIA indicates that the Water Supply Scheme project will potentially affect about 250 units (families, individuals, public and private entities). The cadastral survey indicates that a total of 12 houses can be affected involving the relocation of their respective families, and about 28 houses may be partially affected (not requiring relocation)3. As a result of the above, the Water Supply Scheme should be in line with World Bank OP. 4.12, the Performance Standard 5 (PS5): Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement. A Full Resettlement Plan was prepared defining the procedures to be adopted during resettlement implementation, as well as monitoring mechanisms of that process (World Bank, 2004).

The World Bank conceives resettlement beyond physical displacement and addresses the direct economic and social impacts caused by loss of land and assets, including:

 Displacement or loss of shelter;  Loss of assets or access to important production resources;  Loss of sources of income or better subsistence; or  Loss of access to the places that offer better production or less costs for businesses or people.

The term “involuntary” refers to the actions that could be taken without the agreement or power to choose of the PAPs. The resettlement is involuntary for affected people who do not have the option to keep the situation in which they are before the project starts. The World Bank OP 4.12 is applied independently of whether people affected have to be resettled in another place or not. It also requires that PAPs receive either compensation or supportive measures in a way that guarantees the restoration of their income at least at the same level as prior to the project.

According to World Bank OP 4.12, the eligibility criteria for compensation and support due to resettlement are based on the following categories:

People who do not have legal rights to the land or assets at the time when the census starts, but have a claim over the land or the benefits on the basis of the Mozambican law and traditions.

3 These 28 houses are located at the limit of the Corridor of Impact and are affected in the tyles or zync sheets of their roof.

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People that fall in the first two categories are entitled to receive compensation, resettlement benefits and support for the rehabilitation of the land and any non-removable assets on the land and buildings taken by the project. The compensation will be in accordance to the situation of the PAP before the cut-off date (i.e. registered starting date).

People in the third category will receive support for resettlement, instead of compensation for the occupied land. They should receive the necessary support to satisfy the established dispositions of this policy, in the case that they were in the project area before the registered starting date.

Consequently, this policy provides support to all affected people, including land owners and people who are illegally settled in the area of the project, independently of whether or not they have a formal title or legal rights. Any person who invades the area of the project after the registered starting date is not entitled to any compensation or assistance.

 Performance Standard 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement

The objectives of this guideline are to:

 Avoid, and when not possible, minimize the displacement by exploring project alternatives.  Avoid the forced eviction.  To anticipate and prevent or, where not possible, minimize adverse environmental and social impacts resulting from land acquisition or restrictions on its use (i) by way of compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost and (ii) ensuring that the resettlement activities are implemented after appropriate disclosure of information, consultation and informed participation of the affected parties.  Improve or restore the livelihoods and living standards of displaced persons.  Improving the living conditions of physically displaced people by providing adequate housing, guaranteed property at resettlement sites.

 Performance Standard 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources

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It recognizes that protecting and conserving biodiversity, maintaining ecosystem services, and sustainably managing living natural resources are fundamental to sustainable development. PS 6 main objectives are:

 To protect and conserve biodiversity;  To maintain the benefits from ecosystem services; and  To promote the sustainable management of living natural resources through the adoption of practices that integrate conservation needs and development priorities.

 Performance Standard 7: Indigenous Peoples

The objectives of this guideline are to:

o Ensure that the development process fosters full respect for human rights, dignity, aspirations, culture and livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples. o Anticipate and avoid the adverse impacts of projects on communities of Indigenous Peoples, or when it is not possible to avoid them, minimize them and / or compensate for these impacts. o Promote the benefits and opportunities of sustainable development for Indigenous Peoples in a culturally appropriate manner. o Establish and maintain an ongoing relationship based on Informed Consultation and Participation (ICP) of the Indigenous Peoples affected by a project throughout its lifecycle. o Ensure the Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) of the Affected Communities of Indigenous Peoples in the presence of the circumstances described in this Performance Standard. o Respect and preserve the culture, knowledge and practices of Indigenous Peoples.

 Performance Standard 8: Cultural Heritage

The objectives of this guideline are to:

o Protect the cultural heritage against the adverse impacts of the project activities and support its preservation. o Promote the equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of cultural heritage.

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Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Water and Sanitation

The IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and industry specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP).

The EHS Guidelines for Water and Sanitation include information relevant to the operation and maintenance of (i) potable water treatment and distribution systems, and (ii) collection of sewage in centralized systems (such as piped sewer collection networks) or decentralized systems (such as septic tanks subsequently serviced by pump trucks) and treatment of collected sewage at centralized facilities.

The Project design will follow these guidelines.

Noise

IFC discusses the impact of noise beyond the property boundary in section 1.7 (IFC, 2007). The noise guidelines stipulated by IFC are grouped into two categories, namely: "Residential, institutional, educational" and "Industrial, commercial" (Table 2-3). The guidelines also state that the maximum increase of background noise in the receiver closest to the boundary property should not be more than 3 dBA.

Table 2-3: IFC Envirionmental Noise Guidelines

One hour LAeq (dBA) Receptor Day Night (07:00 – 22:00) (22:00 – 07:00) Residential; institutional; educational 55 45 Industrial; comertial 70 70

2.4.4 World Bank Safeguard Policies

World Bank Safeguard Policies that apply to the project include Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11), and Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). In addition, because the project will draw water from additional storage capacity provided by the completion of the Corumana Dam, the completion of Corumana Dam can be considered under the Bank’s Environmental Assessment policy (OP 4.01) as an ancillary activity. Thus, in addition to the above referenced

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applicable World Bank Safeguard Policies, additional World Bank Safeguard Policies that would apply in connection to the completion of Corumana Dam include Dam Safety (OP 4.37) and Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50).

In addition to requirements under Mozambique’s laws and regulations, this ESIA has been benchmarked against IFC Performance Standards (Section 2.4.3), which in some aspects are more comprehensive than the requirements of Bank Safeguard Policies. With respect to this ESIA, compliance with the requirements of IFC Performance Standards 1, 3, 4, and 5 also meet the policy requirements of OP 4.01 and OP 4.12. Although OP 4.11 applies to the project, the risk of any adverse impact on the very few cultural resources that are known to be in the pipeline study corridor (Section 7.3.11) is considered low, but the actual impact on specific resources will not be known until the construction contractor stakes out the centerline for the pipeline just prior to the beginning of installation of the pipeline. Chance finds procedures are included in FIPAG’s Generic Environmental Management Plan for Construction Works (FIPAG 2003), which is identified as a supplemental Safeguards document in this ESIA and the ESMP.

Completion of the Corumana Dam (see Section 7.1.3.2), which began operations in 1989, requires installing spillway gates, for which the dam was originally designed and constructed, as well as some other minor works. Because Safeguards-related work for the completion of the Corumana Dam, including requirements of the Dam Safety policy (OP 4.37), was already done as part of the Bank-financed Water Resources Development Project (WRDP [P107350]), that Safeguards work will not be duplicated as part of the preparation of the GMWSP or as part of this ESIA. Mozambique has carried out riparian notifications under the WRDP in compliance with OP 7.50. Contracts were signed for the Technical Services and Dam Safety review (June 2010) as part of project preparation for WRDP. The ESIA and EMP for WRDP were disclosed locally and at the InfoShop on April 11 and April 28, 2011, respectively.

2.4.5 Guidelines of the World Comission on Dams

The World Commission on Dams (WCD) was formed in April 1997 to investigate the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the development of large dams in the world. The WCD is composed of members of civil society, academics, private sector representatives, professional associations and a governmental representative.

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The WCD has the following key recommendations:

1. The needs and objectives should be clearly formulated through an open and participatory process before the various project options are identified.

2. A balanced and comprehensive assessment of all options should be performed, giving the social and environmental aspects the same importance as the one given to the technical, economic and financial factors.

3. Before making the decision of building a new dam, the social and environmental issues of existing and pendant dams must be addressed, and the benefits of existing projects should be maximized.

4. All stakeholders shall have the opportunity for informed participation in decisive processes related to large dams through stakeholder forums. The public acceptance of all key decisions shall be demonstrated. Decisions affecting indigenous peoples shall be taken with their free, prior and informed consent.

5. The project shall provide affected people with the right to improve their lifestyle and shall make sure that they get the priority part of project benefits (besides the compensation for their losses). Affected communities include people living downstream of dams and people affected by the dam infrastructure such as transmission lines and irrigation canals.

6. Affected People shall be able to negotiate mutually agreed agreements and legally ensure the implementation of the rights of resettlement, mitigation and development.

7. The project shall be chosen based on an assessment of the entire river basin ecosystem, trying to avoid significant impacts on threatened and endangered species. 8. Develop mechanisms to ensure the compliance with regulations and agreements negotiated and budgeted. The compliance shall be subject to independent review.

9. The dam shall not be built on a shared river if one of the states involved raises an objection, sustained by an independent panel.

By changing the structure or operation of the dam, the dam safety shall be re-checked. The national legislation and regulations must be followed with this into account. If the national legislation or regulations are not available, international guidelines shall be followed. These include, e.g., ICOLD

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Bulletin 59 "on Dam Safety Management", issued by the International Committee on Large Dams (2010); “Risk Assessment and Management of Safety of Dams”; “A recognition of benefits, existing methods and complications” - ICOLD Bulletin 130 (ICOLD, 2005).

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3. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process

The general methodology proposed for the preparation of environmental and social studies considers all the requirements that oversee environmental impact studies, with the necessary adjustments resulting from changes in scope of work either with regard to the applicable Mozambican legal framework, namely Decree No. 45/2004, of September 29 combined with Decree 42/2008 of November 4 and the Ministerial Diploma129/2006 of July 19.

International guidelines must also be considered, with particular reference to the World Bank guidelines, especially regarding to resettlement of the affected people and the Public Participation Process (and other guidelines contained in the Equator Principles, 2002).

The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process aims to identify the Project’s possible impacts on the environment and to develop mitigation measures to the impacts identified as well as their monitoring as to support the decision making regarding the environmental licensing of an activity.

In the process are included the screening, the scope of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (Scoping) and the phase of environmental impact assessment and environmental and social management plan.

The other component of the ESIA process, whose importance is highlighted in the applicable legislation, is the Public Participation Process (PPP), whose rules are detailed in the Guidelines of the Public Participation Process, set out in the Ministerial DiplomaNo. 130/2006.

The steps to be followed in the ESIA process for environmental licensing of the project in accordance with the Rules of the Environmental and Social Assessment Process are presented in the Figure 4-1 below.

3.1 Methodology and Steps of ESIA

The process consists on the identification and selection between a large number of potential problems and a broad spectrum of possible impacts, environmental issues that may arise from the project with potential to influence the development of the enterprise as it is in the design.

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3.1.1 Project Categorization

The project categorization followed the pre-environmental assessment process. This categorization is in response to what is outlined in the Regulation of the Process of Environmental Impact Assessment (Decree No. 45/2004 of 29th September) which allow classification in Categories A, B or C depending on the potential social and environmental risks that the development projects may cause.

A Screening Report was prepared and submitted to the Provincial Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DPCA) of Maputo. This project was classified as a Category A as per the received letter (Ref N/Refª 559/DGA.234/DPCAM/12) (see Annex II).

Figure 3-1: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process (*if necessary)

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3.1.2 Environmental Pre-Feasibility Study and Scoping Definition (EPDA) Phase and Terms of Reference for the ESIA

The defined steps for preparation of EPDA and Terms of Reference (ToR) were:

Step 1 –Preparatory Activities Preparatory activities consisted of review and compilation of all existing secondary information about the project area and mobilization of the technical team involved and the means to be assigned to various tasks. A field visit was conducted for the first assessment of the existing environmental conditions and identification of potential environmental and social impacts and potential mitigation measures, and for preliminary identification of interested and affected parties as well as the preparation of a strategy for the Process Public Participation (PPP).

Step 2 – Baseline Studies This component aimed at identifying the critical environmental areas and issues deserving greater attention in the later stages as well as those requiring detailed studies. This was possible through the analysis of the region where the project will be implemented, the characteristics of the project itself, the scope definition from previous studies and the public participation process in order to structure the content for the ESIA and design the ToR for the ESIA to be approved by the regulator. During the pursuit of these activities no fatal issue likely to derail the proposed project was identified, so the necessary analysis and studies were conducted, aiming at defining the scope of EIA and preparation of Terms of Reference.

Step 3 - Preparation of Preliminary ToR and EPDA Report This component aimed at incorporating the recommendations, suggestions and comments from various concerned stakeholders, in order to provide final versions reflecting the results of all studies and the dynamic process carried out. Art. 11 of the Regulation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Decree No. 45/2004 of September 29) recommend the appointment of specialist studies to be undertaken during the ESIA. These specialist studies were identified as per the preliminary identification of potential impacts.

The Scoping Report and the ToR to the ESIA Study have been approved and commented by MICOA with 24th Oct 2012 (Ref No 146/GM/MICOA/12) as shown in Annex III.

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3.1.3 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Phase

After the EPDA phase, the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) phase followed as indicated in the diagram presented in Figure 3-1 above.

This entailed the following activities:

 Review of literature related to the project;  Visit to the project area;  Consultations with technicians / managers about the project;  Biophysical and socio-economic description of the project area;  Identification of main potential impacts, considering the characteristics of the project and the biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics of the area;  Classification of impacts based on criteria especially used for this purpose at national and international (nature, probability, intensity, duration, intensity and significance);  Identification and recommendation of mitigation measures to the negative impacts and measures to increase the positive impacts;  Identification and recommendation of management measures and environmental monitoring of the impacts of the project, integrated in an Environmental and Social Management Plan.

3.2 Public Consultation

The other component of the ESIA process, whose importance is highlighted in the applicable legislation is the Public Participation Process (PPP), whose rules are detailed in the Guidelines of the Public Participation Process, set out in Ministerial Diploma No. 130/2006. In accordance with the Decree 45/2004 of 29 September 2008, it must be given a period of 15 days prior to public meetings. Furthermore, it is important that the document (or a summary thereof) is found in publicly accessible locations and key institutions before the meeting.

Public participation during the EIA is also a requirement of the WorldBank in all projects that they finance.

Public participation is crucial, since it allows I&A P's be informed about the various aspects that characterize the development of the project while it can identify the expectations and concerns of those IA&P's, which should also be considered during the ESIA.

The public consulting activities undertaken during the ESIA of this project were:

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 Interviews with key informants;  Meetings with Focal Groups - Community leaders and Women; and  Open Public Meetings.

The details of the activities undertaken public consultation and supporting documents (including copies of all relevant documentation, such as minutes of meetings, records of participation, invitation letters, background information document (BID), etc. will be part of the ESIA once the report is finalized. A report on the Public Consultation will also be prepared.

Besides this, the draft ESIA will be disclosed on FIPAG’s website and at minimum at the following locations:

 FIPAG, in Maputo City  COWI Moçambique, Lda offices, in Maputo City  Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA)/ National Directorate of Environmental Assessment (DNAIA), in Maputo City  Provincial Directorate for the Coordination of the Environmental Action (DPCA), Maputo Province, Matola  Matola Municipal Council, Matola  Post Administrative Municipal of Moamba  Post Administrative Municipal of Sabie  Post Administrative Municipal of Machava

The documents were disclosed between the 21st of December 2012 and the 18th of January 2013. Public meetings were conducted between the 8th and the 10th of January 2013. After this, a period of 2 weeks was given for the PAPs to send their comments for inclusion in the ESIA.

3.3 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report and Environmental and Social Management Plan

The results of the assessment exercise and the consultations, including public participation, assist in drafting the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report (ESIAR) and the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).

One of the main objectives of the ESIA is to ensure that potential environmental effects of proposed projects are avoided or reduced as far as possible or feasible. This can be achieved through an Environmental and Social Management Plan.

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The aim of the management and mitigation of environmental impacts is to avoid the occurrence of negative impacts or to keep impacts within acceptable levels.

Mitigation measures are focused on agents that can cause the impact. The main objective of mitigation is to avoid and/or minimize the negative effects and enhance the positive effects of any intervention in the environment. The environmental management plan helps to manage and mitigate environmental impacts through:

• Identification of mitigation measures to be implemented, e.g. using construction, operation and restoration methods or processes that reduce the environmental effects; • Location of the project so as to not affect environmentally sensitive places; • Careful design of every project to avoid or minimize environmental impacts; • Introduction of specific measures in project design, construction, decommissioning and restoration, which will reduce or compensate the adverse effects; • Identification of systems and procedures for this purpose, including the stakeholders responsible for implementation; and • Specify environmental indicators to monitor the effectiveness of mitigation measures. In order to guaranty the effectiveness of the environmental management, the main focus shall be placed in the management activities to avoid or minimize impacts. Environmental management measures may vary and the action itself may have a variety of objectives, however, the first priority is always to avoid negative impacts; then the management measures with other purposes shall be considered.

3.4 Specialised Studies

Specialised studies are an essential component of the ESIA process, since they provide the basis for evaluation. Specialised studies are needed to determine the baseline environmental receptor, before deployment of the proposed project, and to identify and assess potential impacts of the proposed project.

The specialised studies identified were based on an initial identification of potential impacts of the proposed project. They include the following:

• Biophysical; • Socio-Economic; • Health and Safety; and • Surface Water.

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3.5 Resettlement Plan

Some projects involve reallocation of people and/or goods. In this case, a Resettlement Plan (RP) and a Plan of Implementation of the Resettlement Plan need to be prepared.

In accordance with the Terms of Reference (TOR) of the project and in line with good practice in similar situations, the resettlement assessment process (Figure 4-2 below) was divided into three main phases, namely:

• Collection and analysis of biophysical and socio-economic data; • Preparation of Resettlement Plan; and • Preparation of the Plan of Implementation of the Resettlement Plan.

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Presentation of the Draft EPDA

Presentation of the Draft ESIA

Figure 3-2: Resettlement assessment process

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4. Project Definition

4.1 Proponent Identification

The Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de Água (Water Supply Investment and Assets Fund - FIPAG) is the responsible for the development of the proposed Water Supply Project. FIPAG is in charge of 21 urban water supply systems in Mozambique. It is the responsible authority to promote the autonomous management, efficient and financially viable, of the water supply systems (as per Decree 73/98) under its responsibility. FIPAG is a public institution and is located at:

Avenida Felipe Samuel Magaia, Nº 1291 Maputo, Mozambique Tel: +258 21308840 / 308815 Fax: +258 21 308881 www.fipag.co.mz

In order to ensure the environmental sustainability of the activities in this Project, FIPAG selected through a public tender FICHTNER in partnership with COWI as consultants to conduct Environmental and Social Studies to the Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme within the Water Supply and Institutional Support Project.

Based in Stuttgart, Germany, FICHTNER was established in 1922. The Fichtner Group with its subsidiaries and associated companies has a staff strength of approximately 2,000 workers worldwide. The Stuttgart Home Office accounts for over 480 of these. Among others, main fields of activities are related to Water, Infrastructure and Environment.

COWI is a company registered in Mozambique as an independent Environmental Consultant in the National Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment (DNAIA), of the Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) to develop activities of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Mozambique and has the required expertise and experience to carry out this activity.

4.2 Project Relevancy

The Greater Maputo Area is growing rapidly and neighbouring districts are being more and more absorbed. Consequently, the water authorities foresee that the development of the water supply system will also incorporate the small towns neighbouring the Maputo and Matola Municipalities, and intend its extension towards the populated areas of Marracuene and Moamba Districts.

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However, the integration of these adjacent areas will nearly triple the service area and the population to be served will double up to 2035 reaching a total of 4,000,000 inhabitants. In general, it is predicted that the Greater Maputo Area will extend mostly towards the north.

As a consequence, the water demand will grow drastically and will exceed the present water production capacity between 2016 and 2019 (depending on the scenario calculated) for the actually served areas. But, if the service is expanded to new areas, the water demand will increase even at a higher rate and will exceed the production capacity before 2019.

In addition, major industrial areas of Mozambique, which contribute to about 4 % of the GNP (Gross National Product), are also located inside the Greater Maputo Area. Significant investment has recently been made in the Maputo water supply system, however further investment is needed in order to respond to the increasing demand. Additionally, the restricted potable water supply infrastructure may be a constraint to new business development and to the consolidation of the existing economic activities.

Therefore, the extension of the water supply scheme for Greater Maputo Area is of outstanding interest with respect to reliable and full provision of the population with potable water. This Project will also benefit a sustainable development in the Greater Maputo Area in respect of business development and associated workplaces and will strengthen the livelihood of people living in this area in future.

4.3 Alternatives

4.3.1 Location

In the frame to the EPDA (scoping) process different alternatives regarding their impacts on the ecology and socio-economy were investigated. Three alternative main corridors resulting in different end points near Maputo and three different possible locations for the water treatment plant were assessed. Two principle locations were investigated as water extraction site: (1) taking the water from Corumana Reservoir or (2) construct a new weir at Incomati River (two alternative sites) and extract the water there.

Figure 4-1 provides an overview about the different alternatives for water extraction, main routing and location of the water treatment plant (see also FIPAG 2012, Final Option Report). One possible main route reaches Tsalala Distribution Center, a second one ends at Machava Distribution Center and a third (eastern) one would require the construction of a new Distribution Center.

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For location of the water treatment plant three sites were assessed: one near Corumana Dam site, one north of Sabié and one south of Pessene.

These named alternatives were investigated and compared for their ecological and socio-economic impacts. The result of the scoping is summarised in Table 4-1. The option creating a new weir would have more negative ecological impacts than water abstraction at Corumana Dam Site. The eastern main routing would touch more remote areas thus creating certain ecological impacts. The other two main routes follow in main parts existing roads what is favourable in view of the construction activities. The route to Tsalala was considered to have a bit less socio-economic impacts with respect to affected assets. This route was considered the environmentally most favourable alternative. But, from a technical point of view the route to Tsalala would require a new pipe connection to Machava what would create additional socio-economic impacts.

Table 4-1: Ranking of the different pipeline alternatives from the ecological and socio-economic points of view Ranking Alternative Remarks

Main corridor running mainly along existing stabilized roads which are partly asphalted. Easy access, no long new access roads needed. The surroundings of the Distribution Center Tsalala are less Corumana Dam Site to Tsalala 1 populated than Machava. In order (Option A) to distribute water to households, it would have to be provided pumping from Tsalala to the Distribution Center Machava. This would require an additional pipeline between the two distribution centers. Main corridor running mainly along existing stabilized roads which are partly asphalted. Easy access, no 4 Corumana Dam Site to Machava 2 long new access roads needed. (Option B) Densely populated around Machava Distribution Centre, a lot of infrastructure exists.

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Ranking Alternative Remarks

The corridor will cross remote, natural areas requiring long new access roads. At Maputo City the route will follow the asphalted, heavily used Highway N 1, and will Corumana Dam Site to new 3 then be followed by a stabilized Distribution Centre (Option C) non asphalted gravel road to north east. About 25 km of the corridor are lacking any road. Densely populated near Maputo City, a lot of infrastructure exists.

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Figure 4-1: Alternatives investigated for water extraction and main routing

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As alternative for the water extraction the construction of a new weir at different sites at the Inkomati River downstream the confluence with Sabie River has been investigated in the Scoping phase to this Project. From this weir a pipeline connection to the three route options A, B and C would had to be constructed. This option for water extraction has been assessed to have some significant environmental impacts on e.g. the river ecology or on undisturbed natural area along the Incomati River. Consequently, these alternative extraction sites have been assessed to be less favourable than taking the water from Corumana Dam site.

4.3.2 Technologies used

With respect to the water treatment process recommended by the engineering team there are no options to the principle steps (i) pre- oxidation, (ii) re-mineralization, (iii) coagulation, (iv) flocculation, (v) sedimentation, (vi) filtration and (vii) disinfection. However, some of these steps include options related with the use of chemicals to reach the overall objective of the treatment process to meet the requirements on a safe drinking water supply as stipulated in the ‘Regulation on the Water Quality for Human Consumption’5. Thus, in the pre-oxidation process of chlorine, ozone can be used. Among these two options, chlorination is the most widely used and known process. Furthermore, it is an economic alternative with the lowest investment, maintenance and operating costs compared with the use of ozone produced of liquid oxygen (LOX technology). However, using the technology to generate ozone from air oxygen, by the pressure swing adsorption process (PSA), the operating costs to chlorination are comparable.

In order to destroy organic material in the raw water ozone represents the more effective option. Because of the possible occurrence of cyanobacteria producing toxic microcystins in the raw water, ozone is the finally selected pre-oxidation agent.

The same reasons, fighting a possible occurrence of cyanobacteria, led to the decision to use powdered activated carbon (PAC) in the flocculation process. PAC would remove any remaining organic compounds resulting from the pre-oxidation process thus even a blooming of cyanobacteria in the Corumana Dam reservoir would not be harmful to the consumers of the drinking water.

5 Ministry of Health: Ministerial Diploma 180/2004

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4.3.3 Water Sources

Two options were examined as potential sources: water from the dam Corumana and water from a dam to be built near the confluence with the Sabie River Incomati River.

Both options have been discussed and analyzed both from the engineering and the environmental point of view. It was concluded that the more reliable, less costly, with sufficient capacity and immediate use water source would be the dam of Corumana. The project advanced considering only this source.

4.3.4 Time Schedule

Many people in the Greater Maputo Area still have to use unprotected water sources and only about 40 % of the residents in this area have access to adequate drinking water. In addition, the drinking water demand is rapidly growing in the Greater Maputo Area, and it is predicted that it will double until the year 2035.

The main source for drinking water is the Umbulezi River, through the Umbulezi River Water Treatment Plant, whose capacity was recently increased to 240,000 m³ a day. However, this is not enough to sustain the demand of the population after 2016. The realisation of Moamba Major Dam Project, another possible source for drinking water production, is just at the beginning and it is unknown when a possible water treatment plant connected with this project will be able to produce drinking water.

Thus it is of paramount interest to have additional drinking water sources available as soon as possible. There is no other option than to start with the Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme as soon as ever possible and to commission the associated water treatment plant in 2016/2017.

4.3.5 No Project Option

As discussed in Chapter 1.1, the predicted drinking water demand for Greater Maputo Area in 2025 is of 560,000 m³ per day. Presently, the main drinking water source is the Umbulezi River Water Treatment Plant delivering 240,000 m³/day. This plant has been recently enlarged and its the maximum capacity is reached for the time being. Other possible sources, as the use of groundwater, are very limited in the area. The Moamba Major Dam Project, that could be also used as future drinking water reservoir is still in the planning phase and thus could deliver drinking water only in some years. Thus, there is no feasible No-Project option for this Project if the aim shall be reached to extend the water supply of the population as soon as possible and to reach full coverage in the long term.

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4.4 Risk Analysis

4.4.1 Location

The main routing of the finally selected corridor that is investigated in this Environmental and Social Impact Study represents the corridor with the least environmental and ecological risks. This corridor follows mainly paved roads and avoids long sections in remote areas. Thus, the risk to interfere with sensitive habitats and/or endangered and threatened plants and animals, what could delay the Project’s implementation, is minimized.

4.4.2 Technologies used

The possible occurrence of cyanobacteria in the Corumana Dam reservoir, which is used as raw water for the drinking water production, would result in the generation of microcystins, small peptides that would be harmful to human health. If the water treatment process is not be designed in such a way to be able to fight these organic substances the drinking water generation could be restricted during blooming periods of these cyanobacteria. Thus, ozonisation in the pre-oxidation process and the use of PAC in the flocculation process is absolutely necessary to sustain the generation of sufficient drinking water at any time.

4.4.3 Time Schedule

If the foreseen time schedule cannot be kept, a delay in the drinking water supply of the growing Greater Maputo Area would follow. This means that more people would be without access to safe drinking water and the long- term overall objective of the Mozambiquan Government to reach a full coverage of the population with clean drinking water would be delayed.

4.4.4 No Project Option

The option ‘No Project’ would result in an unacceptable long-term undersupply of the population of the Greater Maputo Area.

4.5 Associated Activities

The Corumana Dam drinking water Project as assessed in the presented ESIA studies delivers drinking water to the Machava Distribution Center. This water supply project is complemented by a parallel Dutch-financed program (ORIO) to enable FIPAG to install additional distribution centres and primary, secondary, and tertiary networks in the Greater Maputo area. Implementation of the ORIO project is not a necessary element for the

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successful implementation of the water supply project that is the subject of this ESIA, as the need for additional water supply in the Greater Maputo area is great and the additional water will be used even if the ORIO project is delayed or not implemented. The ORIO program will prepare a separate ESIA for their project, which will be benchmarked against Dutch ESIA requirements and World Bank Safeguards as well as in full compliance with Mozambique ESIA requirements.

The ORIO-funded components include:

• direct off-takes from the drinking water transmission main between the WTP near Corumana Dam and Machava Distribution Center (DC) in order to feed the planned new distribution centres of Moamba Sede and Pessene; • a primary distribution tapping into the drinking water transmission main from the WTP to Machava DC in order to feed a drinking water distribution ring main; • a primary drinking water distribution ring main (41 km) to feed new Distribution Centres serving peri-urban areas North of Maputo; • four new Distribution Centres in the peri-urban areas North of Maputo; • branches from the primary distribution ring main feeding the four new distribution centres; • connection provisions for further two DCs to be constructed in the future at Infulene and Machava; • primary and secondary distribution networks (192 km) supplied by the new DCs; and • twenty thousand (20,000) new house connections.

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5. Project Description

5.1 Project Location

The Project area is located in the southern part of Mozambique where the Capital Maputo is situated (see Error! Reference source not found.).

The water supply system between Corumana and Machava will be constructed within two districts of the Maputo Province: the Matola District (including the Municipality of Matola) and the District of Moamba. The area directly affected by the construction activities covers:

 District of Moamba – Sabie Administrative Post (Sabie-Sede and Sunduíne Localities)  District of Moamba – Moamba-Sede Administrative Post  District of Moamba – Pessene Administrative Post (Pessene-Sede, Vundiça and Mahulane Localities)  Municipality of Matola – Machava Administrative Post (Machava- Sede and Matola-Gare)

5.2 Location of Water Extraction

The water will be extracted from the Corumana Dam reservoir. The reservoir is located about 94 km north-north-west from Maputo City (see Figure 5-1). The water will be collected from the west irrigation outlet near the spillway (Photograph 5-1 and Photograph 5-2).

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Figure 5-1: Location of the project in Maputo Province

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Figure 5-2: Location of water extraction point

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5.3 Main Routing and Location of Installations

The main parts of the projected installations are: 1. About 94 km main from Corumana Dam site (Photograph 5-1 to Photograph 5-3 ) to Machava Distribution Center (Photograph 5-4); 2. Pumping station near Corumana Dam (ca. 1 ha land needed); 3. Water treatment plant north-west of Sabié (ca. 10 ha needed including sludge storage site); 4. Area for control tanks south of Pessene (ca. 1 ha land needed); 5. Several off-takes along the corridor (not all determined yet); 6. Access roads (length unknown yet); 7. Medium voltage overhead lines to pumping station and to WTP site (in total less than 1 km).

Photograph 5-1: Outlet of Corumana Dam

Photograph 5-2: Preinstalled extraction structure at Corumana Dam site

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Photograph 5-3: Preinstalled equipment at the extraction point at Corumana Dam site

Photograph 5-4: Water storage tanks at distribution Centre of Machava

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5.3.2 The Main intake

The water intake will be at Corumana Dam site using the existing west branch line which is foreseen for irrigation purposes. The pipeline will be either made of ductile iron or steel interiorly lined with a mortar formulated with acid-resistant cements.

Depending on the used material the diameter of the pipe will be between 0.9 and 1.2 m. For laying down the pipe a dug has to be excavated being 3 m deep in average. The pipe will have a minimum soil overlay of 1 m.

Along the main corridor, the most populated area is found near the Machava Distribution Center. In rural areas the line will follow existing roads and tracks wherever possible in order to avoid long new access roads crossing natural areas.

In order to avoid private properties to the greatest extent possible, the pipeline will be laid down parallel to the road near Machava Distribution Center. This makes it necessary to restrict the access to these road sections during the construction. These road sections will have to be closed for about two months, are restricted to about 1.15 km. In the following pipeline sections, some main roads will be partially affected in one of the sides, because the pipeline will be laid down in the side-strip following parallel to these roads. Thus, in these parts of the construction the roads don’t have to be closed completely but restrictions in traffic flow will occur (see Figure 5-3).

5.3.3 Off Takes

Several pipeline off takes are planned along the main corridor. Thus, it is foreseen to supply the main villages along the pipeline route Sabié, Moamba, Pessene, and Tenga and the northern area of the Maputo metropolitan area (connection to ORIO Project, see Chapter 4.5) via such off takes. Further to these there may be several other off takes planned for other small communities along the pipeline route.

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665 m N 4

490 m

Machava Distribution Centre

Figure 5-3: Road Sections that have to be closed completely during activities for laying down of the pipeline (solid white line)

5.3.4 Pumping Station

The needed pumping station will be situated near the Corumana Dam site (see Figure 5-2) and requires an area of 1 ha. The station will be equipped with a variable speed electro-pump and an additional spare pump unit to avoid the interruption or reduction of water flow in case of a fault in any unit. The pumps will be fed with power from the small existing substation at Corumana Dam site. In order to ensure power supply also in case of network failures back up diesel generators will be installed.

5.4 Water Treatment

The water treatment plant will be located near Sabié, approximately 3 km NW of the village.

The plant will be fitted with a complete physico-chemical treatment unit, including a complete filter wash water recycling system, sludge dewatering facilities and a sludge storage site. The treated water pumping station forwarding water to Maputo will be located inside the WTP perimeter.

The water treatment site including the sludge storage site needs about 10 ha of land.

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5.4.1 Principles of Treatment Process

The water treatment process will be done to meet the requirements of the ‘Regulation on the Quality of Drinking Water’ (Ministerial Diploma No 180/2004 of 15th of September).

The water treatment process comprises the following steps (see Figure 5-4: Flow chart of treatment process and mass balance (taken from FIPAG 2012, Final Option Report and ammended according to COBA’s information, January 2013)

(i) pre-oxidation, (ii) re-mineralization, (iii) coagulation, (iv) flocculation, (v) sedimentation, (vi) filtration and (vii) disinfection

The WTP is designed for a final treatment capacity of 120,000 m³ raw water per day, but at the current stage of the Project only 60,000 m³ of drinking water will be produced. In the following, all figures given are related to the final production of 120,000 m³ drinking water per day.

The pre-oxidation will be done by ozonization 6During this oxidation process simultaneously Na-permanganate will be added to support oxidation process and to remove iron and manganese from the raw water7.

Because the pH of the raw water is lower than the aspired equilibrium pH, the raw water is corrosive and the pH has to be adjusted. This will be done

in a re-mineralization process using CO2 and lime.

Aluminium sulphate is used as coagulation agent to remove suspended matter and colloidal particles. The coagulation process will also require the use of a polymer. In addition, Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) will be added in order to remove any harmful substance in the water8. The flocks resulting from the coagulation process will be sedimented in clarifiers.

6 The O3 concentration will be adopted for the possible occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystin in raw water. See Specialized Health and Safety Report, Vol 6. The oxygen that feeds the ozonators will be produced at the site of ETA Corumana. The oxygen is converted to ozone by electric discharge.

8 The concentration of added PAC depends also on the possible occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystins in the raw water. See Health and Safety Specialized Report, Vol 6.

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Rapid sand filters (non-pressure type) with automatic counter-current washing will be used for filtration of the water and chlorine is used for final disinfection.

Sludge Disposal Area

Figure 5-4: Flow chart of treatment process and mass balance (taken from FIPAG 2012, Final Option Report and ammended according to COBA’s information, January 2013) Table 5-1 provides an overview about the amount of chemicals needed for the treatment process. Table 5-1: Amount of chemicals needed for the operation phase (120,000 m³ of drinking water). Chemical Reason g/m³ t/day Aluminium sulfate coagulation 20 2.4 Polyelectrolyte flocculation 0.8 0.096 Polyelectrolyte thickening 0.14 0.02 Polyelectrolyte backwash water clarification 0.027 0.002 Powdered activated removal of organic compounds 59 0.6 carbon Lime milk re-mineralization 10 1.2 Limewater Final pH adjustment 5 0.6

CO2 re-mineralization 20 2.4

9 In case of blooming periods of cyanobacteria the amount can be increased to 10 mg/l

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Chemical Reason g/m³ t/day Chlorine final disinfection 2 0.24 Na-permanganate Fe and Mn removal 2 0.24 The needed chemicals will be imported either from South Africa or from China, however this will be continously appraised in the coming years and decided case by case by the future operator AdeM (Water of Maputo = Águas da Região de Maputo).

5.4.2 Residues from Water Treatment Process

The aim of the technology used is to recover water from filter washing and concentrate the solid wastes for disposal to reduce the waste amount as much as possible.

All water from filter washing will be recycled, thus the water loss is insignificant. The raw water flow will be nearly equal to the nominal flow. The generated back wash water of 2,420 m³/day is re-sent to the raw water treatment process. This is the reason why liquid effluents to the environment will not occur during the operation phase. That means under normal operation the plant will have zero liquid effluents. Only in case of emergency the incoming water can be discharged via an emergency outfall to the Sabié River.

The production of sludge during the water treatment process is mainly depending on the amount of total suspended solids (TSS) in the raw water and the corresponding amount of needed flocculants (aluminium sulphate and lime). In the calculation given in the ‘Final Option Report’ (FIPAG 2012) an ‘average maximum’ load of the raw water with 140 mg TSS/l requiring 30 mg aluminium sulphate/l and 25 mg lime/l to produce 120,000 m³/day drinking water is assumed. This will result in an approximate sludge production of 18-19 t/day being equivalent to 60 m³/d with a solid concentration of 300 kg/m³.

The sludge from the purges of clarifiers is passed to an equalization sludge tank. From there the sludge is pumped to the gravity thickeners. At the thickener entrance a specific polymer is added, for the purpose of increase the capture of the sludge solids in suspension.

The supernatant from gravity thickeners is returned to the equalization basin existing in the filter washing water recovery circuit.

The thickened sludge is pumped to a drying bed and afterwards transported to the storage site by a tipper truck (possibly a carrier will be used) to a storage site located in an area adjacent to the water treatment plant.

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The overall needed area for the sludge storage site and drying bed will be around 6 ha. The sites will be designed and implemented in order to prevent a possible pollution of the soil and the groundwater aquifers. They will be lined with a plastic UV resistant membrane and fitted with a drainage and leachate detention system. The sludge storage site will have four cells (around 1 ha each) starting the storage with the installation of one cell.

The implementation of the sludge storage site shall follow the Regulation of Waste Management (Decree 13/2006 of 15th of June 2006). Annex I of this decree indicates the requirements for such sites. The European Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26th of April 1999 shall also be taken into consideration when developing the design of the sludge storage site. This Directive provides requirements for the selection of the location, sizing and others for the storage of sludge.

Possible further uses of the sludge could be as soil conditioner for agricultural purposes or to use the dried sludge for co-incineration in e.g. cement or steel factories.

5.5 Construction Activities

In this Chapter a rough description of the expected construction activities is given. It has to be pointed out that details of construction are not fixed yet. More details will be outlined in the tender documents but others are transferred to the responsibility of the Construction Contractor.

5.5.1 Laying of the Pipeline

For laying of the pipeline a trench has to be excavated being around 3 m deep and 3 m wide (at the surface). Before laying down the pipe a sandy underlay will be built in.

For crossing the railway a protective/casing pipe will be firstly laid using trenchless technique. Through this the regular pipe will be passed.

The pipeline crosses the roads R402, R409, R802, R807 and R811. The new future ring road of Maputo will be crossed by the pipeline near Matola Gare. Besides these, the water pipeline crosses the natural gas pipeline from Panda to Ressano Garcia between Sabie and Corumana.

In order to cross the Matola River a trench along the river bed will be excavated during the dry season, being the pipe laid down below the river bed. During the dry season the Matola River carries less running water, which will make the diversion of the river easier. After having laid the tubes, the pipe will be covered by a concrete overlay to prevent it from being dragged by the river running water during the rainy season.

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For the crossing of the Incomati River two options are possible: The first option is using a trench as described above for Matola River. However, in the case of the Incomati River a diversion channel (or a similar structure) will have to be constructed to be able to dig a trench. The second option is to mount the pipeline right at the upper edge of the bridge. This solution will have much less impacts on the ecology of and around the Incomati River than digging a trench (see Vol. 4 ‘Bio-physical Specialized Study’).

Figure 5-5: Roads in the area of influence of the project

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5.5.2 Workers Camps and Laydown Yards

Land will be temporarily acquired during the construction phase. This will be necessary to provide the workers with general welfare installations such as canteen, sanitation facilities and accommodations. In addition, for different purposes laydown yards will be needed, as for storage of parts and construction material, storage of pipes, parking of trucks and construction machines etc. In order to avoid long distances between storage and construction sites requiring many truck movements more temporary laydown areas will be necessary along the pipeline corridor. Between Matola Gare and Corumana there are plenty of possible sites for laydown yards and for working camps as well where impacts on flora and fauna will be minimal and where the land is not used by the population. This land will only have to be rented for a short period until the pipeline sector concerned is finalized and a new laydown area with a new workers’ camp will move onwards.

5.5.3 Water Treatment Plant Site and Control Tank Area

The foreseen sites for the pumping station, the water treatment plant including sludge storage site and the area for the control tanks can easily be accessed via stabilized main roads. The preparation of the areas for construction will require cleanind and, in some cases, levelling works with still unknown extent.

5.5.4 Associated Works

Other associated works will comprise the installation of permanent and temporary access roads, the erection of a medium voltage line to connect the pumping station with the Corumana Dam substation (in the range of 1 km) and the construction of the water treatment plant with the existing medium voltage line passing nearby (in the range of 1 km). The needed power for the control tanks will be minimal and can be ensured by using existing low voltage lines.

5.5.5 Solid Waste Generation

During the construction activities following main type of wastes will be generated:

 Surplus of soil after having buried the pipeline;  plastics from packaging;  wooden platforms for transportation of material;  small amount of wood and iron from concreting activities at construction sites of the treatment plant, the pumping station and control tank site;

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 nails and other sharpen residues;  organic material (including wood) from removal of vegetation along the pipeline corridor and at the sites of associated installations;  sanitary waste from workers (during construction around 200-300 workers will be employed);  solid domestic wastes from workers.

An estimate about the quantities of produced solid wastes will be done during the detailed engineering design. During the pre-construction phase also a Waste Management Plan will be developed which shall be incorporated into the HSE Plan to be elaborated by the Construction Contractor. This Waste Management Plan shall also follow the national ‘Regulation on Waste Management’ (Decree No. 13/2006 of June 15) which requires waste generating entities to minimize waste production and ensure that the "elimination of waste inside and outside the production site has no negative impact on the environment or on public health and safety" (Article 9).

5.6 Number of workers

In the pre-construction phase there will be about 70 employees, working in three shifts.

It is estimated that it some 300 workers will be necessary during the construction and the closing phases, working in two shifts.

During the operation phase this number will decrease to about 150 workers.

5.7 Project Implementation Schedule

It is planned to finalize the tender documents for the entire installations in the second trimester of 2013. Until mid of 2013 the Construction Contractor will be selected.

The construction activities will last about two years. After a pre- commissioning period in 2016 the commissioning of the water treatment plant will start.

It is expected that the treatment capacity of 60,000 m³/d will be reached in 2017. Until about 2024, it is expected that additional 60,000 m³ of drinking water is going to be produced thus the full intended capacity of 120,000 m³ will be reached then.

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5.8 Project Investment Costs

The total budget to the Great Maputo Water Supply Project adds up to 88 Million USD.

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6. Area of Influence

This section shall identify both the direct and indirect areas of influence and provide the necessary information for the assessment of the potential impacts on the environment.

According to the World Bank, the Area of Influence is the area likely to be affected by the project, including all its ancillary aspects, such as power transmission corridors, pipelines, canals, tunnels, relocation and access roads, borrow and disposal areas, and construction camps, as well as unplanned developments induced by the project (e.g. spontaneous settlement, logging, or shifting agriculture along access roads).

The area of influence may include, for example, (a) the watershed within which the project is located; (b) any affected estuary and coastal zone; (c) off-site areas required for resettlement or compensatory tracts; (d) the air shed (e.g., where airborne pollution such as smoke or dust may enter or leave the area of influence; (e) migratory routes of humans, wildlife, or fish, particularly where they relate to public health, economic activities, or environmental conservation; and (f) areas used for livelihood activities (hunting, fishing, grazing, gathering, agriculture, etc.) or religious or ceremonial purposes of a customary nature.

The Direct Area of Influence (DAI) of a project can be defined considering the geographical area that may be directly affected by the potential environmental impacts of a certain activity. The Indirect Area of Influence (IAI) of a project can be defined as the geographical area that may be indirectly affected by the potential environmental impacts of a certain activity.

The Direct Area of Influence is the area directly affected by the installation of the water pipeline, water treatment plant, water storage and distribution centre, including the buffer zone of 16 m in urban areas and 30 m in rural areas around the project components. In addition it will also consist of access roads to be used along the water pipeline. The impacts in the direct and indirect areas of influence have been described below, in Chapter 9.

Given that the project crosses a number of urban settings, the socioeconomic DAI also encompasses a portion of the population living within the project area namely the neighbourhoods of Machava-Sede, Bunhiça, Machava km 15, Matola-Gare in the Machava Municipal Administrative Post, as well as the settlement of Pessene, the villages of Moamba and Sábiè-Sede and the neighbourhoods of Chavane, 7 de Fevereiro, Goana II, Maganana and Mulombo II in Sábiè Administrative Post, Moamba District.

The Indirect Area of Influence (IAI) of the project is where the residual impacts of the activities carried out within the direct area of Influence will be

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received. This area is larger because the activities carried out in the project area will affect the neighbouring regions in terms of noise propagation, disturbance of fauna, physical impacts of soil removal which will influence the plants. For hydrology the indirect area of influence may expand to a larger area downstream of the rivers due to blockage of flow or changes of physical properties of water. However, in small wetlands, such as ponds and lakes the impacts will be very limited to the system.

Due to the fact that the project crosses rural and urban settings, the socioeconomic IAI comprises neighbouring human settlements to the project area, namely the communities living along the project area, the communities whose livelihoods, economy and income come from DAI and the communities using the same access roads that the project plans to use. As such the socioeconomic IAI includes the limits of the above mentioned affected neighbourhoods and villages, as well as the limits of the Localities of Sábie-Sede, Sunduíne and Pessene in Moamba District used for farming and access to natural resources (land, water, firewood, sand and stone).

Table 6-1 below presents the criteria used to determine the DAI and IAI of this project.

Table 6-1: Criteria used to determine the project DAI and IAI

Aspect Direct Area of Influence Indirect Area of Influence In case of the pipeline having to cross water In case of the pipeline having courses, this may require to cross water courses, this temporary blockage of the may require temporary of the water course. Upstream of water course. Upstream of the the blockage there will be blockage there will be accumulation of water and accumulation of water and sediments, which may affect sediments, which may affect the 200 m around it. the 1 km around it. Downstream of the blockage Downstream of the blockage Hydrology there will be less water flow there will be less water flow and high turbidity, which and high turbidity, which may may affect the 500 m around affect the 3 km around it. it. The activities may also The activities may also affect affect the water course the water course margins, margins, potentially potentially increasing the increasing the erosion erosion vulnerability. This may vulnerability. This may happen in the 100 m around happen in the 50 m around the water courses margins. the water courses margins. Excavation activities may Excavation activities may affect 15 m of each side affect 50 m of each side around the pipeline. around the pipeline. Geology and Soils Construction activities may Construction activities may affect 50 m around the affect 100 m around the construction areas construction areas

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Aspect Direct Area of Influence Indirect Area of Influence Construction activities may Construction activities may Air Quality affect 500 m around the affect 2 km around the construction area. construction area. Construction activities may Construction activities may Noise affect 1 km around the affect 2 km around the construction area. construction area. Construction and Construction and maintenance activities may maintenance activities may require bush clearing, require bush clearing, potentially affecting the potentially affecting the terrestrial diversity and cover terrestrial diversity and cover Flora of 50 m around those areas. of 1 km around those areas. Regarding the aquatic flora, Regarding the aquatic flora, the construction activities the construction activities may may affect 50 m affect 2 km downstream the downstream the blockage. blockage. Construction activities may Construction activities may disturb the terrestrial fauna disturb the terrestrial fauna of of 500 m around those 1 km around those areas. areas. Fauna Regarding the aquatic fauna, Regarding the aquatic the construction activities may fauna, the construction affect 2 km downstream the activities may affect 500 m blockage. downstream the blockage. Infrastructure (e.g. The area where the water People in the area use the houses, business, supply system will be infrastructures and service schools, health installed and maintained, located within the DAI such as centres, roads, namely the 8 m around the schools, health centres, electricity towers) pipeline an infrastructures pharmacies, banks, markets on urban area and 15m in and roads. Shall these rural areas, may imply the infrastructures be affected in partial or total reallocation of the DAI, their absence may the infrastructure. also affect the neighbouring populations who use them. Communities affected:  Machava-Sede,  Bunhiça,  Machava Km 15,  Matola-Gare,  Pessene Village,  Sabie-Sede Village,  Goana II,  Maganana,  Mulombo II,  7 de Fevereiro,  Chavane. Land Use (e.g. The area where the water Expropriation of land within housing, supply system will be the DAI may affect the people agriculture and installed and maintained, using it, such as the following grazing) namely the 8 m around the communities: pipeline an infrastructures  Machava-Sede, on urban area and 15m in  Bunhiça, rural areas, may imply compensations.  Machava Km 15,

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Aspect Direct Area of Influence Indirect Area of Influence  Matola-Gare,  Pessene Village,  Sabie-Sede Village,  Goana II,  Maganana,  Mulombo II,  7 de Fevereiro,  Chavane. Culture Heritage The area where the water Cultural sites within the DAI (e.g. family supply system will be may affect the communities graves, installed and maintained, that use them, namely: cemeteries, namely the 8 m around the  Machava-Sede, churchs) pipeline an infrastructures  Bunhiça, on urban area and 15m in rural areas, may imply  Machava Km 15, compensations.  Matola-Gare,  Pessene Village,  Sabie-Sede Village,  Goana II,  Maganana,  Mulombo II,  7 de Fevereiro,  Chavane. Economic The area where the water People conducting business activities (e.g. supply system will be along the DAI and/or living trade, natural installed and maintained, inside the DAI may lose resources usage) namely the 8 m around the income and livelihood from pipeline an infrastructures trade. This may affect the on urban area and 15m in following communities: rural areas, may imply  Machava-Sede, compensations.  Bunhiça,  Machava Km 15,  Matola-Gare,  Pessene Village,  Sabie-Sede Village,  Goana II,  Maganana,  Mulombo II,  7 de Fevereiro,  Chavane.

Figure 6-1 and Figure 6-2 present the Direct and Indirect Areas of Influence, bio-physical and socio-economic, respectively.

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Figure 6-1 - Direct and Indirect Bio-Physical Influence Areas

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Figure 6-2 - Direct and Indirect Socio-Economic Influence Areas

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7. Baseline Data

7.1 Physical Environment

7.1.1 Topography, Geology and Soil

A geology and topography study was undertaken in order to determine the potential environmental direct and risks/impacts to receptors and propose mitigation measures for identified significant risks /impacts.

To undertake this geology and topography study a desktop literature review was undertaken to collect available baseline information and existing regional geological and topographical maps; a site investigation to include the appropriate use of mapping to define the geographic area of influence of the project in relation to impacts on geological resources; and a physiographic map was prepared to adequately support the interpretation of the information.

In general, the area where the proposed water supply system is proposed to be built consists of the coastal lowland plain (between Machava and Moamba). Altitude increases slightly to achieve about 180m above sea level at Corumana Dam.

In term of geology the proposed corridor covers 6 different geological formations from Jurassic and quaternary in age:

 The western strip of the project area where the water intake is located in the Corumana Dam is on the rhyolite of the Umbelúzi Formation classified as JrUr in the geological map 1:250.000 of GTK Consortium (2006a). This rhyolite of the Lebombo Mountains form smoothly (~10 – 15°) east tilting terraces, with thickness of single flows probably ranging from some tens of metres up to 200 – 300 m.  Extending from Corumana Dam towards Sabie at the Incomati River the transmission main will extends predominantly through the basaltic rocks of the Movene Formation (JrM). These basaltic lavas are poorly exposed as most of them were weathered to form very reach agricultural soils. Most of the outcrops are located in rivers or in riverbanks or in topographically higher places, covered by more resistant rhyolite units. The Water treatment plant site will be on this geological formation.  A narrow strip of Dacitic rocks from the Umbelúzi Formation are crossed particularly in the middle part of the basaltic rocks. Dacites differ from pinkish rhyolites by their dark grey to dark violet brown colour. Texturally they are also more massive than typical rhyolites, which often exhibit flow banding. The main mineral assemblage of dacites includes plagioclase, quartz, clinopyroxene and opaque.

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 Along the Incomati River the transmission main crosses the recent alluvial deposits (Qa) composed of sand, silt and gravels and are related to fluvial depositional processes. They show grano- classification with conglomerates at the base, fining upwards into sandy and argillaceous deposits.  In the alignment from Moamba to Pessene the transmission main will be buried in aeolian sand (Qe). These wind-blown sands, Quaternary in age and covering vast areas are slightly reddish, non-consolidated sand layers forming superficial sheets, generally a few metres in thickness. They have been formed by ablation of the Internal Dunes, located further to the East. Control Tank Site to be located in the vicinity of Pessene will be constructed in this geological formation.  Internal dunes (Qdi) are the last geological formation affected by the project in the entrance of Maputo. These dunes are composed of reddish, brownish and yellowish aeolian sands consolidated by vegetation. The dunes are located inland, generally not far from the present shoreline, but are not part of the present active dune system. The morphological pattern, comprising alternating longitudinal dunes and elongated lakes, has preserved the orientation of the original palaeo-dune system. The Machava Distribution Centre will be located on this geological formation where deep foundations will be required to support the stresses imposed by the infrastructures.

Seismicity The seismicity of the eastern Africa is related to the tectonics of the region controlled by the East African Rift System (EARS). The strongest earthquake event (Mw 7.0) in Mozambique occurred on 22 February 2006 with epicentre in Machaze (Manica Province), some 550 km of the project area.

With respect to recurrence, Pule and Saunders (2009) indicate a return period of 475 years for the recurrence of a regional earthquake of magnitude similar to the one of February 2006. Since this is way beyond the typical project life span of 50 years, the impacts to vulnerable human communities can be considered null. The seismicity of the project area is therefore very low.

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Figure 7-1: Geological map of the project area 1:250.000 (Consortium GTK, 2006)

In terms of soil types, the area is covered by recent sedimentary sands, alluvium clay sands, and soils formed by rhyolites.

Between Matola Gare-Pessene-Moamba and Sabie the area consists of sandy or clayey sand soil of old dunes. Between Machava and Tenga the soils consist of deep grey sand of sedimentary origin.

Between Pessene and Moamba the clay level increases in the soil. In addition to clay there are several pebbles in the surface showing the

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influence of old river flow, possibly of the Incomati River. These soils are shallow and are salty. This part of the main corridor has in general soils of low drainage capability which can be flooded even during moderate rainfall. Underneath these soils there are layers of calcareous of marine origin.

Between Moamba and Sabie, soils consist of brown and red clay red and shallow sands, usually shallow, with several stones dispersed by the Incomati River and its effluents during the past floods. These soils are shallow and lay above rhyolites.

Between Sabie and Corumana, the soil is predominantly rocky, with a very shallow layer of clay soils. There are several pebbles and stones on the surfaces.

7.1.2 Climate

The climate in the investigation area is tropical/subtropical and influenced by the Indian Ocean high pressure system and by the warm Mozambique canal current running to the south along the coast.

The wind is mainly blowing from NE (38.7%) and E (31%).

The summer is very hot and humid with temperature up to 40°C and the winters are cool and dry. At night, the temperatures fall to 13°C in winter and to 21°C in summer.

The average relative humidity ranges from 70% to 85% and the lowest monthly average is 66%. Mist occurs on the Lebombo Mountains and on the plains when an inversion layer is formed in winter. Most of the area is relatively arid and most of the rain falls during the summer months from October to March.

The annual rainfall is just over 1,000 mm along the coast and decreases progressively in the inland to 500 – 600 mm on the plains below the Lebombo Mountains in the west. Rainfall is highly variable where drought is the norm.

Climate change, may be defined in a contemporary context as a change which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activities, through which the composition of the global atmosphere is altered and which is, in addition to natural climate variability, observed over comparable time periods (Kabat and Bates, 2002). Climate change is irreversible and permanent, and occurs where a trend over time (either positive or negative) is superimposed over naturally occurring variability. The time scale of climate change is decades to centuries and the trend is more likely to occur in steps than linearly over time (Schulze, 2003).

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Figure 7-2: Soils in the Project Area

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In Mozambique and Southern Africa, there have been few studies published on the impact of climate change, but a number of studies have concentrated on the climate variability, which is the main feature of the region. The commissioned assessment by INGC (National Disaster Management Institute) on the impact of Climate Change Impact in Mozambique, has shown that over 45 years, between 1960 and 2005, a trend for increasing (i) temperatures, (ii) the duration of the longest heat waves and marked droughts of high maximum temperature has to be stated, which in turn increase evaporation mainly in the northern and central Mozambique (INGC 2009). For the same period trends on rainfall were not readily apparent due to their inter-annual variability over different seasons (INGC 2009). In the southern Mozambique, which includes the Sabie River, the variability of rains is much longer and therefore more prone to droughts (INGC 2009). For the period between 2040-2060, several General Circulation Models projected increases of minimum temperature inland over the country that may attain 2.5˚C- 3.0˚C, mainly for the period March-April-May (INGC 2009). These increases in temperature are expected to increase evaporation in the dry season (September-October- November) before the onset of rains (fall season).

The INGC Report stated that the data indicate that the picture of changes in rainfall is not as clear as in that of changes in temperature assessment. But an increase in rainfall up to 25% for the south of Mozambique is predicted. The report also highlights the influence of climate variability (INGC 2009). Studies conducted in South Africa on climate variability, where the largest section of the watersheds of the Sabie and Incomati Rivers are located, indicate that:

The rainfall over many areas of southern Africa is often concentrated within a short period of time and displays a high inter-seasonal and inter-annual variability. In many regions of Southern Africa rainfall is of short duration. Moreover, it show a high inter variability between seasons and between different years. These variations translate into a high coefficient of variation of runoff which exceeds 40% of world standard. (Ghile 2007)

 The ratio of the conversion of rainfall to runoff over approximately half of South Africa is less than 5%, which is low in comparison to the world mean of 35% (Guile 2007).  Year-to-year climate variations over southern Africa are strongly influenced by interactions between the atmosphere and the underlying ocean and land surfaces (Ghile 2007). That includes the ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) being the largest source of natural variability in the global climate system responsible for a large portion of the inter-annual rainfall variability over southern Africa (Landman and Klopper, 1998). It is an anomalous large-scale ocean-atmosphere system associated with an irregular cycle of warming and cooling of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific Ocean (Mason, 1990; Kabat and Bates, 2002). The

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variability in seasonal rainfall over southern Africa is also related to sea surface temperature variations over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans (Mason, 1990).  The associations between rainfall and sea surface temperature vary over the summer rainfall season, creating uncertainty about future climatic conditions (Hansen, 2002; Maini et al., 2004).  The marked intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability of climate over southern Africa results in a high-risk environment for water resources because they affect the major drivers of the hydrological system and certain processes within it (Kunz, 1993; Schulze, 1997).

Therefore, according to several experts climate change will exacerbate the occurrence and frequency of extreme events (storms, floods and droughts). For southern Africa, particularly the area covered by Incomati and Sabie River prolonged droughts and irregular floods may be the main consequence of the climate which may affect water availability in the rivers and water reservoir.

7.1.3 Hydrology

7.1.3.1 Incomati River

The Incomati River has its origin in the South African District of Ermelo in Mpumalanga province. It crosses to Mozambique in north of the Ressano Garcia Border and runs over 40 kilometre towards south-east. Starting at Chidulo it turns towards the north to the town of Sabie. From Sabie the river takes eastern direction and after 25 km it joins the Sabie River.

The Incomati River basin is an important international basin distributed by 3 countries: South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique. The areas occupied by the main sub-basins are presented below:  The Komati River basin and the main course of the Incomáti River, with a total of 11,100km2, including the Swaziland part. It is 714 km in length up to its mouth, with the Mozambican course corresponding to 283 km, from Ressano Garcia to Marracuene. Just before entering Mozambique, another important river, the Crocodile, enters the main course of the river that up to this point is called Komáti. Almost immediately after this union, the river changes name to Incomati.  The Crocodile River basin, with 10 500 km2. Comparing it with the Komati sub-basin, one can say that the two sub-basins are equal in size.  The Sabié basin, with an area of 6 400 km2 in South Africa is another important South African river that joins the Incomati already in Mozambican territory. The important Corumana dam was built on the border but on the Mozambican side. This river has a very important flow, about ¼ of the total inflow to the frontier.

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Although the area occupied by these basins is quite large, about 25% of the total basin, their contribution to the total runoff of the Incomati basin is almost insignificant, especially during the dry seasons, when they do not transport any flow.

So, the great contribution towards the Incomati runoff is assured by the flows that reach the frontier at Ressano Garcia and Sabié (then already with the Corumana), from the Komati /Crocodile and Sabie, in about 96%.

Being aware of the increase in consumption, upstream, in the main course of the Incomati, Mozambique tried to negotiate with its neighbouring countries a way to improve or at least prevent the situation from getting worse.

Later, a Tripartite Committee was created and at the beginning of years 2000 a broader Agreement was reached that also included the Maputo River. In practical terms, South Africa cannot comply with the Agreement, and the actual expectations on the flows entering during the dry period in Ressano Garcia in the coming years, is near to zero, and it is with this pessimistic Scenario that the Balance, presented below is being made.

The Incomati River is today considered, at least at the level of Southern Africa, the most paradigmatic case on the conflict for the use of international rivers.

7.1.3.2 Sabie River

The Sabie River runs through the south of the Kruger National Park to Mozambique and forms the reservoir of Corumana. Corumana dam waters are discharged through gates and the river passes through several agricultural fields along its course. Along the coordinates 25 ° 19'48 .13 "S, 32 ° 17'48 .35" E Sabie River joins the Incomati River. In this way the Incomati River continues to undergo various fields and two major cities, Magude and Xinavane in north-east and the cities of Manhiça and Marracuene on its southward direction. The Sabie and Incomati River are international rivers.

Corumana Dam

The Corumana dam is located in the Sabié River, and even today it is the only hydraulic infrastructure existing on the Mozambican side of the Basin.

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The Corumana Dam reservoir is fed by the Sabié River and has actually a useful capacity of 720 Mm3. After implementation of the Corumana Dam Project (National Directorate for Water10) 1,240 hm³ will be reached in future. The historical average inflow to Corumana Dam site (calculated for the years 1920 to 2004) was 488 hm³/year.

The presented Project will finally make available 120,000 m³/day or about 44 hm³ per year, which corresponds to about 3.5 % of the capacity of the Corumana Dam reservoir and to approx. 9 % of the average inflow. But, it has to be mentioned that the fluctuation of the inflow was very high between 1920 and 2004. Thus, in 1991 the inflow was only 62 hm³/year and in 1999 2,550 hm³/year were registered.

The water of Corumana Dam site is currently used for many different purposes as for electricity generation and for irrigation. In future this water will also be used as raw water for drinking water production. Following information about running and future Projects is given in the FIPAG Option Report (2012):

 Water supply for Ressano Garcia town upstream the Corumana Dam reservoir – is 0.03 hm³/month (30,000 m3/month) at present. This is expected to double it in the medium-term (5 years);  Currently, an area of 435 ha at Moamba is irrigated;  Irrigation at Sabié with an actual area of 180 ha is intended to be increased to about 1,000 ha after the completion of Corumana Dam;  The COFAMOSA (Committee for the Facilitation of Agriculture between Mozambique and South Africa) irrigation project is covering actually an area of 10,000 ha (phase 1) with intended additional 19,000 ha in a second phase;  Açucareira de Xinavane and associated farmers use an area of 17,400 ha at present, but intend to expand this area to 22,400 ha in the medium term;  Maragra, Inacio de Sousa and associated farmers currently cultivate an area of 7,140 ha;  Other small irrigation schemes actual comprise an area of 225 ha, intended to be increased to 700 ha in the medium term;  Water supply for livestock amounts to 0,25 Mm3/month (250,000 m³/month) this is expected to increase to 0.7 Mm3/month (700,000 m³/month) in the medium term;  Industrial consumption amounts to 0.6 hm3/month (600,000 m³/month) for sugar plants (Maragra, Xinavane, COFAMOSA), cement factory, and other small industries;

10 As part of the Four Dams Project, which envisages the conclusion of Corumana Dam and the construction of a dam in the village of Ressano Garcia, a dam in the town of Gorongosa and a Dam in the village Metuchira. The works for completion of the Dam Corumana include the installation of six radial crest gates of hydro-mechanical equipment and auxiliary repair of concrete pillars, strengthening the existing dam and construction of a dam spillway fuse.

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 The proposed but not confirmed industrial project MISP – Maputo Iron and Steel Project would require 1.25 Mm3/month;  Maintaining of an ecological flow with a minimum of 3 m3/s at the estuary, requires an annual flow of 450 Mm³/y.

The main crops to be irrigated in the Project area is sugar cane which needs about 16,000 m³ water/ha and per year.

Following the Final Options Report (FIPAG 2012), the extraction of 60,000 m³/d from Corumana Dam Site as it is actually designed can be guaranteed. Because it is intended to increase the capacity of Corumana Dam Reservoir within the Four Dam Project a raw water extraction of 120,000 m³/day is then possible with a standard reliability of 98%. The works for that will be finalized in 2014. This reliability can also be ensured under consideration of the future water demand in the Incomati River Basin including Phase 1 of COFAMOSA Project.

An increased demand, however, as COFAMOSA Phase 2 listed above, or a rise in the water extraction is only possible if other infrastructures as e.g. the Moamba-Major Dam Project are implemented.

7.1.3.3 Matola River

The Matola River rises in a swampy area in the northeast of the Moamba district, and its course is about 70 km long. Its mouth is located in the internal part of the Espírito Santo estuary, near the confluence with the Umbeluzi and Tembe Rivers. The water is salty when originating from the Estuary, or brackish very much into the interior. The Matola River is seasonal and only holds water - upstream - during the rainy season.

The river bed is mostly sandy and rocky (upstream). Downstream, the river banks are mangroves that spread from its mouth in the estuary to the “Fabrica de Fundição de Alumínio de Beleluane (MOZAL)”. These areas are extensively used for the production of salt, considering the number of salt fields that were built in the past. Recently the area downstream along the Matola River also saw an intense development of the settlements with diversified industrialization and urbanization.

The Matola River is seasonal having running water only during the rainy season. This river has a connection with the Incomati basin close to Sabie and Madjulane region (25 ° 26'57 .25 "S, 32 ° 19'59 .47" E) during the rainy season.

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7.1.3.4 Raw Water Quality

The raw water for drinking water production is taken currently from the Corumana Dam Reservoir. The FIPAG Options Report (2012) gives recent data about the raw water quality based on the following sources:

 Unpublished data of ARA-Sul collected between 1983 and 2007;  ARA-Sul (2009);  The 2007/2008 Yearbook of the Inkomati River in South Africa, published by the Tripartite Permanent Technical Committee (TPTC) between Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland (RSA, 2010);  Water quality analyses done by COBA. Three sets of samples were taken right at the intake in Corumana Dam Reservoir.

The data of ARA-Sul (2009) revealed that all measured parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, total hardness, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and turbidity) show a good water quality and are below max. permissible concentrations (WHO-Standards, Regulation on Environmental Quality of Effluents, standards stipulated in the Inco-Maputo-Agreement for the use of water).

The analyses performed by COBA (in FIPAG 2012) showed that concentrations of toxic elements in the water of the reservoir are far below the standards set in the Ministerial Order No 180/2004 of the Ministry of Health dealing with drinking water quality. Thus, the analysis of a probe taken in March 2012 revealed that no pesticides or chlorinated hydrocarbons occur in the raw water as the Ministerial Order requires. Important toxic heavy metals as cadmium, chrome or mercury11 are also found to be significantly below the required standards (see Annex VI).

7.1.3.5 Hydraulic infrastructures on the Mozambican side

It has been thought for quite some time that the only possibility to improve the situation of this dry zone of Mozambique is to build Large Dams, and the building of two dams – Corumana and Moamba Major – have been programmed since before Independence.

The construction of those dams would allow for the use of the water of the large and medium floods that continue to occur with frequency in the Mozambican territory, and that up to now, was being almost completely lost to the sea. It is not guaranteed that, due to the situation of lack of water of these last years, the dams would fill every year, but it will undoubtedly be a great step forward.

11 Cd measured 0.00 mg/l; limit Ministerial Diploma 180/2004: 0.001 mg/l / WHO 2010: 0.003 Cr measured 0.021 mg/l; limit Ministerial Diploma 180/2004: 0.05 mg/l / WHO 2010: 0.05 Hg measured 0.00 mg/l; limit Ministerial Diploma 180/2004: 0.001 mg/l / WHO 2010 0.006 Pb measured 0.00 mg/l; limit Ministerial Diploma 180/2004: 0.01 mg/l / WHO 2010: 0.01

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As a main element for the analysis presented below, the reasons for the regularization of the Sabié River with the building of Corumana Dam, were:  To guarantee irrigation water, as a first priority;  To take advantage of the stored flows for the production of hydroelectric power, using the same water as the one that is discharged for irrigation;  To minimize large floods in the Mozambican basin. That role is relevant, as it is situated in a simple but important tributary.

Although at the time this Project was prepared these environmental aspects were not emphasized, the intention was to minimize the seawater intrusion, during the high tide period of the Maputo Bay, preventing saltwater from entering almost up to Manhiça during long periods of drought, with the Incomati River almost dry. This would mean that, during the dry period, an “environmental” minimum flow would be permanently supplied by the Corumana.

7.1.3.6 Water Availability in the Light of Climate Change

One of the most important sources that describes possible effects of climate change in Mozambique is the Climate Change Report of INGC (Instituto Nacional de Gestao de Calamidades - National Institute for Disaster Management) dated May 2009.

An increase in rainfall over most of Mozambique is predicted in future between November and May. Across all zones increases in evaporation will likely be greater than increases in rainfall during the dry season (June to October), suggesting that the dry season will become drier everywhere by around 2055 and even more by 2090. This means that the demand of water for irrigation purposes will be increasing not only by extension of irrigated land but also by the need for more irrigation water per hectar of agricultural land.

Despite the fact that in general the Sabié River flow, feeding the Corumana Dam Reservoir, will increase in the next decades because of increased rainfall (up to 25 % for the southern part of Mozambique), less water will be available downstream of Corumana Dam Reservoir in future. This is mainly due to increased evaporation rates by heightened temperatures and to a growth of population (threefold up to 2060) requiring more water for irrigation of land and for drinking water consumption. A 60-70 % decrease in water availability is predicted for the Incomati River basin in the time period up to 2060.

In summary, the climate change will lead to a higher precipitation rate resulting in an increase of the water flow in Sabié River. This increase is partly consumed by a rising evaporation, but it can be assumed that the

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inflow to Corumana Dam reservoir will be high enough to maintain the possibility of retaining 120,000 m³ for drinking water purposes also in future.

7.1.4 Hydrogeology

The Project area falls in the Hydrogeological Province of Mozambique Sedimentary Basin south of the Save which is Meso-Kenozoicum in age. This classification is based in the explanatory notes to the Hydrogeological map of Mozambique scale 1:1.000.000 of Ferro & Bouman (1987). Inland its morphology is characterizes by extensive erosion plains, gently dipping coastward. The hydrogeological characteristics are not very favourable for ground water development except in some alluvial valleys, in the dune area and in deeper aquifers.

The hydrogeological condition of the project area is concurrent with the geological situation: the hydrogeological formations match the geological formations. The study area is in the area with local aquifers (intergranular or fissured) of limited productivity or areas without significant groundwater.

The route of the transmission main will cross an area with shallow refuse horizon where rhyolite and basalt rocks occur. In these areas the occurrence of outcrops or the small weathering thickness limits the occurrence of groundwater (generally alteration less than 20 m). In this type of hydrogeological formations the faults and alluvium zones correspond to exception usually more productive. The permeability of these two formations is very low and the general yield is below 3 m³/h.

After Moamba, the transmission main will cross the sandstone and conglomerate classified as Ks in the above mentioned map. The hydrogeological characteristic of this formation is similar of the previous ones.

From Pessene to Machava the transmission main will be laid down on intergranular aquifers of low to very low permeability with yield generally bellow 5 m³/h. This dune belt composed of clayey medium to very fine sand, is eolic in origin. Groundwater development in this hydrogeological formation is inhibited by the depth to water table in uprising dunes and poor water quality associated with ancient marine inundations, mainly in Matola area.

7.1.5 Noise and Vibrations

There are no published data of noise and vibration along the proposed pipeline route of the waters supply system available. The investigation area is influenced by the following sources of noise:

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 Heavy vehicles transporting sand between Machava and Moamba.  Trains, as the corridor between Machava and Moamba follows the railway. Currently train movements takes place between 03:00 am and 9:00 pm. The impact of vibration and noise caused by trains can be felt at least in a distance of 2 km of the railway but is very intermittent.  At Machava area, there are few industrial plants (mainly food processing industries). However, it is assumed that they do not represent significant sources of noise.  Domestic sources of noise are generated between Machava and Matola Gare and at Moamba Village by residences and intense human activities. These sources of noise are mainly caused by household and shops during daytime and early evenings.  Construction vehicles and equipment of the Circular de Maputo.

The level of noise and vibration is reduced between Moamba- Sabie and Corumana because the number of vehicles using the area is low. Here also, the level of noise and vibration is intermittent and takes place mainly during daytime.

The village of Moamba is also adjacent to the N4 highway linking Maputo – Matola Cities to South Africa. Noise generated by the traffic reaches some close houses affecting these during day and night time.

7.1.6 Air Quality

There are no data or studies available about air quality in the project area.

Some strong winds generating dust occur in the area. Between Moamba and Sabie small tornados can be formed during hot days producing extensive dust emissions of surficial clay silt sediments.

Air quality along the corridor is mainly affected by dust produced by tracks and light vehicles between Matola Gare and Moamba. This stretch of road is not asphalted and under dry conditions dust is produced affecting the nearby areas.

In general, due to the lack of industry and the low traffic the air quality can be considered to be good in the investigation area.

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7.2 Ecological Environment

7.2.1 Protected Areas

Protected areas are not found in the investigation area. The nearest area is the Kruger National Park on South-African side which is located in a distance of more than 20 km from the Investigation area.

7.2.2 Flora

The flora of the investigation area was analysed in 8 groups, namely:

a) Corumana – pumping station site b) Thornveld/Arid bushveld – Water Treatmentt Plant c) Incomati River – riparian and in stream d) Pessene wetlands e) Pessene – dense low thicket f) Matola river g) Sand forest h) Edaphic grasslands at Matola Gare and Matola river i) Creeks associated with Incomati and Sabie rivers

To all groups of identified flora detailed list of species determined are given in the Bio-Physical Specialized Study (Vol. 4). These lists give also information about the growth forms and of their use by the population.

a) Corumana – Pumping station site The flora of Corumana at the site proposed for the pumping station lies on a rocky subtract. The dominant vegetation in the slope and lower part of the Corumana Reservoir consists of mixed bushveld of Lebombo arid vegetation. Near Sabie River, the vegetation is mostly riparian and is described further below (Photograph 7-1).

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Photograph 7-1: Sabie river bed and banks downstream of Corumana Dam site

The flora at the proposed site for the pumping station at Sabie comprises 16 families. The vegetation is a low thicket. 23 species of trees, mostly of small size due to the nature of the substrate and seven species of shrubs were found. The only herb observed was the Ipomoaea ommaneyi. The most common species was Aloe marlothi. In this area herbs and grasses were uncommon. Four species occurring in this area are considered to be endemic in southern Africa (Photograph 7-2).

Photograph 7-2: Lebombo arid vegetation at the Pumping Station Site in Corumana

Near the Sabie River bank, the soil consists of deep deposits of alluvial clay, which is mostly humid. The vegetation is mostly riparian consisting of tree adapted to inundation (eight species of 9 families). The largest trees

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are Afzelia quanzensis and Ficus abutilifolia, but the palm Phoenix reclinata and the Diospyros melispiformes are very common as well. The herbs are also adapted to inundation and wet places mainly reed beds (Phragmithes australis) and the sedge (Mariscus congestus).

b) Thornveld/ Arid bushveld (vegetation of proposed site for water treatment plant The proposed site for the water treatment plant at Sabie consists of a clay thorn bushveld adapted to arid conditions (Photograph 7-3). The soils are shallow and lie over the rhyolite basalts of the Lebombo. The trees are mostly small (2-3 m high). There flora consisted of nine species of trees belonging to seven families. There are few species of grasses (2 species of the family Poaceae) and herbs (2 species of the family Liliaceae). The shrubs belong to the family Asteraceae (2 species). The most dominant species are stands of Euphorbia ingens, Aloe marlothi (Photograph 7-4), and Euclea divinorum associated with Sansevieria sp. and Aloe parvibracteata. Large trees such as Lannea sthulmannii, Sclerocarya birrea and Parinari capensis occur sparsely in the area.

Photograph 7-3: Clay thorn bushveld at Sabie at the proposed location for the water treatment plant

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Photograph 7-4: Stand of Lebombo arid vegetation with Euphorbia ingens in the background and Euclea shrubs near Sabie village

Photograph 7-5: Clay thorn bushveld with Aloe marlothi in the background

This type of vegetation also occurs between Moamba and Sabie villages at the drier, well drained places. It is interrupted by few creeks which drain their water into the Incomati River.

c) Incomati River – Riparian and in stream habitats The Incomati River bank represents a riparian habitat. The dominant vegetation in the stream is the reed Phragmithes australis, which grows profusely in the area and in the islands formed in the river bed of the Incomati River (Photograph 7-6). In cleared areas transformed to agriculture land several grasses grow in the river bank (5 species of grass and 6 species of herbs) together with some exotic fruit trees (Mangifera

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indica) mainly in shallow alluvial clay soil over rocks. However, higher in the undisturbed banks at the west at the location selected to cross the river the vegetation is riparian (Photograph 7-7). It consists of trees and shrubs (Albizia, Ficus, Grewia, Trema, Phillanthus). The diversity of trees is very limited.

On places were the substrate is rocky in the river bed, showing a slow current green filamentous algae were found.

Photograph 7-6: Incomati River in dry season at the proposed site for crossing the water pipeline

Photograph 7-7: Riparian vegetation of the river creeks draining into Incomati and Sabie River between Moamba and Corumana

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d) Pessene wetlands ( dune valley) – permanent wetlands The dune valleys north of Pessene are considered to be sensitive areas. Where the storm water accumulates the vegetation consist mostly of grasses and herbs. The sedge species tend to occupy areas of grey clay soil, which is impermeable and remains humid for most of the time. Here the dominant species are Mariscus congestus, Coleochloa setifera and Cyperus esculentus (Photograph 7-8).

Photograph 7-8: Permanent wetland north of Pessene In the higher parts of the valley, which are well drained mainly grasses and herbs were determined. A species of orchid was found in this wetland. Shrubs are sparse and only one tree species was found in the neighbouring areas of the wetlands. Some of these wetlands, depending on the intensity of the rainfall in the wet season may persist throughout the dry season, but most tend to dry out completely (Photograph 7-9).

Photograph 7-9: Temporary inundated grassland near Pessene

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e) Pessene – dense low thicket The proposed area for the water storage and elevation plant, east of Pessene and the region toward Pessene village consist mainly of deep clay –sand soils. The vegetation consist of small thicket dominated by small trees which diversity is similar to coastal forest, possibly because of the brackish nature of the soil and aquifer (Photograph 7-10). Therefore, rainfall is vital to provide fresh water to these trees and during the rainy season the soils are not drained, retaining water for longer periods. There are 21 species of trees, mostly small size except the Lannea schweinfurthii var. sthulmannii, Ficus tonninghi, and Terminalia sericea. The common shrubs were less diverse and were members of Fabaceae, Caesalpinaceae and Euphorbiaceae families (1 species each). Few herbs belonged to the family Malvaceae (two species). Grasses were the less diverse (only one species: Aristida consgesta).

Photograph 7-10: Bushveld located south-east of Pessene at the site for the control tanks system

f) Matola River – (Aquatic habitat) This wetland, which has been classified as an ecological sensitive area (see Figure 7-4), will be crossed by the pipeline. It consists of isolated areas of standing water within the river bed that remain by end of the dry season. During the rainy season these standing waters form that what is called Matola River. These wetlands are mainly covered by dense reed stands of Phragmithes australis (Photograph 7-11). Because this river bed has brackish water the drained areas of the river bed are colonised by the grass Cynodon dactylon. In the higher parts of the river bank which are well drained and only inundated when the river floods the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Eragrastis rigidior and Eragrostis ciliaris), herbs (Sida rhimbifolia, Hibiscus calyphylus and Vahlia capensis), but also by the palm Phoenix reclinata.

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Photograph 7-11: The Matola River basin – showing the instream reed beds

The riparian flora of the Matola River which lies over old red sedimentary dunes include few herbs (Solanum panduriforme), shrubs (four species of four families) and small trees of the families Euphorbiaceae, Ebenaceae and Asteraceae.

g) Sand Forest – Modified terrestrial habitat The area previously occupied by Sand Forest is modified and transformed into cultivated field. The soil of this region consists of white sandy soils of recent dune deposits. The aquifer is shallow. Therefore the area contains several termitaria (termite mounds) in which some original tree species of this plant habitat occur. The few remnant trees of the original flora consisted of 4 species belonging to 3 families. However, the fallow fields in the area are mainly colonised by fast growing shrubs typical for disturbed soils (4 species of 3 families), grasses (1 species of the family Poaceae) and herbs (4 species of 4 families). These few shrubs and trees are medicinally used.

h) Edaphic grasslands at Matola Gare and Matola River (seasonally inundated area) Among the sand forest between Matola Gare and Matola River edaphic grasslands can be found, which is inundated frequently even after moderate rainfalls and storms growing at soil of white sand of recent dune deposits. This habitat is mainly dominated by grasses (4 species of the family Poaceae), herbs (6 species of 4 families) and a shrub adapted to frequently inundated places (Hyphaene natalensis) (Photograph 7-12).

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Photograph 7-12: Temporary wetlands – inundated grassland at Matola Gare

i) Flora of the creeks associated with the Incomati and Sabie River (considered to be sensitive areas) Between Moamba and Sabie there are several creeks which have been classified as sensitive areas. Most of these creeks drain into Incomati River upstream of the confluence with Sabie River. A few creeks between Sabie and Corumana drain their water into Sabie River downstream of the Dam and Reservoir. The predominant vegetation consists of species adapted to temporary and long term inundations mainly the fever tree (Acacia xanthophloea) and the fig tree (Ficus abutilifolia). The main herbs are the sedge Mariscus congestus, the grass Panicum maximum and Urochloa mossambicessis. At some sensitive areas, in locations under direct exposure to the sunlight (e.g. no cover of the canopy of trees) the ground layer is colonized by either the annual erect herb Xenium sp. (family Asteraceae) or of the erect perennial shrub Ipomoea ommaneyi

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Figure 7-3: Vegetation distribution in the Project area

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7.2.3 Fauna

Detailed list of identified animal species are given in the Bio-Physical Specialized study (Vol. 4). These list indicate also the status of the species e.g. as given in the IUCN Lists.

Terrestrial Fauna The terrestrial fauna will be characterized by vegetation formations, namely the Lebombo arid vegetation, clay thorn bushveld and the sand forest.

Mammals Lebombo arid vegetation & clay thorn bushveld

These two habitats share the same mammal species. They are adjacent habitats, both are arid and have no or very shallow clay soils cover. The total detected number of species occurring in these two habitats was 50 species belonging to 15 families. Bats (families Molossidae, Nycteridae) rodents (Otomynae), antilopes (family Bovidae) and predators (families Carnivora, Mustelidae and Viverridae) were the most diverse species. In terms of conservation status most species are classified as Least Concern. However, two species are near threatened (leopard) and vulnerable (Panthera leo). These species occur incidentally in the area, dispersing from Kruger National Park.

Sand Forest

In the sand forest, mammal diversity consisted of 45 species belonging to 26 families. The families Molossidae, Otomynae, Soricidae, Bovidae, Carnivora and Viverridae were the most common. The status of most species listed below is at least concern, but there are few species which status have not yet been accessed. Elephants are uncommon in this area, but there was an event when eight elephants from Kruger national Park roamed to this type of habitat near Matola Gare. on the 1st January 2007 (http://macua.blogs.com/moambique_para_todos/2007/01/elefantes_visto.h tml)

Birds

Lebombo Arid Vegetation

In this type of vegetation, 17 bird families, represented by 20 species were detected. The predominant species are insectivorous. The presence of birds associated with the river and ponds with greater frequency indicates the importance of these small wetlands during the dry season. Large expanses of wetland are associated with Lebombo Arid Vegetation.

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The bird species observed in the Lebombo Arid Vegetation are common residents, except for the Terathopius ecaudatus.

Clay Thorn Bushveld

In this type of vegetation around 45 bird species representing 22 families could be found. The predominant families are: Estrildidae (6 species), Sylviidae (4 species), Ploceidae (4 species), Nectariniidae (3 species) and Accipitridae (3 species). In this habitat the numbers of insectivorous species are predominant. However, the seed-eater species are also important species of this habitat. The number of different species of sunbirds is also significant. The higher trophic levels are represented by two species of raptors both considered to be threatened.

The bird species observed in the clay thorn bushveld are common residents, except for the Actitis hypoleucos, which is a paleoartic migrant, and the Trigonoceps occipitalis, which is rare.

Sand Forest

From Machava until Pessene, the vegetation recorded along the proposed water pipeline is Sand Forest. This bird habitat has been largely converted into agricultural lands in the recent decades. A total of 31 species belonging to 22 families of birds occur. Most birds are predominantly insectivorous, seed or fruit eaters. Two species of sunbirds were observed in the remaining patches of sand forest. The presence of owls in open habitat is indicative for the presence of numerous rodents.

All bird species observed in the sand forest are common residents.

Bird species conservation status

Most species observed along water pipeline corridor belong to the category of Least Concern (LC) according to the IUCN red list. Only one species has been classified as vulnerable (Trigonoceps occipitalis) found next to Clay Thorn Bushveld. Terathopius ecaudatus is considered to be near threatened detected at Lebombo Arid Vegetation. The numerical reduction of the population of medium-sized mammals in the region and the rapid conversion of natural habitats to cropland lead to the vulnerability of Trigonoceps occipitalis (Parker 2000). Possibly the same reasons mentioned above is behind the "near threatened" of Terathopius ecaudatus There is another increasing threat for raptors connected to the use of pesticides in agriculture.

It has to be mentioned that the survey was conducted in the dry season and some of the bird species living here in the wet season might not be detected.

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Reptiles

Reptiles of Lebombo Arid vegetation

The reptiles diversity of the Lebombo Arid vegetation consisted of 52 species split into 16 families. Snakes and lizards are the most diverse groups (8 families and 33 species of snakes). The families Colubridae, Elapidae, Viperidae and Aparallactinae are the most diverse. Lizards were mainly represented by the families Sincidae, Lacertidae, Gerrhossauridae. The least diverse groups were tortoises (Testudinidae), agamas (Agamidae) and monitors (Varanidae).

One tortoise species, five snakes species and one gecko species are endemic to Southern Africa. The status of the majority of listed species have not been assessed by IUCN and a few are classified as Least Concern

Reptiles of Clay thorn bushveld

This habitat, which remains completely dry in winter, but is quickly inundated in the rainy season showed a diversity of 57 species of reptiles distributed into 14 families. These reptiles are related to six main groups: tortoise (three species of the family Testudinidae), snakes (37 species of five families, and the most diverse family are the Colubridae), skinks (seven species, family Sincidae) , lizards (six species in two families, Geckos (two species in single family). The rock monitor also occurs in this habitat. Among the endemic species in southern Africa there are three species of snakes and three species of skinks and one species of gecko. Most species in this list have not yet been assessed for their status by IUCN and a few species are Least Concern.

Reptiles of Sand Forest

The Sand Forest shows also a high diversity of reptiles: 55 species belonging to 18 families. Snakes were the most diverse in terms of species and families. The families Colubridae, Aparallactinae and Elapidae are the most diverse among the snakes. However, reference has to be made to the occurrence of, blind snakes (2 species) which are adapted to underground life in these soft soils. Skinks, lizards, geckos, agamas are also other reptiles species being common in this habitat. Due to large scale transformation of this habitat to cultivated fields and sparse residential area, most common species are lizards and skinks. Snakes only occur at remnant and fallow areas which they use as refuges. Termite mounds, rodent holes and mole galleries as well as bushes and trees are used for shelter these species. Among endemic species for Southern Africa there are two found in the area belonging to the family Aparallactinae, 3 species to the family Colubridae, 2 species of the family Elapidae, 3 species of skinks (Sincidae) and one species of gecko (Geckonidae). Most species

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have not yet had their status been assessed by IUCN, but a few are Least Concern (LC).

Fauna Using Aquatic Environment

Mammals

Mammals that depend and live at the surroundings of the aquatic environments of the project area comprise 52 species belonging to 21 families. The most diverse families are Molossidae (bats, with 9 species), who live perched on the riverine vegetation, Viverridae (9 species of small predators, otomodae (5 species of rodents), bovidae (5 species of antilope herbivores) and 5 species of Carnivores.

The aquatic environment of the Incomati and Sabie Rivers show less disturbed habitats and fresh water supply throughout the year what entails a high biodiversity. The Matola River consists in the dry season of pools of brackish water covered by reed and grasses. Therefore, it does not attract mammals with similar intensity as the other larger rivers. However, some mongooses were found at Matola River bank. Due to their large flow the Incomati and Sabie rivers, houses also large mammals such as hippos and are frequented occasionally by elephants. The proximity of the Kruger National Park and the existence of large mosaics of natural habitats allow these large animals to room into the investigation area.

Mammals, their tracks or other field signs were not observed during the survey at the creeks associated with Incomati and Sabie Rivers. During the investigation period these creeks have been dried out and showed of heavy utilization by livestock and human disturbance.

In terms of conservation there were few species threatened (Cephalophus natalensis), and vulnerable (Raphicerus campestris, Felys libica, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Galago moholi).

Water birds

Water birds in the proposed project area comprised 46 species belonging to 17 families. The families Ardeidae and Ciconidae had the majority of species (11 species and 6 species respectively.

The families Charadriidae (waders) and Anatidae (ducks) are represented by 5 and 4 species respectively, whereas the family Scolopacidae (waders) has three species. Most species determined uses fish, amphibians and invertebrates in wetlands as nutrients, being therefore sensitive to any disturbance of these sensitive habitats. Aquatic birds are readily disturbed by human activity as they do not tolerate close presence.

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The sensitive area linked with Sabie River had the highest species diversity compared with Incomati and Matola Rivers. This may reflect the difference of human disturbance, which is higher at Matola and Incomati Rivers (agriculture in the banks, extraction of sand, cutting of vegetation, extraction of water at Incomati, washing of clothes and vehicles etc.). In addition, the relatively brackish water of Matola River also prevents true fresh water fishes and invertebrates to occur and therefore water birds dependent on them are not frequent found here.

Nine (9) aquatic bird species recorded are vulnerable due to their rarity. The African cormorant Anhinga melanogaster is considered near threatened. The threats to these birds are associated with habitat loss, disturbance and hunting. Four recorded species are migratory Eurasian, while other two are intra-African migratory birds.

Reptiles

The Incomati and Sabie Rivers are the main sources of freshwater in the investigation area. They provide in their banks large natural riparian habitats which can be used as refugee by reptiles. Therefore this habitat had 19 species belonging to nine families of reptiles. Only few species occurring in these habitats are endemic to Southern Africa including the snakes Philothamnus natalensis, Phyton sebae. the Geckko Homopholis wahlbergii, the water monitor (Varanus niloticus). The Phyton sebae and Varanus niloticus are protected by Mozambican law. These rivers are also inhabited by the Nile crocodile which status is vulnerable. Several species of snakes of the families Colubridae and few of Elapidae occur in these habitats associated with the riparian and stream vegetation.

In the wetlands around Matola Gare and Pessene reptiles inhabit temporary pools and pans after rain and are also capable of living in brackish water of Matola River. These habitats are used by tortoises, 3 species of Testudinidae and 3 species Pelomedusidae) and by snakes of the families Leptotyphlopdae (2 species), Apparalactinae (3 species), Colubridae (17 species), Elapidae (2 species) and Viperidae (2 species). Snakes and other reptile’s species inhabiting these habitats are those capable of going into aestivation in the dry season, or capable burying themselves deep into the mud when the wetland dries out (Branch 1999). The status of most species has not yet been assessed by IUCN and a few species are listed as Least Concern.

Amphibians

Amphibians occurring in the aquatic habitats that might be affected by the project (Matola River, Incomati River, Sabie River, and wetlands of Matola Gare and Pessene) comprised 35 species belonging to 12 families of frogs.

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The temporarily inundated grasslands and the wetlands of Pessene were dominated by frogs of the Families Hyperolidae, Ptychadeniaee, Phyrnobatrachidae, Bufonidae and Pipidae.

Matola River had 23 species and shared most of the species with the inundated grasslands and wetland of Pessene. In Incomati and Sabie river systems there were few amphibian species (10 species of 6 families), because their water flows are variable, which is unsuitable for some species that are adapted to still water.

Only one species is endangered (Xenopus gilli). This frog occurs in the wetlands of Pessene, Matola Gare and Matola River. Other species that occur have been classified as Least Concern. The status of some species has not yet been accessed by IUCN.

Fishes

About 48 fish species belonging to 14 families are known to occur in the rivers and wetlands in the broader investigation area. Ciprinidae is the family showing the most species, followed by Cichlidae and Mockochidae. Most species are adapted to slow current and well vegetated streams and ponds. The largest fish diversity was found in the Incomati River with 46 species of 14 families. Matola River has less species diversity because its river bed changes between slow flowing river in summer to a series of isolated ponds in winter. In addition, its saline water and very dense reed cover prevent the occurrence of some species which do not tolerate salty environment and which are adapted to open water habitat. There were about 20 species belonging to 6 families found. Again the families Cyprinidae, Cyprinodontidae and Cichlidae were the most diverse and common in this river. The wetlands of Pessene have species adapted to long term dissication such as the lungfishes Protopterus annectens and Clarias gariepinus, which are able to bury themselves deep in the mud when the wetland dries out. In addition the wetlands of Pessene are also inhabited by a few fish species adapted to well vegetated temporary standing water. Their eggs are able to survive the dry conditions. In total the Pessene wetlands show 6 species within 4 families.

Most fish species identified are classified in the red data list as Least Concern globally. However, there are two vulnerable species found: the lungfish (Protopterus annectens) and Opsaridum zambezense. The Incomati and Sabie Rivers host one endemic species (Chilognalis anoterus). There are two species which are endangered: Chetia brevis which occurs at Incomati-, Sabie and Matola Rivers and Pseudocrenilabrus philander which occurs in the Incomati and in Sabie River.

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Macro-invertebrates (molluscs of aquatic environments)

In the aquatic systems consisting of temporary pans and permanent wetland of Pessene, Matola Gare and Moamba, the African giant snail Achatina fulica thrives during the wet season. This species extends its distribution into areas which remain inundated after rain such as the lowland areas between dunes occurring in the proposed main route. However, in the Incomati River bank, which has coarse sediments and rocky substrate on its bank two abundant exotic fresh water molluscs are living there: (i), the snail Tarebia granifera, which is common near Moamba in areas of the river which are also colonised by the green algae Phitophira sp (Division Siphonophales) and, (ii) the clam Corcubila fluminea. These mollusc species may also occur in the Sabie River (downstream of the dam and extraction site) because the two systems are connected at the confluence.

7.2.4 Areas of Ecological Importance

The water pipeline passes through several mostly seasonal wetland areas considered to be sensitive because they are of ecological interest. However, these wetlands represent no areas of specific ecological value since they do not have any official protection status. Only the 50 m strip and the river band along the Matola, Incomati and Sabie Rivers have the partial protection status (according to the Land Law). This type of wetland can be found very often in the broader investigation area and unique or endemic flora and fauna have not been detected during the survey in the direct corridor of the pipeline crossing these wetlands. These wetlands are intensively used by the population e.g. for watering of livestock or water abstraction. These areas comprise the wetlands found in the investigation area (Figure 7-4) namely:

 Water drainage lines located between Matola Gare and Matola River;  Matola River bed and watershed;  Ponds and inundated grasslands at dune valleys;  Riverine areas around the Incomati River;  Valleys of small streams;  Small river located 5km south-west of Sabie river;  From Corumana Dam to Sabie River.

The hydrology of these wetlands ensures the functioning of a vast area of natural ecosystems, and at the same time it ensures the water supply for local communities, livestock and wildlife. Any major change in these sensitive sites changes the functioning of these riverine habitats and the survival of the flora and fauna throughout the dry season.

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Drainage lines between Matola Gare and Matola River Drainage lines occur between Matola Gare and Matola River. They consist of low land areas inundated during the rainy season. The vegetation consists of grassland but were the water remains inundated for longer periods plant species of Cyperaceae family occur. Most of these drainage line cross the railway.

Riverine areas around the Matola River, and related basin The Matola River and its basin, are dominated by reed vegetation (Phagmithes autralis), which covers almost the entire riverbed. The river banks are covered by Cynodon dactylon in the drier areas. The presence of this plant/grass indicates a certain level of water salinity. The high plant cover observed in this river reduces water evaporation and ensures that water is present all the year. Many cultivated areas are found along the course of this river.

Ponds in a Dune Valley Approximately 4.5 km north-west of Pessene a couple of ponds are found in the dune valley. These water bodies are located in a very dry landscape and local communities exploit the water from these ponds for drinking, washing and watering livestock. The predominant vegetation is formed by sedge (Mariscus congestus).

Riverine areas around the Incomati River The Incomati River represents another very sensitive area which is also a main source of freshwater for human consumption, livestock and agriculture for the whole Moamba Town. It is also an important wildlife habitat for aquatic species. The predominant vegetation along the banks is reed (Phragmithes australis). The banks are also colonised by water tolerant plant tree species (Ficus abutilifolia). This river is frequented by hippopotamus and occasionally by elephants, which roam from Kruger National Park have been observed to pass through proposed area to be crossed by the installation (south-east of the bridge). The area around the river consists of cultivated fields, some of which are irrigated. Along the river bed there are some concessions for sand mining in operation.

Valleys of small streams

Following north–west along the Incomati River to the village of Sabie there are several small temporary streams draining into Incomati River. These streams are dominated by the tree Acacia xanthophloea tolerates long term inundation and are in produce flowers in the dry season.

Water course 5km south-west of Sabie River, and basin Another important area (wetland of ecological importance) is located about 5 km south-west of Village of Sabie. It retains water throughout the year and has a large basin. It also drains into the Incomati. It is densely covered by Mariscus congestus (Cyperaceae). This wetland has suffered from

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cutting of large trees (Acacia xanthophloea), but most are now regenerating. These trees have been used to supply firewood for bakeries and also for production of charcoal (in areas between Moamba and Sabie Villages)

From Corumana Dam to Sabie River Towards Corumana Dam, there are some small creeks which drain their water into the Sabie River in the wet season. In the dry season these creeks dry out completely, but the large trees (mainly Acacia xanthophloea and Ficus abutilifolia) form a dense stand which maintain humid microhabitats for wildlife. Some human made lakes have been built on the basin of these creeks to retain water for livestock.

7.3 Socioeconomic Environment

This chapter presents the results of the socio-economic baseline study in the areas affected by the Water Supply Scheme, running from Moamba District through the Machava Municipal Administrative Post (Matola Municipality).

The sections describe demography, education, health, land use, the administrative organization of Moamba District and Matola Municipality, infrastructure and services, water and sanitation, energy, road and communication, economic activities and cultural heritage.

The analysis presented in this chapter is based mainly on data gathered through the socio-economic baseline study and focus group discussions in the project area; complemented by a review of relevant literature. A number of documents were consulted, namely:

 Profile of Moamba District (2005);  Profile of Matola Municipality (2009);  Economic and health data compiled by Machava Municipal Administrative Post and Moamba District Administration;  National socio-economic surveys such as: o The III Population Census; o The III National Poverty Evaluation; o Multiple Indicator Survey; o Demographic and Health Survey; o Household Survey; and o Household Budget Survey.

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7.3.1 Land Use

According the literature consulted land use in Moamba and Matola municipalities is different, due to the different human settlement and occupation patterns in each area. Moamba is a rather rural district with low population density, where land is used mainly for agriculture, cattle keeping and extracting natural resources.

Matola Municipality accounts for 53% of the total Maputo Province population and has a higher population density, with land used for residential and economic purposes (INE, 2009). While settlements in Matola neighbourhoods are essentially urban, they have developed without any regional planning strategy and land conflicts are a serious issue. Specific green zones have been set up in Matola for agriculture and raising livestock, and an industrial park has developed (MAE, 2005).

According to the data gathered in the baseline study in Machava – probably because it is closer to the urban area – land is used mainly for housing (65%) and less for agriculture (35%). Land use is different in Moamba. Probably because of its rural characteristics land is used more for farming (56.4%) and less for housing. For example, most households in Moamba (86.4%) have farmland compared to 47.2% in Machava.

In both Machava (83.1%) and Moamba (81.8%), most farmland is owned by the head of the household. The remainder belongs to other household members (11.5%), relatives (2.8%) and non-relatives (2.8%).

Following different land uses along the proposed water pipeline route were identified:

 dense residential areas,  sparse residential areas,  farms,  cultivated area,  industrial area,  sand mining,  firewood and charcoal production.

Between Matola Gare and Moamba, the proposed route for the water supply system runs parallel of an area which is concessionary to the Mozambique Railways Company (CFM), in which a railway linking Maputo and Matola Harbourst and Komatipoort in South Africa is located. In addition, there are also some secondary, unpaved roads which are under the responsibility of the Roads National Authority (ANE).

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The dense residential area is situated between Machava and Matola Gare. Much of the residential plots had been established in an unplanned manner for habitation. The houses are built conventionally using iron, cement and bricks. The perimeter walls of the residence are made in some cases from bricks and cement. In other cases the walls are made of bush sedge (Spiny euphorbia). Within the plots there are planted exotic and native fruit trees such as mangoes, natal mahogany, orange, mandarin, lemon, anon, cashew etc. In many cases the constructions do not respect the minimum distance set out for the road. This type of land use is progressing unplanned towards Matola Gare converting farm land into residential area.

The farmed area starts from Matola Gare towards Tenga. The sizes of the farm plots range from 1 ha to 5 ha. Within these plots a small residence buildings are erected using conventional material. The perimeter of the plots is mainly made out of spiny bush sedge (Spiny Euphorbia). The farms may have planted fruit trees, vegetable gardens and in some cases they may have aviaries (fowl breeding facilities).

At few kilometres North West from Matola Gare extended cultivated fields classified as subsistence farms begin to emerge. The cultivated fields extend to Moamba, Sabie and to Corumana. The fields associated with the Incomati and Sabie River following irrigation schemes during the dry season. During the wet season the fields are not irrigated and the planted crops changes from maize in the wet season to vegetables in the dry season. The cultivated fields of Matola River are not irrigated but are rain fed fields. They are only cultivated during the wet season.

However, cultivated areas also occur along the streams draining into Incomati and Sabie rivers. The main crops grown are maize, cassava, sweet potato, pumpkin and peanut. The fields associated with the river courses are mainly used to produce horticultural products.

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Figure 7-4: Land use and major habitats in the investigation area

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The area of Machava is dominated by commercial and industrial use. The industrial properties respect the pre-established distance from the road. The industry consist mainly of food processing, fowls ration processing and production of detergents.

Sand mining is found along the road linking Matola-Gare and Moamba. The first two sand mining areas are very close to Matola River, on either side of the river bank. Currently they seem to not operating. The remaining three sand mining areas are located near Moamba and are also disabled. The sand is extracted mainly for road construction and for landfilling.

Coarse sand used for construction is heavily excavated from the Incomati River bed at several points north-west of Moamba. These are commercially licensed operations.

The area around Pessene consists of agriculture and pasture for livestock (cattle, goats, sheep).

Between Moamba and Sabie, apart of the irrigated agriculture land there are extensive used areas of pasture for livestock (cattle, goats and sheep). This type of land use is also associated with the firewood and charcoal production which are extracted for bread bakeries and domestic usage, respectively, at Moamba, Matola and Maputo.

The pipeline transporting natural gas from Panda to Ressano Garcia crosses the proposed water pipeline area perpendicularly between Sabie and Corumana (Photograph 7-13).

Photograph 7-13: Gas pipeline system in the route of the water supply system towards Corumana

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At Sabie Village and towards Corumana Dam Reservoir along the banks of Sabie River the main land uses are irrigated agriculture systems for production of vegetables in the dry season and maize in wet season. This activity is combined with livestock production mainly in the drier areas of the region. Here, also there is sporadic production of firewood from Acacia trees species and charcoal.

7.3.2 Demography

The current population of Greater Maputo is estimated to exceed two million inhabitants (INE, 2009). Projections for 2011 indicate that Matola Municipality had 796.263 inhabitants. An urban area, it accounts for 53% of the total population in Maputo Province and has the highest population density (INE, 2009). Moamba is a rather rural district with low population density (MAE, 2005) and an estimated population of 62.392 inhabitants (Profile of Moamba District, 2005).

According to the III Population Census (INE, 2009) Mozambique has 20.2 million inhabitants: 9.7 million men and 10.5 million women. It is a predominantly young population with children (0-14 years of age) accounting for some 47% of the total. Most people (70.2%) live in rural areas.

During the study there were interviews with 130 households living along the study area: 108 in Machava and the remaining 22 in Moamba (see the table below). Of these, 50.2% are men and 49.8 per cent are women. Most of the people interviewed (53.7%) were aged between 15 and 64 years.

Figure 7-5 and Table 7-1, below show the total number and age pyramid of the interviewed households.

Figure 7-5: Age pyramid of household members in the study area (from top to bottom: don’t know; 65 or over, 15-64 years, < 15 years)

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Table 7-1: Total household members in the project area

Nº of Machava Moamba Household members N % N % 1 - 2 8 7.4 5 22.7 3 - 4 35 32.4 9 40.9 5 - 6 38 35.2 4 18.2 7+ 27 25.0 4 18.2 Total 108 100 22 100

Statistics show that average household size in the country is 4.4 people and they are predominantly (69%) headed by men (INE, 2009). The households interviewed for this study somewhat larger than the national average, with close to 6 members: households in Machava average 5.5 members compared to 5.6 in Moamba. The households interviewed comprised mainly parents, children and grandchildren.

As regards the sex and marital status of the household head, the data show that households are mainly headed by men: Machava (76.9%) and Moamba (77.3%). This is higher than the national average.

The marital status of the head is different in Moamba and Machava. There are more de facto married heads in Machava (53.7%) than single ones (3.7%). In Moamba the number of families headed by de facto married men (22.7%) and single men (22.7%) is the same.

The number of household members also differs according to the marital status of the head. Most households headed by single people/men have three members, a minority by one household member.

As regards the kinship relations of household members, household heads in Machava have a spouse (73.1%) whereas in Moamba there is a large proportion of single heads (54.5%). Only 4 male respondents said they were household heads, three of whom do not have wives and one (aged 63) is living with a woman. Only two cases of polygamy were recorded in Moamba and Machava respectively.

Xichangana is the main language in the two areas. However, in Machava more people speak Portuguese than their mother tongue and there is more linguistic diversity due to the presence of people from other parts of the country. In both places the mother tongue of household heads is Xichangana (63.6% in Moamba and 54.6% in Machava).

The table below, Table 7-2, illustrates the languages spoken in the interviewed households.

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Table 7-2: Languages spoken in Machava and Moamba

Distrct Machava Moamba Total Languages spoken N % N % N % 87 80.6 18 81.8 105 80.8 Bitonga 2 1.9 0 0.0 2 1.5 Chope 6 5.6 0 0.0 6 4.6 Chuabo 2 1.9 0 0.0 2 1.5

4 3.7 0 0.0 4 3.1 Macua Manhumgwe 0 0.0 1 4.5 1 0.8 Matsua 7 6.5 1 4.5 8 6.2 Ndau 0 0.0 1 4.5 1 0.8 Sena 0 0.0 1 4.5 1 0.8 Total 108 100 22 100 130 100

The most common religions are Christian/Catholic (66.2%), Islam (9.2%) and Zion (17.7%), with Catholicism the most common in the two areas studied. Matola has almost all religious groups, namely: Presbyterian, Catholic, Roman Apostles, Anglican, Moslems, Methodists, Zion, Assembly of God, Twelve Apostles, Old Apostles, Nazarene, Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, among others (Profile of Matola Municipality, 2009).

Most members of the households interviewed in both Machava (91.6%) and Moamba (86.4%), are currently living in the house with the other household members. A small number are working or studying outside the country.

7.3.3 Administrative Organization

As already mentioned, the Project area covers Moamba District (Sabie, Moamba and Pessene Administrative Posts) and Matola Municipality (Machava and Infulene Municipal Administrative Posts) in Maputo Province (Figure 7-6). In each of these administrative posts the project route will cross:

a) Moamba District  Sabie Administrative Post (Sabie-Sede and Sunduíne Localities);  Moamba-Sede Administrative Post; and  Pessene Administrative Post (Pessene-Sede, Vundiça and Mahulane Localities).

b) Matola Municipality  Machava Administrative Post (Machava-Sede, Machava-Bedene, Machava-Socimol, Machava Km 15, Machava Km 16, Matola-Gare andTsalala neighbourhoods); and  Infulene neighbourhood (Intaca and Boquisso neighbourhoods).

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Moamba is divided administratively into administrative posts, localities and settlements. The district has four administrative posts, 10 localities and 54 settlements as shown in the following table, Table 7-3.

Table 7-3: Administrative organization of Moamba District Administrative Post Locality Settlements Moamba town, Chimbozane, Moamba-sede Moamba-sede Nhoquene, Josina Machel, Mahambacheco and Golomo District capital, Chimparambo, Ressano Garcia Ressano Garcia Incomati, Chamculo, Movene and Mubobo Machoche sede, Maguaza, Chivonzuanine, Vachanine, Pessene-Sede Hilaguene, Waimbela and Tenga

Pessene Sede, Chinoene, Mucapane, Mahulane Matchumbutane, Muzele, Khokholo and Gohloza Sede, Matchitchi, Marrilane, Vundiça Mbene and Lango Town, Corumane, Chavane, Lingongo, Incomanine, Mulombo Sábié I, Mulombo II, Mafufine, Valha and Chicuvati Rengué Rengué Sabié Macaene Mucacaze Mucambo, Goane I, Colela, Bandola, Nwamanhanga, Malengane Muburo, Chmhanguanine, Gueva, Malungane and Estação Matunganhane Matunganhane

Matola Municipality is divided administratively into administrative posts, subdivided into neighbourhoods (see the following table). It has three administrative posts (Matola sede, Machava and Infulene), subdivided into 42 neighbourhoods 16 of which belong to Machava Municipal Administrative Post, 13 to Matola sede and 12 to Infulene, as shown in Table 7-4 below.

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Table 7-4: Administrative organization of Matola Municipality

Administrative Post Neighbourhoods Matola sede Zona Verde, Ndlavela, Infulene D, T-3, Acordos de Lusaka, Vale do Infulene, Khongolote, Intaca, Muhalaze, 1º de Maio, Boquisso A, Boquisso B, Mali, Mukatine and Ngolhoza Machava Infulene, Unidade A, Trevo, Patrice Lumumba, Machava Sede, São Damaso, Bunhiça, Tsalala, km- 15, Mathlemele, Cobe, Matola Gare and Singathela Infulene Matola A, Matola B, Matola C, Matola D, Matola F, Matola G, Matola H, Matola J, Fomento, Liberdade, Mussumbuluco, Mahlampswene and Sikwama

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Figure 7-6: Administrative Organization at the project area of influence

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Power in the community is held essentially by traditional chiefs (régulos and land chiefs) and neighbourhood secretaries. However, their different characteristics (district/municipality)12 mean that the leadership structure is different in the two areas.

Community leadership in Machava comprises the following:

 Head of post  Neighbourhood secretaries;  Block head  Head of 10 houses

The following were mentioned in Moamba:

 Head of administrative post  Land chief  Neighbourhood secretary  Other respected personalities, such as religious leaders, "madoda" and elders13.

Household members feel that neighbourhood secretaries and block heads are the closest authorities for resolving their problems and community conflicts and for receiving information.

The figure below, Figure 7-7, shows the most trusted persons and sources for information and conflict resolution.

12For further information on the legal framework for land use in Mozambique, see Chapter 4 "Legal Framework". 13 Focus groups in Sabié made negative comments about elders because they are accused of selecting people who can have access to the 7 billion. "Madodas" are the oldest men in the community.

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Figure 7-7: Which person or source of information do you trust most to receive information and help when you have a conflict (from left to right: district administrator, head of post, neighbourhood secretary, bloc head, régulo/land, chief village, chief relative/family member friends/neighbours, radio and television)

In the division of responsibilities, Secretaries are responsible for mobilizing the community for social and economic tasks, while religious leaders manage religious ceremonies, problems affecting the community and social conflicts.

The highest authority on land use by local communities in Machava is the Municipality whereas in Moamba it is the land chief who represents the first level of authority for decisions on use of the land. It should be noted that the current Land Law (2004) gives local communities use and benefit rights to land based on customary practices. Traditionally, the use right is related to the date people arrived in the area and whoever occupied the land first has use and benefit rights.14

14For further information on the legal framework for land use in Mozambique, see Chapter 4 “Legal Framework“.

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7.3.4 Education

According to the district profile, the enrolment rate in Moamba is low with only 51% of inhabitants attending primary school/the level of education in Moamba is low with only 51% of inhabitants having attended primary school. The illiteracy rate in Maputo province is 22% (INE, 2007). As regards the level of education concluded according to the Moamba District Profile (MAE, 2005), the baseline results show that the percentage of people who have completed a given level of education in the project area is relatively low (46.5%) and is different in rural and urban areas.

As regards the education level of the household head, in Machava a large percentage (29.6%) only has primary education. This contrasts with Moamba where, although the biggest percentage (22.7% Moamba, 10.2% Machava) has no formal education level or only knows how to read and write, a larger proportion than in Machava has secondary education (18.2% compared to 12%). In Machava, however, there are heads with higher education and vocational training, which does not exist in Moamba. “None” means that a person has never attended the National Education System.

The table below, Table 7-5, shows the highest education levels completed by the household head.

Table 7-5: Level of education concluded by household head

Distrito Machava Moamba Total N % N % N % None 11 10.2 5 22.7 16 12.3 Can read and write name and some numbers 20 18.5 4 18.2 24 18.5 Kindergarten /Preschool 0 0.0 2 9.1 2 1.5 Primary (Grades 1– 7) 32 29.6 2 9.1 34 26.2 Secondary I (Grades 8- 10) 13 12.0 4 18.2 17 13.1 Secondary (Grades 11 – 12) 13 12.0 3 13.6 16 12.3 Professional training/Basic (Grades 8– 10) 3 2.8 0 0.0 3 2.3 Professional Training /Technical (Grades 11-12) 4 3.7 0 0.0 4 3.1 University 6 5.6 0 0.0 6 4.6 Don’t know 6 5.6 2 9.1 8 6.2 Total 108 100 22 100 130 100

According to the census only 25.6% of those who attended school concluded the primary level. There is, however, some academic progress with people who have concluded secondary school (6.4%), university (2%), technical/vocational training (1.5%) and vocational training (1.1%). In Moamba only 10.9% of the households visited had completed primary education.

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The following table shows that the education level is higher in Machava, that levels of education are higher and there is a lower percentage of people with no education or only able to read and write. Various studies in the country, such as the RAR 2011/2012 show that despite wider coverage by the education system people are spending less time in school, pressured by the search for a job or premature marriage (particularly in the case of girls).

In addition, despite not having concluded any education level (36.4% Moamba and 21.8% Machava), a considerable percentage of household members can read and write (37.3% Moamba, 24.1% Machava).

The table below, Table 7-6 depicts the education level of the members of the interviewed households.

Table 7-6: Level of education of all household members

District Machava Moamba Total Education Level N % N % N % None 133 21.8% 40 36.4% 173 24.1% Can read and write name 147 24.1% 41 37.3% 188 26.1% and some numbers Kindergarten /Preschool 22 3.6% 2 1.8% 24 3.3% Primary (Grades 1– 7) 156 25.6% 12 10.9% 168 23.4% Secondary I (Grades 8- 66 10.8% 10 9.1% 76 10.6% 10) Secondary (Grades 11 – 39 6.4% 3 2.7% 42 5.8% 12) Professional training/Basic 7 1.1% 0 0.0% 7 1.0% (Grades 8– 10) Professional Training 9 1.5% 0 0.0% 9 1.3% /Technical (Grades 11-12) University 12 2.0% 0 0.0% 12 1.7% Don’t know 18 3.0% 2 1.8% 20 2.8% Total 609 110 719

The census found that a large proportion of children in the household are not of school age (75.5%) while 24.5% are. Of the school-age children 22.7% are attending school and 1.8% said that that they were not. The reasons why school-age children do not attend school include: inability to pay for education (33.3%) and children older than the acceptable primary school age (33.3%) in Machava. Child labour was also mentioned in Moamba. The inability to pay for education is a sign that education level can be directly related to a family’s financial situation such that “poor“ families tend to have a lower education level (IAF, 2003 ).

Data from the focus groups show that there are mainly Level 1 primary schools in all neighbourhoods covered by the project (Machava-sede, Matola Gare, Machava Km 15, Pessene-sede, Moamba-sede, Sabie-Sede and Chavane). Although considered an important service for the community

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the big challenge is building schools for the subsequent levels close to the community so that children can continue their studies, improving the quality of education and guaranteed access for all children without exception, as mentioned in the Sabié focus group:

“Access to school is more or less accessible because it is difficult for children who conclude primary school to continue their studies the quality of education is poor; children in the area do not have the right to hostel accommodation because they give priority to people from Maputo. The school belongs to Moamba but it is people from Maputo who take the places“ (Sabié-sede focus group).

7.3.5 Health

Maputo province has 815 hospital beds: 482 maternity beds and 33 for other health services (INE, 2007). Data gathered on the ground indicate that hospital transport comprises one ambulance for Moamba District and two for the Machava Administrative Post.

Medical staff in the health sector comprise the following, by level of training:

 Maputo Province: 2,200 employees of whom 6% are doctors (around 132), 23% are middle level health technicians (506), 29% basic health technicians (638) and 8% are elementary level (176) (MISAU/DRH, 2011);  Matola town: 8 doctors, 11 senior technicians, 70 middle level technicians, 2 specialist technicians (WHO 2009); and  Moamba District: one doctor and an unspecified number of other medical personnel (WHO 2009).

As regards the National Health Service coverage, Maputo province has no central or provincial hospital but has 70 health centres, 8 health posts and 2 general hospitals15 (INE, 2007). The health units are distributed as follows (WHO, 2009):

 Matola Municipality: 50 public sector health units, 18 private health posts and 9 private health centres; and  Moamba District: 8 health posts and 1 health centre.

According to WHO, the main diseases in Maputo province are malaria, respiratory diseases (tuberculosis, pneumonia), diarrheal diseases and HIV/AIDS (WHO 2009). Malaria and diarrheal diseases were also

15 According to a 2002 Ministerial Diploma, a secondary level hospital (district, rural and general hospital) is the first level referral hospital unit for health centres in the area; a provincial hospital is the tertiary level and referral unit for a secondary level hospital. Finally, a central hospital is the fourth level and the referral hospital for patients with no solution in other hospitals.

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mentioned in the census. The most common illnesses found in the survey households are: colds, cough, malaria, diarrhoea and, to a lesser extent, toothache. The following table, Table 7-7, shows the illnesses that have occurred in the households interviewed.

Table 7-7: Most common diseases/illnesses in Machava and Moamba

District Machava Moamba Total Diseases/Illnesses N % N % N % 58 55.2 12 75.0 70 57.9 Diarrhoea 44 41.9 7 43.8 51 42.1 Cold/flu 93 88.6 10 62.5 103 85.1 Cough 65 61.9 8 50.0 73 60.3 Measles 6 5.7 1 6.3 7 5.8 Tuberculosis 4 3.8 1 6.3 5 4.1 Toothache 31 29.5 4 25.0 35 28.9 Ear problems 8 7.6 4 25.0 12 9.9 Other illnesses 1 1.0 1 6.3 2 1.7 105 16 121

Five per cent of household members interviewed suffer from a chronic disease. The most common are those related to the respiratory system (28%), bone problems (21%) and, to a lesser extent, skin problems (14%). Three per cent of household members interviewed have some kind of disability. The common types of disability are physical, auditory and visual. Hearing is the main problem in Machava (37%) whereas in Moamba there are more cases of visual impairment (33%).

Census data show that infant mortality is low. Over 90% of households surveyed said there had been no death of a child under five years of age in that household. Of those who reported deaths, Machava had more under- five deaths (19 children -10 boys and 9 girls) than Moamba (6 children, an equal number of boys and girls). In the cases mentioned, the stated cause of death was illness (e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea and fever), premature birth and accidents.

The study results reveal no significant difference in the use of health services in Machava e Moamba. In both Moamba (87%) and Machava (83%), most respondents go to a health unit to treat their illnesses. Those who did not go to a health unit felt that the illness was not serious and could be treated with home remedies.

The table below, Table 7-8, shows the health services sought by the interviewed households.

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Table 7-8: Type of services sought

District Machava Moamba Total Health services N % N % N % No need 15 28.3 1 14.3 16 26.7 Serious illness, that could be treated alone at home 32 60.4 5 71.4 37 61.7 Other reason 6 11.3 1 14.3 7 11.7 Total 53 7 60

7.3.6 Infrastructures and Services

Over the past four decades Greater Maputo area has seen rapid urbanization and a rural exodus that have not been matched by the development of proper infrastructure for the provision of basic water, health, energy and education services.

As regards housing quality in Mozambique, the main construction material for walls, roof and floor in all provinces (except Maputo city with 81.3% and Maputo province with 53.1%), over 70% of houses are built with adobe walls, wood and zinc, rocks covered in clay or cane (IAF, INE 2002/3).

An analysis of the baseline data shows that the physical characteristics of houses, especially construction materials, are very similar in the communities studied. There is no significant difference in the standard of housing in Machava and Moamba. A typical house is rectangular or L- shaped. In Machava 65% of houses are rectangular. This shape also predominates in Moamba (36%) although the L format is more common (36%). All houses affected by the project are owned by the households living in them.

Photograph 7-14 shows two examples of houses in the project area.

Photograph 7-14: Two typical houses, one in Moamba (left) and one in Machava (right)

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The choice of construction material depends on financial conditions and the availability of local materials. Proximity to an urban area provides easy access to durable, secure building materials such as concrete blocks and cement. All survey households that built with concrete bought the material; those that used precarious materials such as cane, clay and wood collected them locally.

Most of the households interviewed lived in houses with roofs made of zinc sheets, which are also bought. The others were seven houses in Machava (six with a concrete and one with a wooden roof) and three in Moamba (two with a concrete and one with a wooden roof).

Houses in all study communities usually have 2-3 rooms, a Type Two house being the most common. The house with the most rooms (3) is in Machava. All houses have a bedroom for the couple (home owners) and a room for the smallest children. According to the focus groups children often sleep in the living room and the kitchen and bathroom or latrine are usually outside the house in the yard. Most houses have a fence made of plants/bushes.

As regards the supply of potable water we found that households in Machava have more choice of water sources than in Moamba where they have essentially two kinds. Most respondents in Machava have access to piped water either in their own or a neighbour’s yard (64%). In Moamba, however, the river, a pond or the dam (Corumana) is the main source for many households (36%). Very few have other water sources such as a tank in the yard (27%) and piped water in a neighbour’s yard (9%). This subject will be addressed in more detail in the sub-point on water and sanitation.

Machava residents clearly have more water source options – only one respondent use river water. In Moamba there are only two kinds of water source; no wells, boreholes or standpipes were recorded.

Some areas in Matola Municipality have permanent electricity but the grid has not yet reached peri-urban and rural areas in Machava. In Moamba District villages in Moamba, Sabie, Pessene and Corumana Dam have electricity but coverage is very limited and not always available 24 hours a day (MAE, 2005). As an alternative people use kerosene lamps, candles, batteries and solar panels.

The main energy source in the survey households (96%) is electricity (77.7%) and kerosene (18.5%). Of the total houses recorded, the same

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proportion (77.7%) has electricity and 52.3% have piped water. The types of household water and energy sources will be presented in more detail in the section on water and energy.

As regards communications, the cell phone is the main communication device in all areas affected by the project in Maputo Province (MAE, 2005). More details will be presented in this section "Roads and communication".

According to the following table, the services and resources to which communities have most access are: health units (97.7%), church or mosque (94.7%), bus stop for large buses or minibuses (commonly known as chapa 100) (93.1%), water sources (92.3%), markets for buying goods (89.2%), commercial services such as stores and shops (83.8%), and fuel for cooking (77.7%). The data in the table below, Table 7-9, show that similar proportions in both areas share the same views on the most important services (see the table below for more details).

Table 7-9: Services and resources in Machava and Moamba

District Services and/or Machava Moamba Total resources N % N % N % Primary school 70 64.8 11 50.0 81 62.3 Secondary school 39 36.1 4 18.2 43 33.1 Vocational training centre 6 5.6 0 0.0 6 4.6 Health Centre/hospital 106 98.1 21 95.5 127 97.7

Church/mosque 101 93.5 22 100.0 123 94.6 Store/shops 89 82.4 20 90.9 109 83.8 Mercado to buy goods 99 91.7 17 77.3 116 89.2 Market to sell goods 13 12.0 7 31.8 20 15.4

Mill 9 8.3 6 27.3 15 11.5 Bus stop 100 92.6 21 95.5 121 93.1 Railway station 63 58.3 11 50.0 74 56.9 Fuel for cooking 85 78.7 16 72.7 101 77.7

Water 101 93.5 19 86.4 120 92.3 Land for farming 50 46.3 15 68.2 65 50.0 Police 46 42.6 7 31.8 53 40.8 Bank 56 51.9 6 27.3 62 47.7 M1. Administration /government 61 56.5 10 45.5 71 54.6

Other 1 0.9 0 0.0 1 0.8 Total 108 22 130

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Given the difficulty in getting assistance from public services to meet their problems, the church/mosque is the institution that is closest to community concerns. Traditions and religion help to educate and guide people’s behaviour.

"The church is within the community and is important because it resolves a lot of things such as marital problems and it teaches good behaviour..." (Machava Km 15 Focus group).

Access to services is to a large extent defined by the time people spend to get to the service. The data show that almost all respondents walk between 30 and 60 minutes to reach a service or resource. Water sources in Machava are closer than in Moamba as there are more sources in yards whereas in Moamba people have to go to a river, pond or the dam. The people who have the nearest water are those with water tanks in the yard.

Photograph 7-15: Socimol factory

7.3.7 Water and Sanitation

According to the literature consulted the main water sources in the country are wells and boreholes followed by rivers, ponds or lakes. Piped water is more common in urban areas whereas in rural areas the main water sources are wells, in particular unprotected ones, which supply over 50% of all households and rivers/ponds (IAF, 2003; MICS, 2008). There are also other water sources such as a public tap or standpipe, a neighbour’s house (6%), a tap outside the house but in the yard (6%) and tap water inside the house (2%) (MICS, INE 2008).

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As regards the time people take to reach a water source, only 9% of households in Mozambique have a potable water source inside the house, 25% in urban and 2% in rural areas. Some 19% of households take less than five minutes to reach the source and return home and 19% take between 15 and 30 minutes. Less than half (25%) of households take between half an hour and an hour. Some 26% of households take one hour or more to reach a water source and return. Excluding households with water inside the house, the average time people take to reach the closest potable water source, collect water and return home is 49 minutes. Households in rural areas spend more time (53 minutes) than those in urban areas. Maputo province is the third in terms of the least time to reach a water source, with 28 minutes (INE, 2008).

Matola municipality combines the use of protected and unprotected water sources. As it is an urban area most houses have piped water, a bathroom with drains and a septic tank. The municipality also has 1025 Wells, 33 boreholes and 13 standpipes. There are only two public toilets (ANAMM, 2008). The percentage of people using potable water sources in Maputo province (68%) is above the national average. In the remaining provinces, wells are the main source of water. Thus, the closer to the urban area the greater the access to piped water.

In line with data for the country as a whole rivers, ponds water from the dam are still the main water sources for the households interviewed in Moamba (48%). Most houses in Moamba do not have piped water, although in some cases it exists in the yard (10%) and a water tank (29%) is a common source. In Machava, a relatively urban context, the main water source is piped water in the house (64.2%) and yard (11.3%). Other, but fewer, water sources are: wells or public or private boreholes (19%), equipped with manual or mechanical pumps, water tanks in the yard and rivers.

As regards the frequency with which households fetch water away from the home, the data show that they do so on foot. In Machava, in particular, a substantial percentage (27%) does so every day compared to a smaller percentage (14%) in Moamba. Probably because the source is further away, in Moamba water is taken from rivers/ponds/dam between two and three times a week (36%).

The average time that people take to reach the closest water source is different in Machava and Moamba. In Machava, as most of the survey households have access to piped water in the house or the yard, few (32.1%) get water away from the house and it takes an average of three minutes. Moamba is different because most survey households use the river or ponds and take over half an hour. As the table below, Table 7-10, shows, communities in Machava have easy access to water, whereas this is difficult for communities in Moamba.

The table below, Table 7-10, illustrates the different water sources used in the project area.

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Table 7-10: Type of water source for human consumption

District Machava Moamba Total Type of water source N % N % N % Piped water in house/yard 68 64. 0 0.0 68 53.5

Neighbour’s piped water 12 11.3 2 9.5 14 11.0 Water tank 2 1.9 6 28.6 8 6.3 Well /borehole in yard 2 1.9 0 0.0 2 1.6 Private well/borehole 5 4.7 0 0.0 5 3.9 Public well/borehole 14 13.2 0 0.0 14 11.0 River/pond/dam 1 0.9 10 47.6 11 8.7 Other source 3 2.8 3 14.3 6 4.7 Total 106 21 127

We did not see any difference in the household hygiene facilities in Machava and Moamba. Despite being an urban area most families in Machava (51%) use a latrine in the yard followed by a bathroom inside the house (30%). Similarly, most respondents in Moamba (50%) also use a latrine in the yard (simple latrine used as a toilet and for bathing) followed by a bathroom inside the house (32%). The percentage of households with a bathroom inside the house is higher than in Moamba, but this could be due to the fact that fewer households were interviewed in Machava, and might not be representative of the area. Machava and Moamba are also different in terms of latrines as those in Machava tend to be more complete i.e. latrines with bathroom (50.9%).

Other forms of sanitation were also recorded such as using a neighbour’s latrine (2 in Machava and Moamba, respectively); and open air defecation (2 in Moamba and 1 in Machava)16. All respondents stated that access to piped water inside the house enabled them to install a bathroom.

The table below, Table 7-11, illustrates the different sanitation options used by interviewed households.

16Open air defecation and using a neighbour’s latrine occur in neighbourhoods with rural characteristics such as for example Matola Gare Km 16, Sabie, 2 neighbourhood 7 de Setembro.

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Table 7-11: Type of household hygiene facility

District Machava Moamba Total Type of hygiene facility N % N % N % Bathroom and WC inside the house 32 29.6% 7 31.8% 39 30.0% Simple latrine in the yard 17 15.7% 6 27.3% 23 17.7% Latrine for toilet needs and bathing in the yard 55 50.9% 5 22.7% 60 46.2% Neighbour’s latrine/WC 2 1.9% 2 9.1% 4 3.1% Open air l and/bush 1 0.9% 2 9.1% 3 2.3% Other 1 0.9% 0 0.0% 1 0.8% Total 108 100.0% 22 100.0% 130 100.0%

Waste management in the two areas involves mainly landfills (59.2%) or burning in the yard (32.3%). However, households in Machava use a yard landfill more (68.5%) whereas in Moamba the most common practice is to burn rubbish in the yard (77.3%). As described in the table below, Table 7-12, few people put waste in a bin or public landfill, or throw it outside the yard and only one household in Machava said that its waste is collected by the municipality’s tractor.

Table 7-12: How the household deals with waste

District Machava Moamba Total Waste treatment N % N % N % Burying in the yard 74 68.5 3 13.6 77 59.2 Burning in the yard 25 23.1 17 77.3 42 32.3 Throwing away in a waste bin/container/public landfill 7 6.5 0 0.0 7 5.4

Other (burying/burning, gathered by municipality 2 1.9 2 9.1 4 3.1 tractor, thrown outside yard and in the bush) Total 108 100 22 100 130 100

7.3.8 Energy

As mentioned above, there is electricity in both Matola municipality and Moamba. In Matola Municipality the electricity grid covers some areas on a 24h basis, but peri-urban and rural areas of Machava are not yet covered by the grid. In Moamba District there is electricity in the villages of Moamba, Sabie and Pessene and Corumana Dam; however the electricity coverage is very limited and not always available 24h a day (MAE, 2005). This was also confirmed by the focus group discussion participants. As an alternative to electricity, the population resorts to kerosene lamps, candles, batteries and solar panels.

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According to the IAF (INE, 2002/3) firewood is the main energy source in rural areas and electricity is in second place in urban areas, after kerosene lamps. In all provinces except Maputo Province (18.1%) and Maputo City (45.9%), less than 10% of households use electricity for lighting. Unlike the IAF results and similar to MAE data (2005), the baseline study shows that the main energy source for the communities affected by the project is electricity (78%), with access easier in Machava (81%) than Moamba (64%). These percentages are considerably higher than those in the IAF because most of the houses affected by the project lie along the road and thus have access to electricity. Nevertheless in Moamba, with less access to electricity, households are more dependent on other energy sources (Figure 7-8).

Figure 7-8: Main source of fuel for household lighting (electricity, kerosene and other)

Other important energy sources are kerosene, used more in Moamba (32%) than Machava (16%), followed by a battery or solar panel (4.5%) used in particular by respondents in Moamba (see the table below). Energy is essential for communities not only for lighting but also for maintaining water supply.

7.3.9 Roads and Communication

Maputo province benefits from roads, railways and ports. Moamba District, Matola Municipality and Maputo City are linked by the Mozambique-South Africa railway and by National Roads Nr 1, 2, 3 and 4. Apart from these roads and the Corumana Dam – Sabie road, which are all paved, road transport in the affected project areas is ensured by dirt and gravel roads

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that link Administrative Posts, Localities and Neighbourhoods. Private road transporters serve the majority of road travellers, complementing the public bus service. The following infrastructures are located within the project affected area: a portion of the Mozambique-South Africa railway in Moamba district, National Road EN 262 Matola-Pessene, Road R402 Moamba- Magude and Road R802 Sábie-Mapulanguene (see Figure 6-2).

A regards communications, the cell phone is the main communication device in all the affected project areas in Maputo Province. The baseline study results partly confirm the MAE (2005) data, with the cell phone the main means of communication in Machava (94%) and Moamba (73%). The field teams confirmed that communication is successful and covers almost all the study areas. Coverage is only poor at some points in Pessene and part of Matola Gare.

As regards roads and communication in the area affected by the project, data from the baseline study indicate that the type of road access is different in Machava and Moamba. Although Machava is in an urban area, access is by a gravel road (tertiary road), followed by a tarmac road (26%). In the project area in Moamba the tarmac road (55%) is used most followed by the gravel road (46%).

As regards household transport, the census shows that on the whole household members in Machava (46%) and in e Moamba (84.5%) travel on foot. However, whereas in Moamba almost all household members (84.5) walk, in Machava paid motor transport (40.4%) is also frequent (see Table 7-13).

Table 7-13: Main household means of transport

District Machava Moamba Total Means of transport N % N % N % On foot 280 46.0 93 84.5 373 51.9 Bicycle 8 1.3 0 0.0 8 1.1 Personal car 45 7.4 8 7.3 53 7.4 Free transport 6 1.0 4 3.6 10 1.4 Paid transport in 246 40.4 3 2.7 249 34.6 private vehicle Public transport 8 1.3 0 0.0 8 1.1 Train 6 1.0 2 1.8 8 1.1 Other 10 1.6 0 0.0 10 1.4 Total 609 110 719

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7.3.10 Economic Activities

The economy of Maputo province is different in its urban and rural areas. While its urban areas, mostly Matola City and some neighbourhoods of Machava Municipal Administrative Post, live off trade, industry and agriculture, the rural areas – that comprise most of Moamba district – live off agriculture, animal husbandry and small trade. Formal employment is low and the population’s main occupation is agriculture, followed by small- scale trade and service provision particularly for the civil construction industry (MAE, 2005).

According to baseline study data over half the respondents in Machava are of an active age (55%) and of these 40% are self-employed (18%), have a formal job (17%), are in informal employment (5%) and do seasonal work (0.5%). The remainder are students and children (45%); domestic17 (8.7%), unemployed but seeking work (5%) and retired (1%). The most important income earning activities for households are self employment (45%) followed by contract paid employment (35%) with a regular wage.

The figure below, Figure 7-9, provides an overview of the active population in the project area censed:

Figure 7-9: Percentage of the active population in the study area

17 Domestic refers to both men and women in an active age who are not seeking for a job.

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The employment situation in Moamba is different to that in Machava. The main income sources/economic activities in Moamba are formal paid employment and agriculture (33% e 33% respectively). Economically active people (43%) are self-employed (24%) or work for someone and receive a regular wage (16%). Other people of an active age are: domestic (7%), in informal employment (4%), unemployed and disabled (1%) respectively. The rest are students and children under five years of age (47%). Comparing the bulk of the population that is or is not working, in Machava there are more people who are not yet of an active age (57%) than those who are (44%). There is no seasonal work in Moamba.

Table below, Table 7-14, summarizes the occupation status of the members of interviewed households.

Table 7-14: Occupation status of household members

District Machava Moamba Total Employment situation N % N % N % Children (aged five or 79 13.0% 18 16.4% 97 13.5% under) Student 194 31.9% 34 30.9% 228 31.7% With a formal job (formal contract and regular 102 16.7% 18 16.4% 120 16.7% wage) Informal employment (no contract or formal 28 4.6% 4 3.6% 32 4.5% agreement) Seasonal workers 3 0.5% 0 0.0% 3 0.4% Self-employed 110 18.1% 26 23.6% 136 18.9% Unemployed (actively seeking a job) 32 5.3% 1 0.9% 33 4.6%

Domestic (not seeking for a job) 53 8.7% 8 7.3% 61 8.5% (not seeking a job) Retired (with a pension) 8 1.3% 0 0.0% 8 1.1% Disabled and unemployed 0 0.0% 1 0.9% 1 0.1% 609 100.0% 110 100.0% 719 100.0%

There are, however, differences in income sources between one area and the other. Professional work is an important source of income in both areas, but agriculture is extremely important in Moamba. In addition, unskilled labour and some informal trade are sources of income in Moamba, whereas informal trade and casual skilled labour are more frequent in Machava.

The table below, Table 7-15, shows the sources of income of the households in the project area.

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Table 7-15: Sources of income

District Machava Moamba Total Main occupation N % N % N % Agriculture 24 9.9 16 33.3 40 13.7 Craftwork 3 1.2 1 2.1 4 1.4 18 Domestic work 5 2.1 2 4.2 7 2.4 Trade (with shop) 8 3.3 2 4.2 10 3.4 Trade (stall or other informal business) 31 12.8 5 10.4 36 12.4 Itinerant trade or on the ground 22 9.1 0 0.0 22 7.6 Unskilled labour (no skills e.g. guard) 24 9.9 4 8.3 28 9.6 Skilled labour (with skills, self-employed) 41 16.9 2 4.2 43 14.8 Professional (with formal contract – teacher, nurse etc.) 85 35.0 16 33.3 101 34.7 Total 243 100 48 100 291 100

In both Machava and Moamba the main wage work employer for the households interviewed is the private sector. The average monthly income in Moamba is less than in Machava. In Machava the average salary is 7,678.29Mzn whereas in Moamba it is 5,920.00Mzn.

Family incomes come not only from their wage work or self employment but also from selling their subsistence agriculture surplus crops (vegetables and fruit) and cash crops.

Informal trade predominates and earns the highest income (70.000Mzn). Small businesses or informal trade usually involve the sale (or resale) of manufactured or cook meals, namely – reselling a variety of goods in a stall or through itinerant trade; selling water, charcoal, firewood, alcohol, animals, animal products, fish, building materials, sand/stone for construction and craftwork (see Photograph 7-16).

Photograph 7-16: Stalls in Machava-Sede neighbourhood (left) and Pessene village (right)

18 Domestics work refers to employment as a domestic worker or made.

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The analysis of expenditure shows a big difference between Machava and Moamba. In the month prior to the study families in Machava spent 7,539Mzn in Machava compared to 6,044Mzn in Moamba. As regards consumption patterns, in both Machava and Moamba food is the biggest expenditure item, followed by water, hygiene products, communication and transport. Housing does not involve expenditure because, as already stated, families owed their houses.

The following table describes the possessions of household members. The main goods used and working during the baseline study were: electrical appliances, furniture, personal possessions such as a cell phone and a watch; agricultural tools (particular expenditure on a hoe, axe, plough and tractor) and a motorbike. Ownership of bicycles and motorbikes in Moamba is the same.

The following table, Table 7-16, also shows important differences between the two areas. For example, there are higher percentages of households with possessions in Moamba, except for a fridge and items for agriculture, which are a large percentage in Moamba.

Table 7-16: List of household possessions

District Machava Moamba Total Possessions N % N % N % Radio/Sound system 74 68.5 10 47.6 84 65.1 Television 83 76.9 12 57.1 95 73.6 Video /DVD player 74 68.5 9 42.9 83 64.3 Telephone/cell phone 101 93.5 16 76.2 117 90.7 Watch 43 39.8 7 33.3 50 38.8 Bed/furniture 94 87.0 19 90.5 113 87.6 Electrical Stove 40 37.0 5 23.8 45 34.9 Gas stove 34 31.5 7 33.3 41 31.8 Iron 70 64.8 9 42.9 79 61.2 Fridge 31 28.7 7 33.3 38 29.5 Freezer 54 50.0 7 33.3 61 47.3 Sewing machine 6 5.6 0 0.0 6 4.7 Plough 4 3.7 9 42.9 13 10.1 Hoe 80 74.1 13 61.9 93 72.1 Axe 58 53.7 11 52.4 69 53.5 Ox cart 4 3.7 2 9.5 6 4.7 Tractor 1 0.9 4 19.0 5 3.9 Bicycle 9 8.3 3 14.3 12 9.3 Motorbike 2 1.9 1 4.8 3 2.3 Motor vehicle 25 23.1 3 14.3 28 21.7 Water pump 0 0.0 5 23.8 5 3.9 Other important 2 1.9 3 14.3 5 3.9 possession Total 108 21 129

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It is common for household possessions to be used by all household members except for agricultural tools that are used most by the wife of the household head, the bicycle and motorbike, used by the sons of the household head and the motorbike, used by the household head. This shows that a woman is more involved in agricultural production.

7.3.11 Cultural Heritage

Religion According to the census, Moamba District and Machava Administrative Post present differences in what concerns religion. In Moamba 40% of the surveyed household are mainly Catholic, followed by mainly Muslim households (22.7%) and households attending Syncretic churches19. In Machava, on the other hand, over 65% of surveyed households attend Syncretic churches20, of which one quarter alone is the Zion church, followed by 19.5% of Catholic households. This is summarized in the Table 7-17 below.

Table 7-17: main religion of the surveyed households

District Machava Moamba Total Religion n % n % n % None 6 5.6% 0 0.0% 6 4.6% Catholic 21 19.4% 9 40.9% 30 23.1% Other Christian religion 51 47.2% 5 22.7% 56 43.1% Muslim 7 6.5% 5 22.7% 12 9.2% Zion 20 18.5% 3 13.6% 23 17.7% Other (specify) 3 2.8% 0 0.0% 3 2.3% Total 108 100.0% 22 100.0% 130 100.0%

One can say that attending church is an important aspect of social life. 100% of surveyed households in Moamba and 93.5% of households in Machava attend church. Attending church is the 5th most common reason for regular mobility in the affected households after going to work, to school, to the farming plot and to do business. It is also the second most common non-work related reason for mobility.

19 The most representative syncretic churches are Assembleia de Deus, Velhos Apóstolos, Fendeza Apóstolos, Igreja Universal e Topa. 20 The remaining three quarters are distributed among 22 syncretic churches, of which Assembleia de Deus, Velhos Apóstolos and Igreja Universal stand out.

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Table 7-18: Most common reasons of mobility in the household

District Reason for Machava Moamba Total mobility n % n % n % Go to farming plot 45 7.4% 20 18.2% 65 9.0% Go to work 162 26.6% 19 17.3% 181 25.2% Go to school 175 28.7% 26 23.6% 201 28.0% Do business 36 5.9% 6 5.5% 42 5.8% Shop for the 36 5.9% 8 7.3% 44 6.1% house Go to hospital 19 3.1% 4 3.6% 23 3.2% Go to church 19 3.1% 3 2.7% 22 3.1% Visit relatives/ 103 16.9% 12 10.9% 115 16.0% friends Leisure 13 2.1% 12 10.9% 25 3.5% Other (specify) 1 0.2% 0 0.0% 1 0.1% Total 609 110 719

The provision of education services was also mentioned as an important component of the church in Machava km 15 and Pessene-Sede village21.

Graves 32% of the inquired affected households in Machava have family graves, most of which are located outside the house yard (90%). Nearly half of them (45%) have one family grave and roughly 40% have between 2 and 4 graves, while the remaining 15% have between 5 and 8 graves. The scenario is slightly different in Moamba District, in which only 23% of inquired households have family graves. Of these, 80% have 1 or 2 graves, of which 40% are located in family cemeteries inside the house yard and 60% are located outside the yard and the family cemetery.

Sacred Sites Additionally to the grave yards, the inquired households have other religious and/or sacred sites. In Machava these are mainly churches or mosques (8.5%), while in Moamba these entail ceremonial trees (13%) and spiritual houses (10%). Most of these sacred sites are located outside the house yard (77% for Machava and 67% for Moamba).

This is corroborated by the focus group discussions. According to them, sacred sites are those in which family and/or community ceremonies are performed.

In both Machava and Moamba ceremonial trees such as marula and mafurreira are used to perform traditional kupahla ceremonies to worship

21 In these neighbourhoods references were made to Catholic churches that built primary schools, which have been working since the colonial period.

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the ancestor spirits with the aim of seeking rain, blessing for a construction work or blessing for agricultural production. They are also used as assembly points for community meetings. The trees can belong to the community, or to a given family. In Moamba and Matola-Gare the marula tree is used to perform the ucanyi ceremony for the opening of the marula season, let by the régulos, which is a particularly important point of the collective social life:

Data gathered through the focus group discussions points to the existence of social cohesion, though weakened. Social support networks are activated in moments of need, such as the death of a household member, a fire or an illness in the form of monetary or in kind support.

The figure below, Photograph 7-17, shows a sacred marula tree and a family's graves in Matola-Gare neighbourhood, Machava:

Photograph 7-17: Sacred marula tree (left) and family graves (right) in Matola-Gare neighbourhood

In Moamba, other open space sites, such a simple clearing, are used to perform ceremonies led by régulos to honour past moments of the community’s life, such as Mount Corumane in which massacres took place during the post-independence war and Mount Tenga in which a train accident took place.

Another sacred site to be considered in the project area is the spiritual house. Spiritual houses are small constructions – typically a single person’s hut with thatched roof – built within a family’s yard to praise for the family’s ancestor spirits. They are fully built as if for a living person, but cannot be inhabited by living beings – they are conceived to be inhabited by the family’s ancestor spirits. The spiritual house plays an important role in maintaining the family’s harmony and well-being.

The following sacred sites were identified as being potentially affected by the project:

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 spiritual houses in five houses located within the project area22;  family graves located within the yards of 35 houses in the project area23;  two churches of syncretic faith;  five trees24.

Photograph 7-18: community map showing a sacred site in Ciduava, Matola-Gare, belonging to a community leader – Régulo Pedro – in which traditional ceremonies are performed (Lower corner on the left hand side)

Conflicts Resolution and Social Cohesion Aside from community traditional ceremonies, community leaders also play an important role in social cohesion and mobilisation. Even though, in the opinion of focus group participants, nowadays social cohesion is weakened, the community members resort to the most immediate community leaders to solve their problems and conflicts. In Machava 92% of inquired households resort to the Chief of the Block (Chefe do Quarteirão) to solve their disputes, while in Moamba 60% of inquired households resort to the Neighbourhood Secretary (Secretário do Bairro).

22 These spiritual houses are located in a yard within the area affected by the project. Whether they are or not affected (partially or totally) will be analysed in the Resettlement Plan. 23 Whether or not these family graves are affected will be analysed in the Resettlement Plan. 24 These trees are found in yards located within the project area. Whether or not these trees are affected will be analysed in the Resettlement Plan.

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The problems and disputes are presented by the conflicting parties to the community leader, who is expected to hear each party and help them reach common agreement. In some delicate cases, external entities such as the church (in Machava and Moamba) and the madodas or council of the elders25 (in Moamba) might also be involved to help reach a common solution.

7.3.12 Preliminary Quantification of Resettlement Needs

For assessment of resettlement needs all households in a certain corridor have been surveyed. This corridor of impact was selected to be 15 m on each side of the pipeline in rural areas and 8 m from one side of the pipeline axis in populated areas. Within this corridor, approximately 455 affected units (households, persons, private and public infrastructures) were identified whose assets (e.g. houses, fences, latrines, kiosks, farming areas, trees, etc.) will be potentially impacted by the Project. The survey shows that 12 houses may require household relocation and that 28 houses that may be partially affected (not requiring relocation)26. Only during the final survey for construction, it can be decided whether some of these households really have to be relocated physically or not. It is expected that most of these households can remain by shifting the pipeline accordingly. Combining houses and other infrastructures the Project is likely to affect 300 infrastructures.

Table 7-19 below locates the project affected houses that might have to be relocated, divided by Administrative Unit.

Table 7-19: Location of the houses affected by the project that might have to be ressetled No. of affected District Administrative Unit households Machava 5 Matola Municipality Machava Matola Gare 2 Moamba 3 Sabie 1 Moamba Pessene 1 Total 12

233 households will lose parts of their agricultural areas and about 230 will lose trees, mainly fruit trees.

25 In relation to the madodas, however, mixed feelings were expressed by the focus group participants, in what concerns their impartiality. This suggests that they may not be legitimate social mediators. For more information on the community leaders, pleasee see the previous sub-section about Administrative Organisation. 26These 28 houses are located at the limit of the Corridor of Impact and are affected in the tyles or zync sheets of their roof.

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During construction, disturbance of cropping activities will occur, unless the pipeline is installed during the dry season when most fields lay idle. In the vicinity of the Machava Distribution Center there are about 89 small kiosks in the corridor of impact27 and other 4 kettle who may lose part of its area of land use rights. Some of these kiosks and kettles will need to be removed few meters back, some of them have to be relocated to other places temporarily and/or permanently, depending on the way they will interfere with the normal operations of the water main after installation.

The Resettlement Plan prepared for the Project presents more detailed and disaggregated data on the assets affected by the Project. Exact figures will be presented in the Resettlement Plan.

27 89 kiosks/ barracas were identified in the cadastre survey, of which only 84 were activelly developing a business activity at the time of the inventory. At the time of the inventory four kioks/barracas were under construction and one was abandoned.

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8. Public Participation

Community consultation and participation is an essential element of the ESIA process. On the one hand, it allows all relevant public and private stakeholders, and particularly the affected/beneficiary communities, to get informed about the project. On the other hand, it gives them an opportunity to express their views and concerns about the process, helping to fine-tune the ESIA and promoting a sense of ownership for the project.

In the process of Public Participation with affected/ beneficiary communities, these must choose their own representatives and be clustered in an appropriate way to ensure social cohesion in addressing the various project issues. Community leaders must be people with leadership capacity and accepted by local people as their representatives. They can contribute to the ESIA, and the project implementation, in the sense of integrating community wishes and institutional arrangements.

8.1 Focous groups

In the ESIA phase, leaders and members of the affected communities were consulted through focus group discussions to identify and assess impacts of the project – installation of a water supply system - over their lives. The focus group discussions addressed the following topics:

 Available services and resources, and access to them;  Relationship with other community members;  Land use;  Relationship with the space and type of housing;  Income sources;  Expectations about the project (access to water).

The settlements presented in Table 8-1 below were covered by the qualitative survey.

Table 8-1: Settlements covered by the qualitative survey. Area Community Matola Municipal Council / Machava Municipal Bairro Machava-Sede Administrative Post Bairro Machava Km 15 Bairro Matola-Gare Pessene Vila de Pessene Administrative Post Moamba Vila da Moamba Moamba District Administrative Post Sábiè Vila de Sábie Administrative Post Chavane Settlement

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The focus group discussions provided insight on how the affected communities access important services and resources in their daily life and how this access is affected by the condition and quality of services:

 Roads and public transport: roads are bad and public transport scarce, especially for Matola Gare;  Regular electricity supply: this is important because electricity affects all aspects of household life but its distribution has been weak with many cuts. The focus groups also complained that installation costs are beyond household means;  Piped water: the most desired resource/service. Its importance derives from the fact that water affects all aspects of household life. It is used for consumption, washing clothes and dishes, for bathing and for watering vegetable gardens. Difficulties in accessing water are not just linked to long distances to the river but also the long waiting time in queues to get water and the bad quality of water. In the particular case of households in Moamba as they spend a long time during the day getting water from rivers/the dam they expressed the strongest dissatisfaction with the quality of water supply services; "It is difficult to get water because we must get up at four o’clock and queue to get water." (Moamba-Sede focus group)  Closer and better health services: all focus groups stressed the importance of the health unit. Difficulties are not just related to long- distances but also to the long waiting time, poor assistance by staff, lack of drugs and corruption: “The health post is very important but there are problems. Assistance is not professional, assistance is provided late, they deal with people in any old way. There is a lack of drugs and working materials. There is a lot of corruption.” (Mixed group, Machava- sede)  Fuel sales posts: these provide fuel not only for private transport (cars, motorbikes and tractors), but also sources of energy;  Standpipes, farmland;  Police post: this exists but the service is considered to be very weak as communities do not receive the protection they need;  Bank: Machava has more commercial banks than Moamba. A bank is important because it enables households to manage their finances better and to accumulate wealth;  Market and stalls: they are a source of income and survival for households. In Moamba in particular the market selling goods (32%) and the mill (27%);  Administrative post: the focus groups said this was a service they would like to see improved because up to now it is considered to be “very slow and disorganised”.

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The focus groups also spoke of the need to increase the number of markets for the sale of crops and thus increase family incomes; and jobs to support families. The Socimol factory, in Machava-Sede neighbourhood, was mentioned as a positive example of jobs in Machava km 15).

Photograph 8-1 illustrates a Venn Diagram exercise for important services and resources in Machava-Sede neighbourhood.

Photograph 8-1: Venn chart in Machava-Sede used during the focous groups discussions

The affected communities hold high expectations about the project's water supply capacity. In general, they expect the project to supply drinking water on a 24H basis to the whole population of the neighbourhoods and settlements affected by the project, at an 'affordable' price. In their opinion, this will improve the health of the populations, pull economic investments (agriculture, housing, industry) leading to local development, and decrease the time currently spent in fetching water which in turn can be applied in income earning activities. The affected communities are aware, however, that the water supply requires a capacity to pay for the services. They are also aware that the supply services require adequate maintenance and management of the supply system.

The most common concerns of the community members identified during the focus groups are similar in Moamba and Machava, although their relevance differs slightly. In Moamba the most pressing concern is the lack water (for 86.4% of respondents), followed by the lack business

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opportunities (for 18.2% of respondents) and the lack of transportation (again for 18.2% of respondents). In Machava the most common concerns are lack of roads/ poor road maintenance (for 44.4% of respondents), lack of water (for 42.6% of respondents) and lack of energy (again for 42.6% of respondents). Not surprisingly, in Machava the fourth most common concern (for 28.7% of respondents) is the lack of transportation, linked to the poor maintenance of the existing roads. This is summarized in the table below, Table 8-2.

Table 8-2: most common concerns about the community

District Most common concerns about the Machava Moamba Total community n % n % n % Lack of employment 17 15.7% 3 13.6% 20 15.4% Lack of business opportunities 9 8.3% 4 18.2% 13 10.0% Lack of markets/ shops 7 6.5% 1 4.5% 8 6.2% Lack of agricultural inputs 5 4.6% 1 4.5% 6 4.6% Hunger/ insufficient production 4 3.7% 3 13.6% 6 4.6% Lack of health units 11 10.2% 0 0.0% 11 8.5% Bad quality service in the health units 6 5.6% 0 0.0% 6 4.6% Lack of schools 9 8.3% 2 9.1% 11 8.5% Lack of secondary schools 5 4.6% 0 0.0% 5 3.8% Lack of transportation 31 28.7% 4 18.1% 33 25.4% Lack of roads/ poor maintenance of 48 44.4% 3 13.6% 51 39.2% roads Lack of/ difficult access to water 46 42.6% 19 86.4% 65 50.0% Lack of/ difficult access to energy 46 42.6% 3 13.6% 49 37.7% Crime 22 19.4% 1 4.5% 22 16.9% Other concerns (specify) 11 10.2% 1 4.5% 14 12.3% Total 108 22 130

The interviewed households also mentioned that noise made by neighbours creates conflict within the community. However, issues triggering conflict within the community were mentioned by only 10.2% of respondents in Machava and 4.5% of respondents in Moamba. This suggests that they are perceived to be less important than the above mentioned material and social concerns, as they are more easily solved than the lack of vital social infrastructures and resources such as water, roads, energy and employment.

8.2 Public Consultation Meetings

8.2.1 Enquadramento

In this phase of the Project (the study of environmental and social impacts), participation and public consultation was conducted primarily to meet the requirements of the Environmental Management System of FIPAG, as well

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as the requirements of the environmental regulator of Mozambique, i.e, the Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA). The requirements are stipulated in the Decree 45/2004 and Diplomas 129/2006 and 130/2006 and other related regulatory instruments.

According to the regulations and guidelines mentioned above, the process of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) highlights the obvious need for frequent interaction and communication between the public, the parties affected by the proposed Project, external organizations interested and affected as well as scientists and engineers of the Project.

Each aspect of the technical investigations generally includes a collection and data verification stage, followed by analysis and evaluation and, ultimately, for the synthesis and conclusions. The findings of each phase are reported, as appropriate, to the external partners.

Thus, the general compulsory public meetings marked the end of the ESIA / ESMP, having been announced 17 days before the day of the meeting. In addition to envitations through public announcements, a number of participants in these meetings were directly invited through invitation letters prepared, issued and distributed by the Consultant.

Due to the length of the project area (94 km), and to ensure the participation of PAPs located along the project area, four public consultation meetings for four target groups were scheduled:

1. Meeting in the city of Matola targeting the governmental authorities of the area affected by the project (Moamba District and Matola Municipality / Municipal Administrative Post of Machava) and relevant central government institutions; 2. Meeting at the Municipal Administrative Post of Machava, targeting the population of the neighborhoods Machava Headquarters, km 15, Bunhiça and Matola-Gare; 3. Meeting in the Town of Moamba, targeted to the population of the Administrative Posts of Pessene and Moamba Headquarters; 4. Meeting in the village of Sabie, targeted to the population of the localities of Sabie and Sunduíne.

During the meetings the ESIA team, in collaboration with representatives of FIPAG and the engineering team, kept the PAPs informed about the key issues and findings of this phase and collected concerns and interests expressed by the various project partners. Public meetings are by nature not technical and are expected to contribute for obtaining the contributions of the partners in terms of avoiding / minimizing the possible negative impacts and maximizing the positive impacts of the Project.

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8.2.2 Public Announcement and Information Disclosure

After careful consideration and consultation with stakeholders, it was decided that the public meetings to discuss the ESIA / ESMP in Matola, Machava Moamba and Sabie would be held in the places, dates and times listed below:

Matola: Venue: Institute of Teacher’s Training of Matola, in Matola City Date: January 8, 2013 Time: The meeting was scheduled to start at 08h00 and to end about two hours later.

Machava: Location: Elementary School Machava-Bedene, in the neighborhood of Machava Date: January 8, 2013 Time: The meeting was scheduled to start at 14:00 and to finish about two hours later.

Sabie: Location: Meeting Room of Cofamosa, in the village of Sabie Date: January 9, 2013 Time: The meeting was scheduled to start at 08:30 and to finish about two hours later. Because of agenda changes of the meeting in Moamba, the Sabie meeting was rescheduled to start at 13:00.

Moamba: Venue: Meeting room of the District Government, in the Town of Moamba Date: January 9, 2013 Time: The meeting was scheduled to start at 14:00 and finish about two hours later.

It was used two main modalities to invite the public to attend the meetings, namely (i) public announcements and (ii) direct invitations. In both modes of invitation the eight locations where the documents of the ESIA / ESMP could be consulted were announced, including:

Schedule Location Monday to Friday FIPAG - Av. Filipe Samuel Magaia, Nº1297, Maputo, or through the website 09H00 to 16H00 www.fipag.co.mz COWI - Av. Zedequias Manganhela, Nº95, 1º andar/ 33 storey building, city of Maputo 08H00 to 16H30 or through the website www.cowi.co.mz

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Schedule Location Monday to Friday DPCAA Maputo - Av. União Africana Nº 08H00 to 15H30 2278, City of Matola DNAIA (MICOA Building, Av. Acordos de 08H00 to 15H30 Lusaka Nº 2115, city of Maputo) Município da Matola (Av. Município da 08H00 to 15H30 Matola, Nº44, city of Matola) District Administration of Moamba 08H00 to 15H30 (Moamba Village) Administrative Post of Sábie (Sábie 08H00 to 15H30 Village) Municipal Administrative Post of Machava 08H00 to 15H30

8.2.3 Meetings

The public consultation meetings were held in the following locations and days:

Location Day Time City of Matola – Instituto do Magistério Primário 08/01/2013 08h00 (Rua do IMAP, Nº 504 – Bairro Hanhane) Machava - Primary School of Machava-Bedene 08/01/2013 14h00 (Av. Matlemele, close to the Maternity of Machava- Bedene) Sábie Village – Meeting room of Cofamosa 09/01/2013 08h30 Moamba Village – Meeting room of the District 09/01/2013 14h00 Government

Questions, Comments and Recommendations

The issues raised, comments and recommendations made during the public consultation meetings are summarized in the following table, Table 8-1.

Question7Recommendation Answer Project The prediction is that the studies are completed in the first quarter of 2013, not only this study but also the engineering drawing. In the second quarter, so between April and June, there will be When will the project start? the tendering of the work. And from the second semester until 2014-2015 the works will be conducted. The work is expected to be finalized in late 2015.

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Question7Recommendation Answer Impacts All strategies and relevant development plans were analyzed to better contextualize this Were the cumulative impacts of project. In the cumulative impacts analysis, it the project in relation to the was also considered the Moamba-Major dam, Moamba Development Plan but due to its location no significant impacts considered? were identified. In this presentation, only impacts high and very high impacts were placed, everything else was analyzed by stages. Distribution System In terms of trajectory, from the Corumana Dam, the pipeline enters through the woods without following any road, leaves the WTS and then follows the paved road to Sabie and the Town of Moamba. In Moamba, it crosses the railway, runs along the towers of EDM, Leaves the Administrative Post of Pessene and around 5-6 km returns to the road. It crosses the river Pipeline routing Matola, finding the sand yard of the project of the Circular of Maputo. It continues through the towers of EDM and goes back on the road where it crosses the railway. The pipeline crosses, skirts and follows the railroad tracks until the stop Baião, follows the road from the cemetery until a small street leading to the Distribution Center of Machava. The passage in some rivers may only be in the dry periods and the conduct will be The buried pipe has the benefit of being underground. Has it already protected against vandalism. We want to been studied the technical preserve it as much as possible so that the assistance to the pipeline in characteristics of the water supply are the best case of flooding? Why not possible. With the buried conduit, it can be placing an aerial pipeline, so ensured the maintenance. that the problems are easily identifiable? As indicated on the map (Figure 8-1), the Regarding the space where you conduct crosses a gas pipeline and roads along will place the conduct, I wanted the route. This will be addressed in the to know whether it will cross the engineering design to minimize impacts to the road or the gas pipeline. social infrastructure already in place. According to the image presented from the point Location of the water catchment of water intake (Figure 5-2), this is the point of in Corumana Dam pumping. There is a pipe presently there, which was installed during the construction of the dam. This is worrying because this is where the turbines are. The We will take this recommendation to the water from the dam has several Proponent, who will in turn discuss it with the uses. We prioritize the engineering team. coexistence of the various uses,

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Question7Recommendation Answer I mean, even for agriculture we remove the water after the local of energy production. We request the revision of this location. The law does not dictate that the engineering Will there be a feedback work should be discussed with the community, regarding the location of the but we organize these consultations to gather conduct? Will the he final report the opinions and concerns of the community. be submitted to the localities? The issues, concerns and suggestions will be included in the report. Access to water The system will include distribution points in strategic locations along the pipeline, like the Will the communities where the village of Sabie, the Village of Moamba and the water pipeline will pass also Location of Pessene. But it will be difficult to supply all the communities that exist along the have access to this water? pipeline; they are many, distant and very variable in size. We must be strategic in the selection of the supply locations. Ressetlement Of the 252 affected units - individuals, families, public and private entities - about 90% are located in the Municipal Administrative Post of Machava and another 10% in Moamba District. Between Machava-Sede and Matola-Gare is Location of the affected assets where we have the bulk of the population. A large portion of the project's impact on residential infrastructure is on the walls and fences, because the conduct follows the layout of the roads and there are many buildings along the road. When we did the survey work, we found many houses and farms under construction whose owners were not present. Even tough, they were counted. The project of construction of the pipeline begins in Moamba and goes to Machava. It is 94 km along the road. The identification started by following the line that the conduct will pass. In urban areas, 8 meters from one side of the Procedure of identification of the conduit and 8 meters from the other side were affected assets counted. In rural areas, it where more space exists, it was counted 15 meters from one side of the duct and 15 meters across. Initially, a team identified with coordinates everything that existed within these 8 m - 8m or 15m - 15m: houses, tents, houses under construction, stall. Even where the owner was not present. We always worked with the Quarter Heads that helped identifying the owners who

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Question7Recommendation Answer were not present. Where a house or a tent were present, it was left a sticker with an identification code. Thus, we were able to identify all infrastructures within the project area. In a second stage, another team made the evaluation of that infrastructure. They measured the wall and the walls, saw if there was a ceiling, doors and windows, saw the materials, etc.. Then, a third team went to talk to the residents of the house to assess who lives in the house, how many people, where they study, in which they work, etc.. The same work was done with the owners of the tents to ask about what they sold, how many business partners they had, etc.. This was the last phase for those who live or do business here in the area - not for those who have assets still under construction. This way it was identified all that exists within the project area. It is advised to maintain a permanent dialogue between The survey work for the resettlement was done the project concerned, with the District Secretaries and the Quarter interested and affected people Heads. They walked with the team from home throughout the project to to home and it was a rather peaceful task. It overcome other situations. was also made a qualitative data collection in Perhaps the creation of a group meetings with the population, apart from Communication Commission the previous moments of public consultation. It that integrates the leaders was created a channel with the local leaders themselves. This may facilitate and it will continue to be used it in the future. the work on the budget and management of conflicts. On resettlement and compensations, what are the different modes: giving money? Giving houses? What is the best option to use here? It already Different modalities to be applied in a case-by- happened situations were case basis are under consideration, depending money was given to people and on the assets involved and the preferences of they did not build houses; they the owner. spent it. You need to see what is best to ensure that people have a better life and not worse than before. The recommendation is to stop building until the Those who are still building their start of the project, because the compensation home: should they stop building will be calculated based on the survey or can they continue with the conducted in October 2012. The work? recommendation made with the Quarter Heads and the District Secretaries, was in the sense of

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Question7Recommendation Answer advising who is building to stop until the team that will negotiate compensation returns. The danger that can happen is that a person of bad faith begins to build today in an attempt to receive compensation. It starts in the second half of this year. But the In which months will the payoff is not only cash: where there are trees, compensations start? we can give other trees, where there are cultures, we can give cuttings and seeds. Jobs The study recommends the hiring of local labor Provenience of the workers for the project activities, preferably and whenever possible. The jobs to be created are mostly in the Will there be employment only construction phase. In the operation phase, the during the construction phase or creation of jobs will be minimal because it will also during operation? only refer to maintaining the conduit and the stations to ensure treatment efficacy. One might think that will be more than 100 or Number of workers less than 300 workers, but it is not sure how many will be needed. Health and Safety Historically it is known that workers who are isolated for a week in remote areas, as Sabie, look to get up there. What is It is being considered whether or not to build predicted in terms of impacts houses for the workers of the Treatment Plant. It and mitigation measures? is an associated social project. This will be Regarding AIDS and other discussed with the district authorities of collateral impacts of the Moamba for the granting of space, in addition to permanence of the people - not the 10 Ha needed for the treatment plant and so much the seasonal workers, related infrastructure. The consultant mentioned but those who will live there, it initially 35 to 40 people working full time on the implies permanent measures. It treatment plant; this is a considerable number. is planned to build houses for these people to bring their families and avoid this situation? In terms of sanitation, the impact is considered The increased availability of in the ESIA and in the recommendations it is water for the population brings placed awareness hygiene and sanitation another impact: sanitation. Was campaigns on, as well as coordination between this issue considered? the different actors and synergies.

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Figure 8-1: Route of the water pipe and crossings with roads, the gas pipeline and the railway

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9. Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

9.1 Methodology

The main objective of this Chapter is to identify and to assess the potential impacts that may occur to the water supply system to the Greater Maputo Area in the pre-construction, construction, operation/maintenance and decommissioning phases.

This assignment includes the analysis of both biological and physical aspects. The significant impacts of the different project phases were identified according to predetermined criteria of nature, extension, duration, impact intensity, probability of occurrence and significance.

The essence of the impact analysis is the preparation and comparison of different environmental scenarios. The environmental framework without the Project served as a baseline (background situation), against which the single scenario was compared that considers environmental trends with the implementation of the Project, to enable the:

 Identification of impacts - definition of potential impacts associated to proposed activities in the Project area;  Determination of the main characteristics and magnitude of impacts - characterization and determination of the importance of each impact in relation to the environmental factor affected when analysed separately; and  Identification of mitigation measures including alternatives.

Considering the optimization of resources needed to conduct this study and to identify and analyse the Project’s impacts the following methods were adopted:

 Literature reviews of similar studies;  Analogies with similar cases and experience acquired in similar studies;  Field reconnaissance to potentially affected areas;  Checklists and interactions matrixes;  Consultation of the engineering team responsible for designing the engineering components of the Project;  Continuous consultation of other environmental and socio-economic studies of the Project area;  Direct observations; and  Determination of concerns and expectations of the Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs).

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Preliminary analysis of the Project’s impacts took place based on the points named above and other information, such as the site characteristics and the environmental aspects considered critical and/or sensitive and resilience of the environment, among others.

Cumulative impacts or impacts cohesive with additional projects, associated or subsidiary were also assessed in order to ensure the environmental assessment of impacts connected with the implementation of this Project as complete as possible.

The impacts were assessed according to the following internationally accepted criteria: nature, extent, duration, intensity of the impact, probability of occurrence and significance (see Table 9-1):

 Nature: describes the nature of the impact which may be positive or negative;  Extension: describes the extent of the area affected by the Project;  Duration: describes the life time in which the impact will be felt;  Intensity: describes the magnitude of the impact in the Project area.

Table 9-1: Criteria used for evaluation of impacts Criteria Classification Description Rating Changes that benefit the Positive - Nature environment Negative Adverse environmental changes - Local Proposed Project area 1 Neighbouring districts and/or Regional 2 Extension provinces National & Mozambique and/or neighbouring 3 International countries Short - term Within a period of 18 months 1 Within a period of 18 months to 5 Duration Medium - term 2 years Long - term More than 5 years 3 Natural/social processes and Low functions of the site are small and 1 disturbance is almost insignificant Natural/social processes and Intensity Moderate functions of the site continue but 2 with some changes Natural/social processes and High 3 functions of the site change

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The Consequence is calculated as the sum of all the criteria mentioned above:

Consequence = (Extension + Duration + Intensity)

Depending on which interval the result is, the consequence of the impact occurrence will vary.

Consequence Range Classification Very Low 3-4 Low 5 Medium 6 High 7-9

The Probability describes the probability of an impact to occur and varies as per the Table below.

Probability Classification Description Unlikely Unlikely to occur Probable Can occur Highly Probable Most likely to occur Permanent Will occur

The Significance is evaluated through the synthesis of all the above criteria:

Probability Unlikely Probable Highly Permanent Probable Very Insignificant Insignificant Low Low Low Consequence Low Low Low Moderate Moderate Medium Moderate Moderate High High High High High Very High Very High

Activities related to the Project with the potential to cause environmental changes were studied in detail using appropriate techniques to systematize the analysis and impact assessments. Thus, a combined analysis of the following elements was undertaken:

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 Results of EPDA phase for critical aspects and sensitive areas in accordance with the characteristics of the Project;  Baseline environmental situation especially of sensitive areas and critical environmental aspects; and  Information about the Project, particularly with reference to activities with the potential to cause important impacts during the construction and operation phases.

All relevant changes in relation to the current background situation and future evolution perspectives, directly or indirectly associated with the implementation of the proposed Project are considered to be impacts. A selective approach has been adopted for this phase of studies according to the methodology for scope definition, which aims at identifying the impacts according to their meaning. This approach forms the basis to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the Project.

The potentially significant impacts, which are naturally linked to the nature of the intervention and linked to the characteristics of the areas investigated, relate to the following biophysical aspects:

 Qualitative and quantitative management of water resources;  Geological, geomorphological and landscape aspects;  Ecological aspects.

The impacts are presented according to the four phases of the Project, namely pre-construction, construction, operation/maintenance and decommissioning phases.

The four different phases of the Project comprise following main activities:

Pre-construction Phase  Design of installations;  Ecological investigation and socio-economic survey;  Public consultations and considering concerns and proposals of people and stakeholders being affected;  Acquisition of land rights for temporary (e.g. laydown yards) and permanent installations;  Evaluation of compensation needs and elaborating of a Resettlement Plan;  Implementation of compensation payments.

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Construction Phase  Construction of the workers camps, storage buildings and access routes (after obtainance of the construction permit);  Performing of actual construction activities;  After finalization of construction activities removal of all construction sites, temporary access roads and laydown yards;  Rehabilitation and renaturation of all temporary used sites.

Operation Phase  Operate water extraction, water treatment including monitoring, pumping to the distribution center;  Regular maintenance activities.

Decommissioning Phase  Demolishing and removing the existing installations;  Recycling and disposal of demolished material;  Rehabilitation of all used sites.

9.2 Pre-construction Phase

9.2.1 Physical Environment

A. Changes in the landscape – Visual impact

When surveying the areas for possible access roads to the Project’s installations manual cutting of single trees might be necessary in order to guarantee a long distance view when surveying. This will cause visual changes in the landscape.

Impact classification:

sion

Nature Probability Exten Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Use of existing cleared areas whenever possible;  Cut branches and shrubs manually.

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B. Contamination of Soil and Sub-Soil

Improper design of the sludge storage site for the sludge generated by the water treatment plant process could result in soil contamination.

Besides this, when surveying the areas, samples of the sub-soil will be taken for the soil profile survey. If left open, these holes may be contaminated by upper substrate waste.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 3 3 Very High Low Mitigation Measures:

 Consider soil contamination prevention while designing the sludge storage area;  The design and construction of the sludge storage shall follow the Regulation of Waste Management (Decree 13/2006) and consider the requirements for proper in the European Council Directive 1999/31;  Close each exploration hole after surveying with a cap.

C. Disturbance of Ground Water Quality

Improper design of the sludge storage area could result in soil and ground water contamination.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 2 3 3 Very high Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Consider measures to prevent ground water contamination while designing the sludge storage area;  The design and construction of the sludge storage area shall follow the Regulation of Waste Management (Decree 13/2006) and consider the requirements as stipulated in the European Council Directive 1999/31.

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D. Disturbance of Surface Water Quality

Back washing waters might be released into the environment during the water treatment process and could affect the water quality of the Sabie River.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 2 1 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Back wash water will be send back to the raw water and treated;  Zero liquid effluent discharge during normal operation.

9.2.2 Biological Environment

A. Loss of plant cover

During the topographic and geological survey of the area for the final selection of Project’s installations cutting of single trees/bush might be necessary.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 2 1 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Select surveying methods that have least effect on the vegetation;  Restrict vegetation removal to only necessary areas;  Manual cutting of branches.

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B. Disturbance of terrestrial fauna

This impact will be caused by human presence and activity when carrying out the topographic and geological surveys to select the final routing of the water pipeline and the locations of the water treatment and storage plants. While surveying, people will remove vegetation, cross water courses, cross wetlands and use vehicles and/or machinery. It will also occur when selecting access roads for the water storage plants.

Impact classification:

ity

Nature Probabil Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Select surveying methods that have least effect on the vegetation;  Restrict vegetation removal to only necessary areas;  Manual cutting of branches.

C. Disturbance of Fauna Using Aquatic Environment

This impact will be caused by human presence and activity when carrying out the topographic and geological surveys to select the final routing of the water pipeline and the locations of the water treatment and storage plants. While surveying people will remove vegetation, cross water courses, cross wetlands and use vehicles and/or machinery. It will also occur when selecting access roads for the water storage plants.

This impact extends to vulnerable species and endangered, namely the endangered fish Chetia brevis, Pseudocrenilabrus philander, vulnerable fish species Protopterus annectens, Opsaridium zambezense and Notobranchius katangae philander, the frog Xenophus gilli, aquatic birds Anhinga melanolecephala and reptile Varanus niloticus.

It is not expected that the endangered species that live in these waters are negatively impacted by the abstraction of raw water dam Corumana.

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Impact classification:

ture

Na Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Restrict the access of vulnerable fauna using aquatic environment to the investigation area;  All the vulnerable aquatic species inside the project area should be collected and relocated.

D. Disturbance of the water quality of wetlands at riverbanks and pans

During the survey for final selection of locations the surveying team may disturb the river banks and river beds of Matola and Incomati Rivers as well as across several creeks which constitutes sensitive areas for the deployment of the water pipeline.

Impact classification:

thout thout

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance wi mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 2 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Use least destructive methods (manual cutting of vegetation) and clear the vegetation only when really necessary;  Use already cleared areas of the wetlands to cross when carrying out the surveying;  Select already disturbed areas, where the activity can cause minimum changes and use techniques which prevent erosion(partial cutting of the vegetation).

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9.2.3 Socioeconomic Environment

A. High expectation of the local communities in relation to job posts

There is within the local population, exaggerated expectations about jobs creation. During the EPDA the issues raised were related to employment. Indeed, although the project will create employment opportunities in the region, the jobs will be limited and it is therefore important that the procurement processes is clear and fair. It is expected that creation of not enough jobs will create frustration on part of the local people and conflicts can occur or be generated in relation to the project.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Highly Negative 1 1 1 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 For each position, must be disclosed the exact number of jobs available, the applicable period and the remuneration to be allocated for each type of work;  The hiring requirements must be clear, properly publicized before the start of the recruitment process and respected by the designated contractor. For a better impact on the communities this process should be conducted with the involvement of local leaders;  The necessary skills for the positions must be provided or, in cases where it is not applicable, must be clearly indicated that no special qualifications are required;  In the event there are local expectations for employment that cannot be met by the project, the limited availability of places should be made known to the interested parties through local authorities;  The principles and procedures for hiring should, as far as possible, give priority to the hiring of skilled local workers.

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B. Expectations of short-term solution to all problems of water supply

The presence of a new water project can create very high expectations in the population as the immediate solution of all problems in the water supply sector. However, it is known that the solutions will be gradual and there are initiatives taken in the short term and others long-term due to limitations in the existing water sources and the costs involved with the alternatives identified for the final.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Insignifi Insignific Negative Probable 1 2 1 cant ant

Mitigation Measures:

 Dissemination to local communities of the extent of measures that will be taken in the short term to prevent false expectations and ensuring the credibility of the project among the communities;  Coordinate with local authorities, local and traditional leaders the process of disclosure of the timing and targets of project implementation.

C. High expectations of getting great compensation in cases of resettlement

It is highly likely that people who will stand to lose land, infrastructure or business due to the project will have very high expectations of compensation to their loss.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigati

Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant Probable

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Mitigation Measures:

 In the specific case of compensation for loss of farms and fruit trees, the Provincial Directorate of Agriculture (DPA) from Greater Maputo must be contacted in all cases of doubt regarding the compensation procedures, including negotiation with land users;  Timely implementation of resettlement preparatory acitivites before the beggining of construction works for the water supply scheme:  Finalization and payment of compensation agreements for all justified cases, based on clear eligibility criteria;  Selection of resettlement site.  Participation of PAP in the finalization of compensation agreements and in the selection of the resettlement site;  Timely provision of information and regular communication with affected communities regarding the resettlement process.  Coordination with and involvement of local leaderships in the preparatory activities of the resettlement process.

D. Resistence of host communities to receive resettled persons and households

Although the number of households to be resettled is low28, there is some probability that the host communities (living in the area where PAP will be resettled) might be unwilling to receive and integrate the resettled persons and households. This might render difficult the integration of resettled persons and households. This is most likely to happen in communities facing shortages of social services and land for housing and farming, where the arrival of the resettled persons and households might be seen as adding pressure to the already limited services and resourves.

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Negative Probable 1 2 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation measures:

 Timely provision of information and regular communication with both affected and host communities regarding the resettlement process;  Consult host communities about the resettlement process and the reception of resettled households, before and during the resettlement process;

28 There are 12 houses affected by the project in a way that implies their evacuation.

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 Coordination with and involvement of local leaders of host communities in the preparatory activities of the resettlement site;  Ensure equality of access to existing services and resources for both the host and the resettled populations, within the frame of the resettlement process.

9.2.4 Health and Safety

A. Injuries or fatalities due to the incorrect conception of corridors

In case of emergency (for instance, fire), the workers might be trapped in dead-end corridors.

Impact classification:

ure

Nat Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 3 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Development and implementation of a H&S Policy;  Development and implementation of H&S Management Plan, incl. method statements and considering all prevention and mitigation measures as described for the construction phase;  Consideration of design requirements with respect to occupational health & safety. Specific engineering details shall be provided and considered in the detailed design to be developed by the Contractor.

B. Injuries or fatalities due to insufficient number of escape routes and escape doors

In case of an emergency situation (e.g. fire in the building) the workers have to be able to leave the buildings very fast.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 3 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Development and implementation of H&S Policy;  Development and implementation of H&S Management Plan, incl. method statements and considering all prevention and mitigation measures as described for the construction phase;  Consideration of design requirements with respect to occupational health & safety. Specific engineering details shall be provided and considered in the detailed design to be developed by the Contractor.

C. Injuries or fatalities due to lack of fire-fighting equipment and fire alarm system

An outbreak of fire can harm or even kill workers being inside of buildings, in case there are not equipments and adequate systems.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 2 3 2 High Moderate

Mitigation Measures:

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D. Health issues due to improper storage of Chemicals, Hazardous and Flammable Materials

The improper storage of chemicals, hazardous and flammable materials can cause serious damage to the health of workers.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

E. Heat Stress as a result of poor air conditioning added to insufficient work space for operational staff, e.g. in administration buildings and workshops

In countries with hot and humid weather periods poorly conditioned rooms can cause major heat stress with subsequent health problems (e.g. for blood circulation) especially if the rooms to be worked in are small.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigati Negative Probable 1 3 1 Low Insignificant

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Mitigation Measures:

F. Injuries or fatalities due to insufficient illumination at work spaces

Insufficient illumination during working can be stressful for worker’s eyes and can cause headache.

Impact classification:

tion

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitiga Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 3 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

G. Injuries or fatalities due to insufficient space for operations

Especially at working places where big parts (e.g. gas cylinders) have to be moved insufficient space could lead to accidents.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

H. Injuries or fatalities due to insufficient width of escape doors

In case of emergency (for example, a fire), the workers must be able to quickly leave the area.

Impact classification:

ity

Nature Probabil Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 3 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

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I. Fatalities due to insufficient welfare facilities

Insufficient managed welfare facilities such as canteen, showers and bathrooms can affect negatively the health of the workers.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 3 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

J. Land mines

The risk for land surveyors caused by land mines could result in major injuries and fatalities.

A land mine clearing certificate for the investigation area has already been obtained during the pre-construction.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Screening of possible land mines in the investigation area to be undertaken by the National Demining Institute;  Before start of any activity, a land mine clearance certificate of the National Demining Institute for the area of future construction activities shall be obtained.

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9.3 Construction Phase

9.3.1 Physical Environment

A. Changes of landscape - Visual impact

Impacts on the physical environment will consist of landscape transformation causing visual impacts. Building of roads, water treatment and storage plant will alter slightly the landscape at some localities. These impacts will remain during operational phase.

Temporary physical impacts will occur during the construction period at places selected to store construction material and pipes and at accommodation places for workers. However, those sites will be cleaned after the construction phase; the visual impact is restricted to the construction period. All temporary construction related installations not needed for operation will be removed.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 3 1 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Use paint with colours that match the environment to minimize visual impact of the structure;  Retain a belt of trees/bush around facilities built to minimize visual impact;  Remove all temporary construction related installations not needed for operation.

B. Soils contamination

Construction activities will imply the use and circulation of vehicles and machinery which may cause spillage of fuels and chemicals. Besides this, workers may also contaminate the soil with waste and sewage.

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Impact classification:

ificance

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Sign without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 1 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Acquire, use and maintain mobile toilets;  Regular maintenance of vehicles and machinery;  Refuelling activities restricted to areas with concrete or impermeable and bunded surface;  Adequate supplies of absorbent material must be available at all fuel storage and handling areas;  Train workforce in their use and safe disposal;  Prepare and reinforce awareness on waste management and refuelling procedure;  Leaking or empty oil drums must be removed from the site immediately with measures in place to prevent contamination;  Prepare and implement a Waste Management Plan.

C. Soils erosion and compaction

Construction activities (e.g. opening of trenches; levelling of the area; transport of people, equipment and material) will cause localised changes in topsoil and subsoil structure, erosion and compaction.

Impact classification:

thout thout

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance wi mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 3 1 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Restrict the area of construction activities to the minimum possible;  Use appropriate machinery and/or protective boarding during soil stripping;

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 Remove and stockpile topsoil, subsoils and any parent material separately;  Use the stockpiled material in the origin area;  Topsoil storage periods shall be kept to a minimum.

D. Noise and vibration emissions

Noise and vibration during construction will be generated by the operation of heavy machines, heavy trucks, right of way preparation, soil stripping, trenching, pipe stringing, welding and laying and backfilling activities.

Limited construction activities may have to continue on a 24 hour basis increasing the exposure time of the workers and community people to noise.

Blasting may also be required in certain areas where rocky substrates prevent trenching by other means.

These impacts are of temporary nature.

Impact classification:

xtension

Nature Probability E Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Noise and vibration awareness training for all site staff including subcontractors as part of general site induction;  Restrict construction and operation of heavy machines to daylight;  Ensure noise emissions are kept within the World Bank standards;  Inform local communities on the activities schedule;  Reduce needed truck movements by careful planning of needs of construction material;  Vehicles will not be left turned on or idling at the site for longer than minimum amount of time required to complete site activities;  All vehicles and construction machinery shall have an efficient muffler design in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications. This also includes high noise generating hand helds like power drills, saws, nail

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guns etc. The mufflers shall be well maintained and regularly tested with the results documented in the maintenance logs;  Regular and effective equipment maintenance in order to ensure all machinery is in good working order and use does not generate excess noise/vibration.

E. Dust and gaseous emissions

Emissions of dust and gases will occur while opening trenches and by the operation of vehicles during the transport of building material and equipment. Clearance of sites for e.g. the water treatment plant will also cause dust emission. In addition, exhausts from trucks and construction machines will also have a certain impact on the air quality.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Water the soil surface and any non-asphalted roads, especially in the dry season;  Water the soil before starting excavating and during and after burial of the pipeline;  The storage and handling of spoil, subsoil, topsoil and materials should be carefully managed to minimise the risk of wind-blown material and dust;  Burning of any waste on site is prohibited;  Vehicle engines must not be left running unnecessarily;  Regular and proper maintenance of vehicles and machinery.

F. Alteration of hydrology of rivers, drainage lines and wetlands

The implantation of the pipeline below the river bed and wetlands will alter the features of the wetlands and therefore alter their hydrology (flow, and turbidity).

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During the diversion of the rivers Saibé, Incomáti and Matola, the people that use the water downstream for different reasons can be temporarily affected and worsened by the fact that the work should be done during the dry season.

Also, the level of the river diversion protection and containment embankments should be carefully studied, due to unexpected floods or levels that are higher than expected and that could produce an overflow of the waters and could affect the neighbouring ecosystem or even endanger people in the vicinity of these rivers.

Impact classification:

tension

Nature Probability Ex Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 2 2 2 High Moderate probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Watercourse crossings must be designed to avoid affecting the stability and long-term performance of riverbanks and flood defences;  Pipeline must be installed below the watercourse bed, at a level such that the gradients on the channel beds will not be impaired or future re-grading does not become more difficult;  Consider the seasonal sensitivity of ecological resources when planning river crossings;  Watercourse crossings will be constructed perpendicular to the axis of the river channel wherever engineering and routing conditions allow;  Ambient downstream flow rates will be maintained and measures will be taken to minimise raised sediment loadings in the river.

G. Disturbance of the water quality of the rivers due to corrosion of the main

The pipeline route will cross the Matola and incomati Rivers.

The pipeline will cross a damp environment, with permanent movements of water and with dragging of stones and sediments.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 2 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 At this section of the construction of the buried pipeline, special constructive characteristics should be considered with special protection measures in the covering to avoid corrosion and wear of the pipeline, due to the water, or to the dragged sediments, or even to the chemical composition of the waters;  Should there be the need to deposit surplus earth, the selection of the deposit zones should exclude the following areas:  Hydric domain areas;  Flood areas;  Protection zones of ground waters (areas of high infiltration);  Catchment protection perimeters;  Areas holding conservation status;  Sensitive locations from a geotechnical point of view;  Sensitive locations from a landscape point of view;  Areas of agricultural occupation;  Proximity with urban and/or touristic areas;  Heritage protection zones.

H. Contamination of rivers, drainage lines and groundwater

During the construction, the related activities (e.g. handling and storage of fuel, refuelling activities, handling and storage of waste, sewage, surface water abstraction) may contaminate the water courses, drainage lines and wetlands.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant probable

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Mitigation Measures:

 Prepare and implement plans and procedures covering techniques for isolating and containing the source, use of absorbent material to mop up the spill, excavation of trenches, appropriate disposal of contaminated material;  Always have spill response equipment available on site;  Regular maintenance of vehicles and machinery;  Refuelling activities restricted to areas with concrete or impermeable and bunded surface;  Adequate supplies of absorbent material must be available at all fuel storage and handling areas;  Train workforce in their use and safe disposal;  Prepare and reinforce awareness on waste management and refuelling procedure;  Leaking or empty oil drums must be removed from the site immediately with measures in place to prevent contamination;  No silt/turbid discharge water from trench dewatering operations will be allowed to enter any drainage/water body/wetland, unless the drain or water body is dry and well vegetated;  Discharge of water from dewatering and hydrotesting operations will be in accordance with relevant Mozambican water quality legislation and World Bank discharge guidelines;  Hazardous materials, chemicals, fuels or lubricating oils will not be stored, and refuelling and concrete coating activities (excluding field joints) will not be carried out within 30m of a watercourse;  Prepare and implement an Integrated Water Management Plan;  Corrosion inhibition chemicals, oxygen scavengers or biocides will only be used in the hydro test water, after obtaining the related authorization.

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9.3.2 Biological Environment

A. Temporary loss of habitat and component species within the construction corridor

The construction phase will involve the use of heavy machines and vehicles and increase of circulation of people.

For different purposes laydown yards will be needed, as for storage of parts and construction material, storage of pipes, parking of trucks and construction machines etc. and work camps have to be installed.

Vegetation will need to be cleared for opening or upgrading access routes.

These will disturb the fauna and flora and cause temporary loss of habitat and component species within the construction corridor, temporary fragmentation of habitats and damage to adjacent habitat and species due to incursion of machinery/personnel into nearby sites not directly required for construction purposes.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 1 Low Insignificant probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Experienced ecological advisors must be appointed and be present on each spread during construction activities to chase animals away and collecting and relocating sensitive species from the area, preventing them to be harmed;  Access routes must be selected limiting passage through wetlands, avoiding sensitive areas and minimizing erosion;  Unless of benefit to local communities, temporary roads will be removed when no longer needed and will be reinstated;  Selection of temporary sites for work camps and laydown yards along the pipeline corridor in order to avoid natural areas with minimal impact on fauna and flora. Selected sites to be approved by FIPAG;  All personnel must be briefed on environmental sensitivities in the surrounding area;  Reinstatement to maintain habitat continuity as far as is practicable;

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 At the commencement of works, the working width will be clearly delineated where it passes through environmental sensitive areas;  Hunting, fishing and the carrying of firearms by construction personnel will be strictly prohibited.

B. Disturbance of wildlife by noise

The construction phase will involve the use of heavy machines and vehicles. Noise and vibration are generated by excavators, bulldozers, concrete mixers and transport vehicles. These impacts are more evident during the night disturbing animals which have a nocturnal living habit for feeding and roaming. However, construction activities will be restricted to day time what could affect e.g. birds that have their breeding habitats along the mains corridor.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 1 Low Insignificant probable

Mitigation Measures: Restrict construction activities and operation of heavy machines to daylight, when most wildlife is active and can react to noise.

C. Disturbance of plant processes and wildlife by dust generated

The construction activities will cause some dust emissions. These emissions create short-term adverse impacts to the immediate environment. The dust can interfere with the plant photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and other processes and will disturb the fauna temporarily, causing respiratory and visual disruption. Dust emission will also decrease the quality of forage quality of herbivorous wildlife species.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 2 1 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Water the soil surface and any unpaved roads at least once a day during the dry season;  Water the soil before starting digging and during and after burial of the pipeline;  If the soil removed from the trench is going to be left out for some days, cover the soil to prevent dust emission by wind.

D. Loss of vegetation cover and plant diversity

Levelling activities and excavations to bury the water pipeline require the removal of vegetation. This activity will lead to a loss of native vegetation and open access to sites with intact vegetation. Moreover, once established the RoW for the water pipeline will be regularly cleared to control the growth of trees, whose roots may disrupt the pipe.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 2 3 High Moderate

Mitigation Measures:

 Align the excavations to follow existing parallel roads and agricultural lands, which were previously cleared;  In areas of dense vegetation cover, the removal of vegetation must be restricted to the minimum necessary width;  Between Moamba and Sabie, the pipeline shall follow the high tension power lines between Moamba and Corumana. This study has verified that between Moamba and Sabie the pipeline lay down will have minimal impacts when being constructed to the west of the road (between the road and Incomati River);

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 Unbury and replant slow growing large trees such as Aloes and Euphorbias to nearly cleared areas away from pipeline route.

E. Disturbance and mortality of terrestrial fauna

By clearance of vegetation breeding and feeding and hiding habitats for animals will be affected. In addition, terrestrial fauna may also be killed. Sound and vibration during the construction phase is also likely to disturb the terrestrial fauna. Any use of light, if construction takes place during the night will attract fauna to the construction site and increase the changes of being hurt. This impact is especially relevant in formerly undisturbed areas in the northern part of the Project.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Experienced ecological advisors must be appointed and be present on each spread during construction activities to chase animals away and collecting and relocating sensitive species from the area, preventing them to be harmed;  Restrict construction activities do the daylight;  Inspect the area to be cleared for any terrestrial fauna before bush clearing and digging;  Protect any trench left overnight with a net fence to block fauna from being trapped inside;  Capture and release fauna away from the direct influence zone (including species trapped in the trenches);  Carry out large scale bush clearing activities to the dry season, to avoid interfering with nesting and breeding.

F. Loss of habitat and disturbance of wildlife using the wetland and rivers

Crossing the river beds of Incomati and Matola Rivers will require the removal of reed vegetation where most wildlife species seek refuge during the daylight. The aquatic vegetation at the river crossing sites will also be affected. In addition, usually the contractor tend to select places

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near water sources to set temporary camps for workers and office or to open access roads to the nearest water source causing major disturbances on the aquatic environment and its flora and fauna.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Plan the deployment of the pipeline corridor in order to avoid the ponds and pans, to reduce disturbance of wetlands. Restore the closed trench with original soil. The closed trench will then be overgrown by the original plant cover very fast;  Avoid the dune valleys near Pessene, the pipeline corridor shall follow the existing power line in this pipeline section;  Carry out construction during periods of lowest water flow in the rivers, so that aquatic wildlife will be less abundant on the reed vegetation to the cleared;  Pipeline to cross the Incomati River mounted along the bridge, if possible (permit from road authority needed);  Set the workers camps at secure distance from the river, to avoid unusual presence of workers near the river course;  Carry out an education program to the worker on importance of the river and wetland environments.

G. Poaching and clearing of vegetation caused by Worker’s influx

There will be a certain influx of workers during construction. Most of them will live in temporary work camps. This will promote poaching of small and medium-sized mammals and birds. Moreover, the workers will need to cook and using wood found in the surroundings will cause a certain negative impact on natural habitats during construction.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Durati Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 1 Low Insignificant

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Mitigation Measures:

 Set the workers camp at already cleared areas;  Supply alternative sources of energy (e.g. solar power) for cooking to avoid destruction of the vegetation;  Provide environmental awareness program to the employees on conservation of vegetation and wildlife;  Hunting, fishing and the carrying of firearms by construction personnel will be strictly prohibited.

H. Pollution by solid wastes

Solid waste from construction activities and worker’s domestic waste can also have negative impacts on the environment, especially in the vital natural habitats for wildlife.

Impact classification:

ensity

Nature Probability Extension Duration Int Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Provide environmental awareness to the employees on solid wastes;  Prepare and implement the Solid Waste Management Plan;  Provide the proper containers for disposal of solid wastes;  Collect regularly and dispose properly the solid wastes.

I. Occurrence of Uncontrolled fires

The workers influx might increase the frequency of uncontrolled fires possibly damaging natural habitats.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 2 Low Insignificant

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Mitigation Measures:

 Educate the employees on fire management;  Disseminate measures to prevent fires;  Provide fire extinguishers to fight unexpected fires.

9.3.3 Socioeconomic Environment

A. Conflicts among workers and the local population in the project area

Projects involving major works include, often, the potential for the occurrence of social conflicts between workers who temporarily settle in the local and community residents. Such behaviours are generally related to socially unacceptable behaviour according to local social standards and can be seen, for example, cases of drunkenness and disregard/lack of respect for local customs. This impact should be considered even though an important part of the manpower to be recruited locally.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigati Significance with mitigation

Negative Probable 1 1 2 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 In the dialogues of health and safety should explain to workers about the importance of keeping a good relationship with local communities;  Amongst the local workers should be a group of community liaison, responsible for establishing communication between project staff and community, which will be particularly important in cases of complaint. Such elements should be familiar with the project in general and being able to properly troubleshoot or forward any complaints/claims;  Should be established and implemented a set of rules (or a Code of Conduct) for the workplace. The standards should include, inter alia, the entry of persons outside the service and the prohibition of prostitution in the storage yards.

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B. Destruction or disruption of infrastructure and social and economic loss of tangible and intangible goods (partial or complete destruction of homes, businesses, farmland and fruit trees and consequent disruption of daily life and economic activity of the affected population)

In the vicinity of the Machava Distribution Centre there are an estimated 89 small kiosks and other 4 kettle in the Corridor of Impact, some of which might need to be removed few meters back and others might have to be relocated temporarily and/or permanently, depending on how they will interfere with the normal operations of the water main after its installation.

Various national and international experiences indicate that resettlement activities are also likely to create socio-economic impacts, particularly in a context in which the land has not only an economic value but also social and spiritual identification.

The losses of field crops and fruit trees could lead to situations of greater vulnerability and food insecurity for the affected families, particularly in a context in which they constitute the main basis of subsistence and income. It is also important to note that the substitute land available, may present different conditions of the lost lands, thus leading to a change in the type of crops and methods employed in farming, which may require a long period of adaptation on the part of affected families. The change of distances to access the main productive resources (farms, river, forests, etc.), may also constitute a disruption to the life support systems, as well as the existing structure of division of labour at the household level.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Negative Permanent 1 3 2 High Moderate

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Mitigation Measures:

 Implement the Resettlement Plan, before starting the construction of the water supply scheme;  Minimize the population to relocate by occasional changes in the route of pipelines;  Where the contractor accidentally interfere with populations structures and assets, he should make the due compensation in coordination with local authorities and project proponent;  Where the contractor need to develop activities around homes and farms, preference should be given to manual means;  Selection of temporary sites for work camps and laydown yards along the pipeline corridor in order to avoid any interference with population structures and assets; use of agricultural land shall be avoided. Selected sites to be approved by FIPAG.

C. Potential increase in human trafficking or exploitation

The construction activities will result in an influx of manpower and individuals outside the area of the project, in search of jobs and business opportunities in the project area. This may attract to the project area fringe elements that travel to undertake illegal activities including kidnapping and opportunism of human trafficking and exploitation (both labour and sexual), particularly of children.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significan without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Negative Unlikely 1 1 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Restricting children's access to work areas;  Increase police presence in areas of greatest concentrations of people, so to persuade any attempt child trafficking;  Carry out awareness campaigns against trafficking in children, showing the behaviours and typical attitudes of traffickers;  Collaboration between the community and the police in reporting suspicious attitudes;  Implement the Strategy of Prevention of Human Trafficking of the MCA, prepared during the pre-construction phase.

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D. Creation of reduced Jobs and improvement of living conditions of the population

The construction work will require skilled and non-qualified labour, local and regional level. It is expected that construction activities will last about two years, creating opportunities for direct and indirect jobs. These opportunities will accrue in favour of the income of beneficiary families, improving their living standards. This impact is positive. However during the operation the need of skilled manpower will be considerably smaller.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Very Very Positive Permanent 2 2 3 High High

Potentiation Measures:

 Establish clear formal hiring requirements, to be observed by the contractor;  The hiring requirements must be clear, properly publicized before the start of the recruitment process and respected by the designated contractor. For a better impact on the communities this process should be conducted with the involvement of local leaders;  The required skills for the positions must be provided or, in cases where it is not applicable, must be clearly indicated that no special qualifications are required;  For each position, must be disclosed the exact number of jobs available, the applicable period and the remuneration to be allocated for each type of work;  The principles and procedures for hiring should, as far as possible, give priority to the hiring of skilled local workers;  Much as possible, training should be given to local people to perform semi-specialized tasks, so as to reduce the number of workers from outside for this purpose;  In the event where are local expectations for employment that cannot be met by the project, the limited availability of places should be made known to the interested parties through local authorities.

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9.3.4 Health and Safety

Workers‘ Health and Safety

A. Crossing of Gas Pipeline

During digging of the trench for the water pipeline there is a certain risk to damage the gas pipe that goes from Pande to Ressano Garcia. If this happens, gas will relief from the pipeline. This could be hazardous to the workers being exposed to the gas and in worst cases relieved gas could inflame and even explode.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 1 3 Moderate Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Workers must be aware of the risk and trained by the Health and Safety Officer;  During digging of the trench only workers needed for this activity shall be on site;  The intended works shall be announced to the owner/operator of the gas pipeline already during the pre-construction phase (also to get the permit);  All works near the gas pipeline shall be done in close cooperation with the owner/operator of the gas pipeline;  The owner/operator of the gas pipeline shall send engineers with maps showing exact location of the pipeline prior start of digging works;  These engineers shall be present during digging, lay down and refilling activities and shall supervise the works.  The digging activities shall be done during time of low load of the gas pipeline. During the digging activities the gas pipeline shall be shut off.

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B. Unsafe drinking water

Dirty drinking water or drinking water not fulfilling the health requirements could result in diseases for workers ending in fatalities.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 The drinking water to be supplied by the Contractor must be in accordance with the applicable national and WHO recommendations and guidelines;  The water must be tested once per week if it is served from tanks or containers;  The drinking water must be stored at a cool and shadowed place.

C. Injuries or fatalities from improper manual handling

The most common injuries or illnesses as a result of manual handling are musculoskeletal disorders in various parts of the body (back, neck, shoulders, or other) and include from sprains and strains to damage to muscles, joints and vessels.

Other injuries include cuts, bruises, lacerations and fractures due to unexpected events such as accidents caused by manual handling.

Impact classification:

ith ith

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance w mitigation Negative Highly 1 2 2 Moderate Low Probable

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Mitigation Measures:

 The H&S Management Plan must include procedures to avoid repetitive motion and wrong manual handling;  Using automation and lifting equipment;  Organizing manual handling tasks in a safe way, with loads split into smaller ones;  Providing information and training to workers on tasks, and the use of equipment and correct handling techniques. Workers must be instructed, at least verbally, about the risks a certain manual handling could have;  Manual work must be carried out by workers having the physical conditions to undertake the tasks without any risks to their health (consider experience and familiarity with the job, age and historical of injuries);  Sufficient breaks must be implemented and organized to ensure the possibility for having a rest from repetitive tasks or heavy manual handling, especially under hot ambient conditions. The arrangements for breaks must be communicated to all concerned workers;  Suitable and proved PPE must be provided to each worker without any cost;  It should be considered that, as included in the FIPAG Generic Framework Environmental Management Plan for Construction Works, manual excavation is preferred.

D. Slips and falls

Poor housekeeping can be a cause of accidents, such as tripping over loose objects on floors, stairs and platforms, slipping on greasy, wet or dirty surfaces, striking against projecting, poorly stacked items or misplaced material. These can results in bruises, cuts, fractures, and other injuries.

Bad housekeeping also increase the risk of fire.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 2 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 The H&S Management Plan must include procedures to avoid slips and falls as well as to assure the maintenance of the construction site;

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 Good Housekeeping Practices include: o Cables and ropes on the ground and that cross walkways must be covered to avoid and prevent falls and any damage to electrical cables; o Removing obstacles from walkways; o Mopping or sweeping debris from floors; o Keeping working areas and walkways well lit; o Securing (tacking, taping, etc.) mats, rugs and carpets; o Closing file cabinet or storage drawers;  Method statements and instructions must be implemented to avoid the presence of waste debris, construction materials and liquid spills outside the designated storage areas;  Specific staff members should be appointed to ensure the security of the site against slips and falls. In case that any obstacles or liquids are identified, they should be removed without undue delay;  Communication to all workers and employees to prevent slips and falls should be provided during all times of the work by the site management and supervisors;  Providing appropriate PPE (e.g. boots).

E. Fall from height

Falls from elevated levels associated with working on ladders and scaffolds or working at the edge or near excavations are a significant source for fatalities or permanent disabling injuries.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

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o Before the use of a ladder or scaffold, the appointed workers should be familiarized with the results of the risk assessment;  Trenches o Must be secured against fall in of workers. The block must be solid enough to prevent a fall into the trench. Open trenches shall not exceed a length of 300 m; o One end of the trench shall be sloped to allow the egress of a person that fell into the trench;  Use of fall prevention devices including: o Safety belt and lanyard travel limiting devices to prevent access to fall hazard area; o Fall protection devices such as full body harnesses used in conjunction with shock absorbing lanyards attached to fixed anchor point or horizontal life-lines;  Installation of guardrails with mid-rails and toe boards at the edge of any fall hazard area;  Appropriate training in use, serviceability, and integrity of the necessary PPE;  Inclusion of rescue and/or recovery plans, and equipment to respond to workers after an arrested fall.

F. Struck by objects

Construction and demolition activities may pose significant hazards related to the potential fall of materials or tools, as well as ejection of solid particles from abrasive or other types of power tools. Being stroked by objects cause minor injuries like small cuts, to serious injuries, like amputations, blindness or death.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Highly P. 1 2 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Construction materials, building material and building equipment must be secured against fall if they are used at an elevated level. Suitable measures are depending on the height of the executed work and include:

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o The use of debris nets, catch platforms, or canopies to catch or deflect falling objects; o The use of toe-boards, screens, or guardrails on scaffolds to prevent falling objects;  The HSE staff should introduce the risks of struck by objects to all workers in the respective HSE meetings;  Ejection of solid particles, as well as its consequences, can be avoided if only well-maintained tools with all security devices are used;  Power tools must only be used by competent trained workers;  Personal Protective Equipment (specially eye protection and helmets);  When there is overhead work, the areas must be barricaded as hazard areas and warning signs posted;  Walkways should be demarcated, to avoid walking and/or working under moving loads;  Safety signage should be erected demarcating PPE compulsory areas.

G. Injuries or fatalities due to moving machineries

Vehicle traffic and use of lifting equipment in the movement of machinery and materials on a construction site may pose temporary hazards, such as physical contact, spills, dust, emissions, and noise. Causes may be:  People struck or run over by moving vehicles (e.g. during reversing), causing minor to major injuries (fractures, wounds) or death;  Falling from vehicles, causing injuries or death;  Injuries or death because of vehicles overturning.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Highly P. 1 2 3 High Moderate

Mitigation Measures:

 Establish a traffic plan for the site;  Ensure all visiting drivers report to site management before entering the site;  Ensure that vehicles and pedestrians are segregated where possible (provide a physical barrier to achieve the segregation);  Ensure there are suitable pedestrian crossing points on vehicle routes;

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 Install speed ramps and warning signs. Warning signs must be implemented to inform about the possibility of risks by moving machineries;  Banksmen must be available to provide the necessary assistance to drivers and operators;  Check whether the vehicles require audible warning devices e.g. on reversing lorries, and flashing beacons on vehicles to increase their visibility;  Areas restricted from access by other workers and by the public, e.g. pedestrians, must be implemented and clearly demarked. Restricting the circulation of delivery and private vehicles to defined routes and areas, giving preference to ‘one-way’ circulation, where appropriate;  Good design and planning in the prebuild phase. Architects, designers, and planners can significantly reduce the risk of vehicle accidents;  Training and licensing industrial vehicle operators in the safe operation of specialized vehicles such as forklifts, including safe loading/unloading, load limits;  Establishment of a traffic plan for the site: establishing rights-of-way, site speed limits, vehicle inspection requirements, operating rules and procedures (e.g. prohibiting operation of forklifts with forks in down position), and control of traffic patterns or direction.

H. Health related issues due to dust emissions

Inhalation of dust can result in possible respiratory irritation, discomfort, or illness to workers.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Highly P. 1 2 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Where substitution is not possible, other engineering control methods should be introduced: o Use of wet processes (dirty tracks as well as the excavated soil stored close to the trench must be regularly watered to prevent the generation of dust); o Use of vacuums instead of brooms;

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 Use of Personal Protective Equipment may be vital, but it should nevertheless be the last resort of protection (PPE should not be a substitute for proper dust control and should be used only where dust control methods are not yet effective or are inadequate).

I. Injuries or fatalities from working in confined spaces and excavations

Risks or impacts for workers could result from collapsing side walls in trenches in case that those are insufficiently secured. A further risk could result from a harmful atmosphere in case of working in the pipes. There is also the risk of death or serious injury resulting from:  Hazardous substances (gas, fumes or vapour from residues left in tanks);  Dangerous conditions (lack of oxygen). The body temperature can increase due to hot conditions. There is also the risk of liquids or solids suddenly filling the space, causing entrapment or engulfment that may lead to death. This risk is unlikely to occur because of the size and diameter of the pipes.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Specific Safe Working Procedures must be developed if entering a Confined Space cannot be avoided;  Safety precautions should include the Provision of Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) and Rescue Harnesses;  Workers must be trained and experienced;  Special tools should be provided (where potentially explosive atmospheres are likely);  Lighting and Ventilation should be provided;  Side walls of trenches must be secured so that no collapse occurs. The security could be ensured by using a trench shoring system implemented by a qualified company or by qualified and trained workers;

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 The correct installation must be checked before workers are entering the trench.

J. Exposure to Chemicals, Hazardous or Flammable Materials

Chemical hazards represent potential for illness or injury due to single acute exposure or chronic repetitive exposure to toxic, corrosive, sensitizing or oxidative substances.

They also represent a risk of uncontrolled reaction, including the risk of fire and explosion, if incompatible chemicals are inadvertently mixed.

Chemicals, hazardous or flammable materials are not expected at the construction site. However, in case of using such materials, the following measures should be applicable.

Impact classification:

ith ith

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance w mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Fuel stores must be as low in volume as practicable; any leaks of the stores must be avoided and prevented. The outlet of the stores, drums, tanks etc. must be secured and locked. Bunds must be empty at any time; any spills must be removed immediately. The storage areas must be secured against damage because of vehicle collision;  Keep the number of employees exposed to a minimum;  Adequate ventilation must be provided in case of enclosed spaces;  Emergency numbers and MSDS must be available and displayed;  The workers shall be trained to handle chemicals, hazardous and flammable materials;  The workers shall conduct annual examinations for screening for infections and / or work-related diseases, including their treatment.

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K. Electric shock

Bad maintenance of electric tools, cords and cables are the most significant source of electric shocks. Broken cabinets of tools and damaged isolation of cords and cables could result in an electric shock that could end in a fatality.

The severity of electric shock injuries depends on the current's voltage, the amount of current, the body's resistance to the current, the current's path through the body, and the length of time the body remains in contact with the current. The interplay of these factors can produce effects ranging from a mild tingling to instant death.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Electric tools must be checked (for frayed or exposed cords) on a regular basis to assure that they are in good and safe conditions;  All energized electrical devices and lines should be marked with warning signs;  Protecting power cords and extension cords against damage from traffic by shielding or suspending above traffic areas;  Appropriate labelling of service rooms housing high voltage equipment (‘electrical hazard’) and where entry is controlled or prohibited;  Conducting detailed identification and marking of all buried electrical wiring prior to any excavation work.

L. Health related issues due to noise

The risk for workers by significant high noise levels could result in injuries, accidents and fatalities.

Short-term effects of exposure to noise include headaches, nervousness and inability to concentrate. It can take many years before the damage caused becomes apparent.

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Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is usually gradual due to prolonged exposure to noise but can also be caused immediately by sudden, extremely loud noise. Hearing loss is irreversible.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Ideally, controls would go from elimination of the noise source, to substitution of the noise source, isolation or segregation of the noise source, and administrative controls, which can include: o Warnings as to health effects and training and education of personnel on avoiding unnecessary noise generation; o Scheduling of noisy work to times when the least workers are present; o Surveillance and job rotation where exposure to noise is significant;  If engineering and administrative controls do not reduce the noise levels sufficiently, approved hearing protection devices (HPD) need to be provided, worn and maintained. A reasonable mitigation measure, of more importance than wearing hearing protection devices, is the reduction of noise levels to an as low as possible level. Noise levels should be kept below the LEAV of 80 dB(A) wherever possible.

M. Increased incidence of diseases, including the spread of HIV/AIDS

The construction activities will result in an influx of manpower and individuals seeking employment opportunities in the project area. This may attract to the project area to fringe elements travelling there to undertake illegal activities such as sex workers from other regions and the increasing number of local sex workers. Local women can also begin to engage in casual sex for cash benefits with the new workers.

The combined effects of an influx of manpower and men from outside the region (and therefore not monitored) and the possible influx of prostitutes to

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the area foreshadow an increase in promiscuity and casual sex and, consequently, risk behaviours by workers. This could result in an increased risk of proliferation of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and, in particular, the increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Negative Probable 2 1 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Carry out awareness campaigns for workers on ways of transmission of STIs and HIV/AIDS, including risk behaviours;  Recruit a specialist organization to implement activities to raise awareness about STIs and HIV/AIDS among the workers. Special attention should be given to sex workers, women and local girls;  Provide free condoms in the project area;  In the awareness-raising is expected to encourage employees to undergo HIV testing (outside the scope of the employment contract);  Encourage employees to submit to the treatment of STIs in early stage of infection/diagnosis, to minimize the risk of HIV infection and create conditions for this purpose - such conditions include the granting of license for which the worker can move to the sanitary unit and creation of internal mechanisms to allow workers not refrain from seeking health care due to lack of funds;  Forward workers to clinics for early treatment and monitoring of secondary infections/opportunistic such as coughs, flu and pneumonia.

N. Land mines

The risk for workers caused by land mines could result in major injuries and fatalities.

A land mine clearance certificate for the investigation area has already been obtained during the pre-construction phase.

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Impact classification:

ificance ificance

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Sign without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 The CC shall undertake an awareness campaign to sensitize the workers regarding the dangerous of land mines and their possible occurrence.

O. Malaria

There are no specific activities necessary that could raise the risk to get a Malaria infection because of the construction activities but some general precaution measures are applicable.

Impact classification:

ity

Nature Probabil Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Focus should be given on the avoidance of the mosquito vector i.e. the appearance of permanent open water bodies and/or their increase (in number and in surface area) that serve as reproduction biotopes for Mosquitoes.  Environmental Control (reducing the number of mosquito vector through the use of insecticides) should be done periodically.  Special attention should be given to housekeeping and maintenance of cleanliness across all sites.  The continuous ABCDE’s of the Malaria Awareness and Prevention Plan must be maintained.

Community Health & Safety

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A. Crossing of Gas Pipeline

During digging the trench for the water pipeline there is a certain risk to damage the gas pipe. If this happens, gas will leak from the pipeline. Despite the fact that the area around the crossing section is less populated there is a certain risk that leaking gas could harm people roaming nearby by its toxicity or that in worst case leaked gas could inflame and even explode.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 1 3 Moderate Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 The intended works shall be announced to the owner/operator of the gas pipeline already during the pre-construction phase (also to get the needed permit);  All works near the gas pipeline shall be done in close cooperation with the owner/operator of the gas pipeline;  The owner/operator of the gas pipeline shall send engineers with maps showing exact location of the pipeline prior start of digging works;  These engineers shall be present during digging, lay down and refilling activities and shall supervise the works;  The digging activities shall be done during time of low load of the gas pipeline. During the digging activities the gas pipeline shall be shut off.

B. Crossing of Railroad

The pipeline will cross the railroad track at two locations. This could touch safety issues of the railway traffic and an interruption during construction.

Impact classification:

ation

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitig

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Negative Permanent 1 1 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 The intended crossings shall be announced to the railway authority already during the pre-construction phase (also to get the needed permit);  Members of the railway authorities shall be present during crossing activities;  The crossing of the railroad will be done using trenchless method;  Interruption of the railway traffic will not occur.

C. Crossing of roads and highways

The water pipeline corridor will cross the rural road R807, the N4, and the planned new ring road at Matola Gare. This requires the opening of the road with consequences for the traffic safety affecting people using this road.

Impact classification:

itigation

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without m Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 1 1 Low Low Mitigation Measures:

 The intended crossings shall be announced to the road authority already during the pre-construction phase (also to get the needed permit);  In case of the planned ring road the design of the road shall contain provision for passing of the pipeline as a culvert wide enough to take the tubes of the water pipeline;  The opening of the existing road shall be announced to the local traffic police department population prior start of the activities;  The affected road side shall be closed and the diversion route for cars and for pedestrians shall be marked clearly;  Ensure that the positioning of the signs is safe, effective and clearly visible;  Install proper signs at the actual construction site area at night by means of illuminating flagger.

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D. Disruption of the transit of people and vehicles during the construction phase

Construction works will involve the increased traffic of heavy vehicles and equipment at local level and excavation creating cuts of the roads. This will disturb the patterns of access and movement involving diversion of traffic and difficulty of access with the possibility of creating traffic congestion. The increase in traffic of vehicles in construction zones outside the community could increase the accident risk of running over to the local population (especially children) and their animals, particularly taking into account that the current traffic in the area is reduced and the local population is not aware of such risks.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Negative Probable 1 1 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Advertise in the media about the traffic restrictions whenever they are happening;  Install a good signalling of the work areas indicating alternative routes, speed restrictions and detours on the road while the works take place;  Hire and train staff signallers to guide motorists and pedestrians in high traffic areas;  Build safe passage over the trenches that will be opened in order to minimize the nuisance of works for the local population;  Educate local people about road safety and the presence of construction activities in the area leading to the presence of an excessive number of vehicles;  Observe speed limits for construction vehicles (20 km/h on unpaved roads and regulated by signalling on paved pathways).

E. Traffic accidents and injuries to community people

Accidents and incidents leading to fatalities could result from traffic operation while transporting equipment and materials to the construction site as well as from truck and vehicle movements at the site. This is especially the case if the construction activities take place close to existing roads and in density populated areas where pedestrians stay in the close vicinity of the site. Impacts and risks could occur if pedestrians are hit by

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machineries and vehicles, in the worst case resulting in a knock down and a possible fatality.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures: Road safety initiatives proportional to the scope and nature of project activities and related to the roads used should include:

 Introduction of best transport safety method statements across all aspects of project operations with the goal of preventing traffic accidents and minimizing injuries suffered by the project personnel and the public. The method statements should include: o Licensing of drivers; o Training of drivers and improvement of driving skills; o Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver rosters to avoid overtiredness;  Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure;  Where the project may contribute to a significant increase in traffic along existing roads, recommended measures include: o Collaboration with local communities and responsible authorities to improve signage, visibility and overall safety of roads, particularly along stretches located near schools or other locations where children may be present. Collaborating with local communities on education about traffic and pedestrian safety (e.g. school education campaigns); o Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents; o Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to minimize transport distances. Locating associated facilities such as worker camps close to project sites and arranging worker bus transport to minimize external traffic; o Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs and flag persons to warn about dangerous conditions; o Areas restricted from access by the public must be implemented and clearly demarked;

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F. Disturbance on people and vehicles circulation by the Incomati river bridge

The water pipeline crosses the river by the bridge. It is a bridge built for vehicle and pedestrian traffic approximately 10 meters wide and 300 meters long. The bridge platform rests on 11 pillars.

The weight of the pipeline on the built infrastructure, as well as the vibrations that produce the runoff, should be considered.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 2 1 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures

 Constructive safety measures should be observed in the fixing of the tubing placed on the kerb of the bridge as well as the resulting vibrations;  Protection measures should be considered referring to the adequate protection coverings of the pipeline;  Precaution measures for vehicle circulation should be implemented.

G. Health related issues due to exposure to high noise and vibration levels

Depending on the number and characteristics of the equipment to be used it significant increases in both punctual and constant of levels of noise and vibration is expected. The noise generated falls within the context of occupational exposure on the microclimate of the workplace and in the context of environmental pollution and disruption of well-being of workers and by-passers. The noise will be limited to the local expansion of the water treatment plant (WTP), in sections of the pipeline to be replaced and the areas that will benefit from expansion of water distribution, being caused by:  Movement of construction vehicles;

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 Noise from operation of heavy equipment (compressors, jackhammers or pneumatic drills);  Vibrations resulting from earthmoving and compaction of base layers during the construction phase;  Opening of trenches for transmission mains;  Construction activity of the water treatment plant;  Construction work on days of high winds.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Concentrate all activities during the daytime hours will reduce the incidence of the impact;  In case that the construction activities result in a cumulative noise level of more than 45 dB(A) during night-time (22.00 to 07.00) close to residential, institutional or educational areas, the construction must be stopped;  The vehicles and equipment should be inspected regularly to ensure its proper functioning and limit the release of fumes/noise;  Avoiding construction works on days of high winds in order to control the incidence of this impact;  Staffs who are working directly with the machinery generating noise, including his short stay in areas where noise is excessive will be provided ear protection equipment of insertion type, as recommended in the EMP;  Installing silencers and noise control mechanisms (insulates) in equipment and machines that emit high levels of noise;  The transport of materials should be done within the limits of the equipment load and speed. On unpaved roads should be limited to 20 km/h;  A noise prediction calculation must be undertaken in advance to the construction in such areas, considering the peak noise emission from the machineries to be used. The noise prediction must be done at representative locations. The noise calculation must be verified at the site during construction.

H. Health related issues due to exposure to dust

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Dust could be harmful for the respiratory organ(s) and could result in respiratory diseases.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures: Dirty tracks, as well as the excavated soil stored close to the trench, must be regularly watered to prevent the generation of dust.

I. Injuries or fatalities from fall from height

Falls from elevated levels, especially for members of the community, is mostly associated with walking at the edge or near excavations.

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Impact classification:

nsion

Nature Probability Exte Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Trenches must be secured against falling in. The trench must be separated from public areas by using blocks. The block must be suitable solid to prevent a fall into the trench;  One end of the trench shall be sloped to allow the egress of person fallen into the trench;  Assess the physical and psychological fitness of workers who have jobs that run at high altitude, put qualified persons for the purpose;  All workers involved in construction should receive induction training in health and occupational safety before enter into the project and participate in Daily Health and Safety Dialogues (DHS); Awareness about health and safety at work is a key component in compliance with Mozambican legislation on this aspect and to prevent accidents; The training should be delivered by appropriately qualified personnel for this purpose. Workers must be trained to be able to identify the risks associated with their business and know how to proceed in cases of emergency;  Compose and disseminate, through training in occupational health and safety, a manual with safety procedures for the construction phase. This manual should contain but not limited to the following: o Information about construction materials to be used (its risks, safety specifications, method of handling, transport and storage - usually made from a summary of the material safety data sheets); o The major risks associated with various processes of construction, with work safety rules, o The signs to be used in the work, as well as procedures to adopt in case of accidents;  Ensure that adequate first aid equipment is available and that all workers are properly trained to use;  Ensure that workers are trained and equipped to respond to accidents;  Provide personal protective equipment (PPE) and enforce its use;  Working equipment at heights or in confined spaces should be properly.

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J. Struck by objects

Construction activities may pose significant hazards related to the potential fall of materials or tools.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

K. Health related issued from HIV/AIDS

The combined effects of an influx of manpower and men from outside the region (and therefore not monitored) and the possible influx of prostitutes to the area foreshadow an increase in promiscuity and casual sex and, consequently, risk behaviours by workers. This could result in an increased risk of proliferation of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and, in particular, the increasing incidence of HIV/AIDS.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 2 2 2 Moderate Low

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Mitigation Measures:

 Development of a HIV Policy and Awareness and Prevention Plan;  Awareness of workers about transmission modes of HIV/AIDS and other STIs, including the consequences of risky behaviours; Recruitment of a specialized organization to implement activities to raise the awareness about HIV/AIDS and other STIs at community level. Special attention will be given to sex workers, local women and girls in general;  Carry out awareness campaigns for workers on ways of transmission of STIs and HIV/AIDS, including risk behaviours;  Provision of free condoms in the project area;  Recruit a specialist organization to implement activities to raise awareness about STIs and HIV/AIDS at the community level. Special attention should be given to sex workers, women and local girls;  Encouraging employees to do HIV testing (outside the scope of work duties);  Encouraging workers to submit themselves to treatment of STIs in the early stages of infection/diagnosis, to minimize the risk of HIV infection and create conditions for this purpose. Such conditions include the granting of license for workers to go to the hospital and create internal mechanisms to avoid hesitation from seeking health care due to lack funds;  Forward employees to health units for early treatment and monitoring of secondary infections/opportunistic such as coughs, flu and pneumonia.

L. Malaria

There is only a very limited additional risk to communities regarding a possible malaria infection that might arise during construction phase. Nevertheless, some general precaution measures are applicable.

Impact classification:

tion

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitiga Negative Probable 1 3 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Conduct an awareness programme for the communities regarding Malaria infection by recruiting a specialist organisation.

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9.4 Operation/Maintenance Phase

9.4.1 Physical Environment

A. Air Quality Degradation

Emissions of dust will occur when trenches are opened for maintenance of the water pipeline and by the operation of vehicles. Clearance of sites for e.g. the water treatment plant will also cause dust emission to the air. In addition, exhausts from vehicles and machines maintaining the area will also have a certain impact on the air quality.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Water the soil surface and any non-asphalted roads, especially in the dry season;  Water the soil before starting activities;  The storage and handling of spoil, subsoil, topsoil and materials should be carefully managed to minimise the risk of wind blown material and dust;  Burning of any waste on site is prohibited;  Vehicle engines must not be left running unnecessarily;  Regular and proper maintenance of vehicles and machinery.

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B. Noise and vibration emissions

After pipe laying, the pipeline will be hydrostatically pressure tested. Hydrostatic testing will take place on a continuous basis over a period of several days.

Besides this, the pump station may also generate some noise.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Ensure noise emissions are kept within the World Bank standards;  Inform local communities on the activities schedule;  Monitor the noise biannually to ensure that the surrounding communities and fauna are not being disturbed.

C. Contamination of Soil

During the water treatment process, the flocculation method shall be used for the settling of the fine particles (sand, clay and organics). The incorporated chemical catalyst will be the aluminium sulphate. This chemical product joins the resulting solid sediments, i.e., the sludge that results from the process. This sludge will be disposed of at a storage and dehydration site foreseen in nearby zones, with their base protected by a plastic membrane (geomembrane). Improper design of the sludge storage site for the sludge generated by the water treatment plant process could result in soil contamination.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 2 Very High Low

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Mitigation Measures:

 Consider soil contamination prevention while designing the sludge storage site;  Use of a geomembrane (UV resistant) to prevent soil from contamination;  Control of the geomembrane for ruptures;  The design and construction of the sludge storage site shall follow the Regulation of Waste Management (Decree 13/2006) and consider the requirements in the European Council Directive 1999/31.

D. Contamination of Ground Water

During the water treatment process, the flocculation method shall be used for the settling of the fine particles (sand, clay and organics). The incorporated chemical catalyst will be the aluminium sulphate. This chemical product joins the resulting solid sediments, i.e., the sludge that results from the process. This sludge will be disposed of at a a storage and dehydration site foreseen in nearby zones, with their base protected by a plastic membrane (geomembrane). Improper design of the sludge storage site could result in ground water contamination.

Impact classification:

cance

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Signifi without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 2 3 3 Very high Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Consider measures to prevent pollution of ground water while designing the sludge storage site;  Use of a geomembrane (UV resistant) to prevent groundwater contamination;  Control of the geomembrane for ruptures;  The design and construction of the sludge storage site shall follow the Regulation of Waste Management (Decree 13/2006) and consider the requirements as stipulated in the European Council Directive 1999/31.

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E. Disturbance of Surface Water Quality

Back washing waters (see Figure 5.4) might be released into the environment during the water treatment process, what could affect the water quality of the Sabie River.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 2 1 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Back wash water will be send back to the raw water and treated;  Zero liquid effluent during normal operation.

9.4.2 Biological Environment

A. Loss of vegetation cover during maintenance activities

There might be a need to excavate the pipe in case of failures in the pipeline. In principle, the impacts caused by such maintenance activities will be the same as described for the construction phase. However, this impact is very short-term and restricted to existing easements that have previously been used for pipeline construction activities. These maintenance activities during operation will take place very seldom.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 If needed, during the pipeline maintenance, remove the vegetation manually;  Rehabilitate all the temporary access roads not in use to promote recovery of vegetation.

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B. Disturbance of wildlife

The maintenance operations of the pipeline will involve activities similar to those described for the construction phase (digging trenches and removal and replacement). However, this impact is short-term and restricted to existing easements that have previously been used for pipeline construction activities. These maintenance activities during operation will take place very seldom.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 1 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Inspect the route for presence of animals. If identified, capture and remove them away from the area;  Carry out the maintenance activities during the daylight;  Protect any trench opened with a net fence to prevent fauna from falling in it.

9.4.3 Socioeconomic Environment

A. Expectations of short-term solution to all problems of water supply

Given the importance of the problems of water supply show in Greater Maputo, the presence of a new project can create very high expectations in the population of the city as the immediate solution of all problems in the sector of water supply. However, it is known that the solutions will be gradual and there are initiatives taken in the short term and others long- term due to limitations in the existing water sources and the costs involved with the alternatives identified for the final solution of supply problems water.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Negative Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Dissemination to local communities the extent of the measures will be taken in the short term to prevent false expectations and ensuring the credibility of the project among the communities;  Coordinate with local authorities, local leaders and traditional about the process of disclosure of the timing and the goals of the project implementation.

B. Sense of exclusion among the population without financial resources for water connection

The expansion of water supply system will result in demand for these services by the population. However, studies of ability and willingness to pay indicate that not all people of the communities are ready to join the services due to financial difficulties. This group may feel excluded from the process.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation

Negative Probable 1 3 1 Low Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Financing household connections;  Apply subsidized rates for disadvantaged populations.

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C. Breaking of social relations with due to the lack of opportunity for conversation in search of water

Both in Machava and Moamba areas, women have the responsibility of fetching water and educate children in hygiene matters. Women and girls are often forced to walk every day queuing for hours in search of water abstraction points. These moments are enjoyed by women to liaise and share their experiences of day-to-day. The availability of water near their homes and in enough quantity can probably eliminate or reduce the possibility of dialogue among the women and thus have to break the ties established in communities.

Impact classification:

tigation

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mi

Negative Unlikely 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures: Promote gender equality in order to allow women to participate in activities outside the home, including economic activities, mass, entertainment, etc.

D. Economic loss of intangible assets: business opportunities in water supply by Small Private Operators / Private Water Suppliers

According to the resettlement baseline study, currently the water supply in the project area (Machava Municipal Administrative Post/ Matola Municipality and Moamba District) is done through multiple water sources, including Private Water Providers. The providers themselves obtain water from various sources, such as water supplied by the municipal network or water from drinking fountains, hand pumps, boreholes and wells. There are 53 Private Water Providers operating in 14 neighborhoods of the Machava Municipal Administrative Post and about 10 Private Water Providers in Moamba District of which three in Moamba village (district headquarter), one in Pessene settlement, six in Ressano Garcia village and currently none in Sábie Village29. In addition to this, FIPAG built 16 Small Water

29 The Small Water Supply System of Sabie Village is currently being rehabilitated. It is foreseen that, after conclusion of construction works, the management of the system will be handed over to a Private Operator yet to be selected.

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Supply Systems in the northern areas of the Maputo and Matola Municipalities.

For the Private Water Providers, water supply is an important business oportunity and income source. With the construction of the Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme, in the areas supplied by the Private Water Providers they might loose business opportunities and therefore their income source. The adherence of consumers to the water supply scheme rather than to Private Water Providers, or vice-cersa, might be influenced by factors such as price and quality of water supplied, supply time schedule and capacity to overcome possible supply problems or flaws.

Under Project SUWASA, with funding from USAID, a study is currently being done for the Government of Mozambique to design a licencing/regulatory framework for Private Water Providers in Mozambique. The study is conducted by Thelma Triche & Associates consultancy company. Among other things, the study will characterize the Private Water Suppliers and gather their contributions and concerns in order to establish the basis for their licencing and regulation. This includes a clarification on the type of relationship to be established between the Private Water Providers and the public water supply entities such as FIPAG and AIAS.

The existing Private Water Providers operating in the areas to be covered by the Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme shall be integrated within this Supply Scheme, in order to ensure the largest possible water supply coverage and consumer satisfaction. This integration shall be informed by the results and recommendations of the above mentioned study.

Impact classification:

tension

Nature Probability Ex Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Very Negative Probable 2 3 1 Moderate High

Mitigation Measure:

 Integrate the existing Private Water Providers in the functioning and management of the Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme, according to the licencing/regulatory framework for Private Water Providers to be approved by the government, as well as the results and recommendations of the study " Mozambique – Design of Licensing/

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Regulatory Framework for Provate Water Providers" by Thelma Triche & Associates in the frame of USAID/SUWASA Project.

E. Compatibility with the scale of economic development in the region

The project as a whole will have positive impacts due to increased availability of potable water, which will create opportunities to open up other development projects that have regular water supply in its main lever. At present, projects for Coca-Cola and Cervejas de Moçambique have its operation dependent on special arrangements they have with the water distribution entity in Greater Maputo.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Very Very Positive 2 3 3 Probable High High

Potentiation Measures: Eliminate bureaucratic barriers to encourage private and public consumption.

F. Improving responsiveness to the right to water

A major positive impact of this project is the answer he will give the right to potable water to people30 as provided in the Water Law (Law 16/91 of August 3) and the National Water Policy. These rights are also protected by the Millennium Development Goals (Goal 7), of which Mozambique is a signatory.

30 The Maputo Water Supply System currently covers only a part of the Municipalities of Maputo and Matola and the Boane District. Only about 40 % of the residents in this area have access to adequate drinking water, with most areas being served at low pressure and only a few hours of supply per day. The Greater Maputo does not cover connection to households. Thus we cannot say how much household more will get water because of the Project. This will be done by the following Project funded by the Dutch ORIO. With this project it is foreseen to connect more than 20,000 households.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Very Very Positive Permanent 2 3 3 High High

Potentiation Measures:

 Make regular system maintenance;  Find alternative sources of surface water to supply the system in the long term.

G. Planned water supply and reliability of the water supply system

The improvement and expansion of water supply system will enable greater responsiveness to the demand, increasing also the reliability of the operating system. The reliability of the system will allow adequate planning for water supplies.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Very Very Positive Permanent 2 3 3 High High

Potentiation Measures:  Make regular system maintenance;  Sensitize the community to not join illegal connections and to report them;  Sensitize beneficiaries to meet the payments of services for their continued maintenance.

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H. Potential creation of synergies with other sectors

The project will create synergies with the health sector due to its influence in reducing the incidence of waterborne diseases that result from the availability of quality water by increasing the welfare of local people. Children who spend part of their day in search of water will have more time to study if there is water availability, as does the productive population that will have more time for other productive activities.

Impact classification:

ficance

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Signi with mitigation Highly Very Very Positive 2 3 2 probable High High

Potentiation Measures:

 Provide quality water so as to encourage a preference for the water system;  Establish prices that are attractive to consumers to not prefer resort to alternative sources of water supply;  Intensified by the national health authorities, campaign awareness about hygiene and sanitation with the new water availability;  Inter-institutional coordination in order to perform different works simultaneously taking into account that open trenches for laying of pipeline network expansion;  Intensification of awareness campaigns on hygiene and sanitation by the health authorities to the new availability of water.

9.4.4 Health and Safety

Workers‘ Health & Safety

A. Unsafe Drinking water

Treated dirty water or treated water not fulfilling the health requirements could result in diseases for workers ending in fatalities.

Considering that the water pipeline will be crossing the Incomáti River and the Matola River, and the total course will be almost 100 km, the pipeline will be exposed to humidity that could cause corrosion.

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Even if exterior coverings are used, the pipeline transports a watery fluid with the presence of chlorides, thus being exposed to a deterioration process.

Cyanobacteria are generally producing different toxins whereof some single ones could be harmful to people in case these toxins are a content of the treated water.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 2 High Moderate

Mitigation Measures:

 The special control measures should be carried out with the highest efficiency and responsibility, as the risk of corrosion is high;  The pipes will be made of ductile (cast) iron according to ISO 2531 and EN 545;  Special measures to protect the pipeline for corrosion shall be taken as lining with zinc/bitumen or covering the pipeline with polyethylene/polyurethane. For river crossings High Density Polyethylene pipes will be used;  The inspections to the water transporting pipeline should be controlled and duly recorded;  To prevent the iron or steel pipes from corrosion iron or steel the pipes are interiorly lined with a mortar formulated with acid-resistant cements;  Adjust the treated water to the equilibrium pH at any time;  Drinking water must be provided in accordance with the applicable national and WHO recommendations and guidelines;  Because measurements of cyanobacteria in the Corumana Dam reservoir have never been performed it is recommended to monitor the occurrence of cyanobacteria in the raw water starting with the construction phase. In case of the occurrence of cyanobacteria in the raw water the concentration of microystins shall also be determined. According to the results obtained the water treatment process shall be adopted;  In general it is foreseen that the pre-oxidation process will be done by ozonisation and not by chlorination. Ozonization is more effective to destroy organic material e.g. in the case that cyanobacteria will occur in the raw water. In addition powdered activated carbon will be used

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during the coagulation process. Both are suitable measures to remove harmful microcystins from the raw water in case that cyanobacteria blooming in the Corumana Dam Resercoir will occur;  In case of the occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystins the dosage of ozonisation and of powdered activated carbon (PAC) will be increased;  The water must be tested once per week if it is served from tanks or containers.

B. Exposure to Chemicals, Hazardous or Flammable Material

Chlorine is a serious agent and a contact with the skin or respiration could lead to major injuries requiring immediate medical assistance. In worst cases and considering a significant exposure to chlorine, fatalities could occur.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Emergency numbers and MSDS must be available and displayed at all areas where chlorine is in use;  Only workers specifically trained, educated and aware about the risks and preventive actions shall operate the chlorination system and deal with this agent;  The workers must be trained in the use of PPE also if they get in contact with the sludge generated during the water treatment process (e.g. insulating overalls, gloves, boots).

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C. Health related issues due to noise exposure

Increased noise levels have the potential to affect the health of workers. On the one hand, high noise levels could affect the ear and the ability to hear, one the other hand, high noise levels could reduce the sensitivity of a worker to identify dangerous situations.

The risk for workers by significant high noise levels could result in injuries, accidents and fatalities.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 A reasonable mitigation measure and of more importance than wearing hearing protection devices, is the reduction of noise levels to an as low as possible level. Avoidance of an impact has always the priority in comparison to passive reduction;  Noise levels should be kept below the LEAV of 80 dB(A) wherever possible. In case of exceeding this value, hearing protection must be provided to the workers and warning signs must be installed;  Shortly after start of operation, noise areas having the potential to exceed 80 dB(A) should be identified and respective warning and obligatory signs must be installed.

D. Accidents and incidents

The normal operation activities with respect to the Project are mostly related to the water treatment plant where permanent staff is deployed.

The normal activities could pose risks of accidents and incidents resulting in injuries. Such accidents and incidents could occur because of slips, trips and falls, working at height, being struck by objects etc. The risks could be harmful and serious.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 3 High Moderate

Mitigation Measures: The impact prevention and avoidance must be subject of the respectively needed Health & Safety Management Plan, and related implementation.

Community Health and Safety

A. Exposure to chemicals, hazardous or flammable materials

During operation of the Water Treatment Plan different chemicals have to be applied. From the chemicals being used chlorine shows the biggest potential to be harmful to human health if released.

Chlorine is a serious agent and a contact with the skin or respiration tract could lead to major injuries requiring immediate medical assistance. In the worst case and considering a significant exposure to chlorine, fatalities could occur. Such exposure could occur in case of traffic accidents with trucks transporting chlorine to the treatment plant.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 3 1 Low Insignificant Mitigation Measures: Chemicals, hazardous and flammables materials must be secured, and stored accordingly (regulations and conditions of storage will depend on the type of materials used). Procedures for handling hazardous materials must be in place:  they must be locked;  only authorized personnel can have access to the materials;  MSDS must be available;  specific PPE should be provided;  and users should be trained.

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If safely stored and procedures are in place, no risk or impacts on the communities should arise for no contact or handling any of these products should happen.

In case of leakage or spills that should affect communities, this must be covered in the Contingency Plan.

Appropriate mitigation measures for the transport of chlorine are the following:  Careful selection of transport routes for chlorine;  Use of well maintained storage and transport facilities for chlorine;  Training and instruction of transport staff about appropriate safety measures when transporting chlorine.

Develop and implement a plan for transport of chlorine to the water treatment plant site and for handling the gas on site. Such a plan shall include:  proper measures as a careful selection of transport routes for chlorine;  training and instruction of transport staff on appropriate safety measures when transporting chlorine;  a list of first measures to be done in case of an accident;  contacts of the heads of villages along the transport route;  numbers of police stations along the transport route;  numbers of hospitals along the route etc. This list shall be carried by all trucks transporting chlorine gas.

B. Damages to the equipment

During the operation phase the intervention of third parties, apart from the staff officially designated by the entity operating the Water Supply Scheme, could occur in an accidental or intentional action. The damage resulting from this activity could be of high risk, causing ruptures in the pipeline and/or in the infrastructures involved in the Water Supply Scheme.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 2 High Moderate

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Mitigation Measures

 To avoid these actions the operating entity should maintain a service area (inspection routes) perfectly clean and visible, with signs indicating that it is an area prohibited to outsiders;  Notify all service departments of the existence of the pipeline and the route of the buried sections of the pipeline, attaching localization maps;  The telephone numbers that should be used to inform on the detection of losses or activities occurring near the pipeline should be widely publicized.

C. Unsafe Drinking water

The survey and qualitative data collection of families identified problems in electricity supply in the project area, which may affect family and community life - including the distribution of water. Among other things, respondents highlighted the power cuts, restrictions on hours of supply, insufficient capacity of the Points of Transformation to supply the existing population, poor power quality and limited coverage of the electricity grid (the latter referred to the Moamba District only).

If the cuts and restrictions of electricity in the project area persist, this may also cause cuts and restrictions in water supply system for the future. The cuts and restrictions in water supply may force consumers to look for practices or alternative sources of water supply. Therefore, the task of fetching water will continue to absorb time, energy and resources of the consumer, contrary to the positive impact that the installation of the system shall have, by allowing consumers to save these resources and reapply them to other economic and social activities.

Dirty treated water or treated water not fulfilling the health requirements could result in diseases for workers ending in fatalities.

Even if exterior coverings are used, the pipeline transports a watery fluid with the presence of chlorides, thus being exposed to a deterioration process.

Cyanobacteria are generally producing different toxins whereof some single ones could be harmful to people in case these toxins are a content of the treated water.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 2 3 2 High Moderate

Mitigation Measures: To ensure electricity for the operation of pumps in each distribution center, with particular emphasis on the more remote centers of Sabie, Moamba and Pessene, the following measures are recommended:

• Place an emergency generator or a diesel pump at each distribution center's water supply system; • Provide a pumping group consisting of two pumps; • Provide a water reserve in the high reservoir enabling the supply of the population in at least 1 to 2 days (the maximum time provided for replacement of electricity); • Encourage consumers, who have the ability, to purchase individual water reservoirs.

In order to guarantee the quality of the treted water:

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raw water the concentration of microystins shall also be determined. According to the results obtained the water treatment process shall be adopted;  In general it is foreseen that the pre-oxidation process will be done by ozonisation and not by chlorination. Ozonization is more effective to destroy organic material e.g. in the case that cyanobacteria will occur in the raw water. In addition powdered activated carbon will be used during the coagulation process. Both are suitable measures to remove harmful microcystins from the raw water in case that cyanobacteria blooming in the Corumana Dam Reservoir will occur;  In case of the occurrence of cyanobacteria and microcystins the dosage of ozonisation and of powdered activated carbon (PAC) will be increased;  The water must be tested once per week if it is served from tanks or containers.

D. Safety during maintenance and repair

During maintenance and repair works similar safety issues can become relevant as during construction depending on the nature of needed works.

Impact classification:

ficance ficance

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Signi without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 3 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures: The impact prevention and avoidance must be subject of the respectively needed Health & Safety Management Plan, and related implementation.

Part of this plan must include the development of Safe Operating Procedures on the maintenance activities to be regularly performed. Each SOP will detail the risks and controls and how to perform the tasks safely for each activity.

This study must be included on the H&S Management Plan, once the activities performed when doing maintenance and repair will be of similar nature of the ones during construction (Working at Heights, working in Confined Space, Moving Machinery, etc.).

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E. Malaria

The risk to get a Malaria infection during operation phase is very limited but some general precaution measures are applicable.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 3 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures: During this phase the number of personnel working on site will be significantly lower than construction phase. At this stage, focus should be given on the avoidance of the mosquito vector i.e. the appearance of permanent open water bodies and/or their increase (in number and in surface area) that serve as reproduction biotopes for Mosquitoes.

Maintenance Team should be aware of Leakage throughout the system; this could be a significant source of open water bodies.

Environmental Control (reducing the number of mosquito vector through the use of insecticides) should be done periodically.

Special attention should be given to housekeeping and maintenance of cleanliness across all sites.

The continuous ABCDE’s of the Malaria Awareness and Prevention Plan must be maintained.

F. Improvement of health and living conditions of the population as a result of the consumption of drinking water

The project to upgrade and expand the water supply system will create conditions for improving the health and living condition of the recipient population by providing more efficient access to potable and safe water supply services.

On the one hand, the availability of quality drinking water will help reducing the incidence of waterborne diseases, increasing the welfare of local people. This will be a positive impact of the project and great motivation for its implementation.

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On the other hand, the installation of the water supply system can decrease the time and energy spent by consumers in search of water. They can invest the time and energy previously spent on fetching water for economic and social activities, such as income-generating activities and education. Since the task of fetching water for the household is mostly a responsibility of the women31, she can devote more time to her personal activities and welfare of the family.

This is particularly relevant for the Moamba District, where about half of the households interviewed has their water supplies in sources located outside the home (rivers, lakes and dam), for which they walk two to three times per week and every time it takes, on average, more than 30 minutes to reach the water source. In Machava, where 32% of the households surveyed uses water sources like wells, boreholes and rivers, spending on average 3 minutes to walk every day to access the water, the impact of supply system in reducing the time and energy spent in search of water will be less.

However, it should be taken into account that if there are time constraints in water supply, the households will be forced to spend some time to source water (eg, in the early hours of the day), which will reduce the positive impact of the release of time in searching for water.

Impact classification:

bility

Nature Proba Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Very Positive 2 3 3 Very High Probable High

Potentiation Measures:

 Carry out campaigns to sensitize the population about the importance of using piped water;  Sensitize the population about the risks of using water from wells and streams that might be a source of waterborne diseases;  Ensure coordination to identify mechanisms to finance household connections;  Consider applying subsidized rates for disadvantaged populations;

31 According to the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (INE 2008), in Maputo province the person who fetches water within the household is the adult female (72.9%), followed by the adult male (14.4%) and girl under 15 years (8.1 %). The national average for rural areas increases the weight of the woman in this task (87.5%) and decreases the share of men (5.1%) and girls (6%).

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 Make regular maintenance of the system;  Find alternative sources of surface water to supply the system in the long-term;  Sensitize beneficiary communities on good practice for drinking water uses, as a measure to keep low consumption prices for maintenance of contracts;  Set a schedule of water supply without restrictions (water available 24h/24h);  Find alternative sources of surface water to supply the system in the long term.

G. Reduction of water supply costs at the household level

In addition, the installation of the water supply system with a subsidized tariff allows the consumers to have access to a larger amount of water at a potentially lower cost than wat is charged by the small private providers. It is estimated that 23% of peri-urban population of Maputo and Matola are supplied with water from Private Water Providers (French Development Agency, 2010)32, who generally charge higher prices than the company Àguas da Região de Maputo (AdeM): in 2009 the Private Water Providers charged about MZM25/m³ against MZM 15/m³ charged by AdeM (French Development Agency, 2010)33.

The project affected area encompasses residential areas in Machava and Moamba, where households consume limited amounts of water in order to meet the personal needs of the household members. Thus, once the water supply scheme is installed, it is expected that the households will be interested in adhering to it to consume small amounts of water. This will allow the block rate of domestic consumption and the application of subsidies to the lower ranks, as a way to support the adherence and retention of consumers.

Impact Classification

Significance Significance

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Without mitigation Significance mitigation With

Highly 2 3 2 Moderate High Positive probable

32 Aymeric Blanc, The small –Scale Private Water Providers (SSPWPs) of Maputo: na alternative model to be encoraged? French Agency for Development, 2010. 33 Enterpruners in Transition: Small Scale Private Water Supply Operators in Greater Maputo. French Agency for development, October, 2010.

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Potentiation Measures

 Conduct awareness raising campaigns about the benefits of the costs of household connection to the water supply scheme;  Apply subsidized rates for disadvantaged populations;  Allow the payment of household connection in instalments, for disadvantaged populations;  Offer security measures for water meters, such as the sale of protective boxes, to be paid at the time of purchase of the water meter, or when the household connection is established, or in the monthly water bill, according to the consumer’s capacity to pay.

9.5 Decommissioning Phase

Decommissioning phase regards mainly to the removal and/or demolition of infrastructures implanted. Therefore the potential impacts of the decommission phase are similar to those of the construction phase.

9.5.1 Physical Environment

A. Landscape changes - Visual impacts

The removal and destruction of infrastructures such as elevation towers, water treatment plants and water storage systems will cause changes to the landscape of the affected area, causing a visual impact.

During the decommissioning phase, the pipeline and all the infrastructures that were used for this service, will be exposed to all types of hassle, whether due to land use, landscape when the sectors are on the surface, biological aspects when these are places for raising animal species or even for the human environment at the locations where the pipeline and/or infrastructures are exposed on the surface.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 2 Moderate Low

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Mitigation Measures:

 Use existing roads and pathways to access sites of removal of the pipeline and to the facilities;  Retain existing structures (buildings) for other uses;  Restore the vegetation of disturbed areas after clearance;  All infrastructures and the pipeline itself that will be decommissioned shall be removed in total. No remaining parts of the installation shall be left.

B. Soils contamination

Removal and demolition activities will imply the use and circulation of vehicles and machinery which may cause spillage of fuels and chemicals. Besides this, workers may also contaminate the soil with waste and sewage.

Impact classification:

Natu Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 1 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

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C. Soils erosion and compaction

Removal and demolition activities will cause localised changes in topsoil and subsoil structure, erosion and compaction.

Impact classification:

itigation

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with m Negative Permanent 1 3 1 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Restrict the activities to the minimum possible;  Use appropriate machinery and/or protective boarding during soil stripping;  Remove and stockpile topsoil, subsoils and any parent material separately;  Use the stockpiled material in the origin area;  Topsoil storage periods must be kept to a minimum.

D. Noise and vibration emissions

Noise and vibration during decommissioning will be generated by the operation of heavy machines, heavy trucks and backfilling activities.

These impacts are of temporary nature.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Restrict operation of heavy machines to daylight;  Ensure noise emissions are kept within the World Bank standards;  Inform local communities on the activities schedule.

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E. Dust and gaseous emissions

The destruction of buildings, water treatment plants, excavation of trenches to remove the pipeline and the movement of heavy vehicles to transport the pipes to the final disposal location may cause dust emissions to the environment.

Impact classification:

ion

Nature Probability Extension Durat Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 1 Low Insignificant probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Water the soil surface and any non-asphalted roads, especially in the dry season;  Water the soil before starting excavating and during and after burial of the pipeline;  The storage and handling of spoil, subsoil, topsoil and materials should be carefully managed to minimise the risk of wind blown material and dust;  Burning of any waste on site is prohibited;  Vehicle engines must not be left running unnecessarily;  Regular and proper maintenance of vehicles and machinery.

F. Alteration of hydrology of rivers, drainage lines and wetlands

Removal of the pipeline implanted below or above on the river courses and wetlands may cause some alterations on the features of the wetlands and therefore alter their hydrology.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant Probable

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Mitigation Measures:

 Clear the vegetation manually to minimize the erosion;  When blocking a river bed for trenching to remove the pipe, ensure water passages to allow flow to take place;  In areas were vegetation has been cleared for the decommissioning, protect it with barriers to reduce erosion and allow regeneration of the vegetation;  Deposit a barrier comprised of large stones along cleared areas of the river bank will reduce the friction caused by water flow for some period until natural vegetation has recovered.

G. Contamination of rivers, drainage lines, wetlands and groundwater

During decommissioning, the related activities (e.g. handling and storage of fuel, refuelling activities, handling and storage of waste, sewage, surface water abstraction) may contaminate the water courses, drainage lines and wetlands.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant probable

Mitigation Measures:

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 Leaking or empty oil drums must be removed from the site immediately with measures in place to prevent contamination;  No silt/turbid discharge water from trench dewatering operations will be allowed to enter any drainage/water body/wetland, unless the drain or water body is dry and well vegetated;  Hazardous materials, chemicals, fuels or lubricating oils will not be stored, and refuelling and concrete coating activities (excluding field joints) will not be carried out within 30m of a watercourse;  Prepare and implement an Integrated Water Management Plan.

9.5.2 Biological Environment

A. Loss of vegetation cover and plant diversity

The removal of the pipeline during the decommission phase may require the re-opening of temporary access roads and workers camps in which vegetation may have recovered. This impact will cause loss of biodiversity and fauna habitat.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 3 Moderate Low Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Use existing maintenance access roads and the pipeline maintenance access route to dismantle and transport the decommissioned material;  If necessary only clear the minimum width of the route for dismantling operation;  Experienced ecological advisors must be appointed and be present on each spread during construction activities to chase animals away and collecting and relocating sensitive species from the area, preventing them to be harmed;  All personnel must be briefed on environmental sensitivities in the surrounding area;  Reinstatement to maintain habitat continuity as far as is practicable;  At the commencement of works, the working width will be clearly delineated where it passes through environmental sensitive areas;  Hunting, fishing and the carrying of firearms by decommissioning personnel will be strictly prohibited.

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B. Disturbance of terrestrial wildlife by noise

The decommissioning phase will involve the use of heavy machines and vehicles. Noise and vibration are generated by excavators, bulldozers and transport vehicles. These impacts are more evident during the night disturbing animals which have a nocturnal living habit for feeding and roaming. However, decommissioning activities will be restricted to day time what could affect e.g. birds that have their breeding habitats along the mains corridor.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 1 Low Insignificant probable

Mitigation Measures: Restrict operation of heavy machines to daylight, when most wildlife is active and can react to noise.

C. Disturbance of vegetation processes and wildlife by dust generation

The decommissioning activities will cause some dust emissions. These emissions create short-term adverse impacts to the immediate environment. The dust can interfere with the plant photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and other processes and will disturb the fauna temporarily, causing respiratory and visual disruption. Dust emission will also decrease the quality of forage quality of herbivorous wildlife species.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 2 1 1 Low Insignificant

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Mitigation Measures:

 Water the soil surface and any unpaved roads at least once a day during the dry season;  Water the soil before and after excavating to remove the pipeline;  If the soil removed from the trench is going to be left out for some days, cover the soil to prevent dust emission by wind.

D. Loss of vegetation cover and plant diversity

Levelling activities and excavations to remove the water pipeline require the removal of some vegetation. This activity will lead to a loss of native vegetation and open access to sites with intact vegetation.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 3 Moderate Low Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Use existing maintenance access roads and the pipeline maintenance access route to dismantle and transport the decommissioned material;  Unbury and replant slow growing large trees such as Aloes and Euphorbias to nearly cleared areas away from pipeline route.

E. Disturbance and mortality of terrestrial fauna

By clearance of vegetation breeding and feeding and hiding habitats for animals will be affected. In addition, terrestrial fauna may also be killed. Sound and vibration during the decommissioning phase is also likely to disturb the terrestrial fauna. Any use of light, if activities are conducted during the night, will attract fauna to the site and increase the chance of being harmed.

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Impact classification:

ificance

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Sign with mitigation Highly Negative 1 1 2 Low Insignificant Probable

Mitigation Measures:

 Experienced ecological advisors must be appointed and be present on each spread during the activities to chase animals away and collecting and relocating sensitive species from the area, preventing them to be harmed;  Restrict activities do the daylight;  Inspect the area to be cleared for any terrestrial fauna before bush clearing and digging;  Protect any trench left overnight with a net fence to block fauna from being trapped inside;  Capture and release fauna away from the direct influence zone (including species trapped in the trenches);  Carry out large scale bush clearing activities to the dry season, to avoid interfering with nesting and breeding.

F. Loss of habitat and disturbance of wildlife using the wetland and rivers

Removing the pipeline section that crosses the river beds of Incomati and Matola Rivers will require the removal of reed vegetation where most wildlife species seek refuge during the daylight. Also, the aquatic vegetation at the river crossing sites will be affected. In addition, usually the contractor tend to select places near water sources to set temporary camps for workers and office or to open access roads to the nearest water source causing major disturbances on the aquatic environment and its flora and fauna.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Highly Negative 1 2 2 Moderate Low Probable

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Mitigation Measures:

 Plan the removal of the pipeline corridor in order to reduce disturbance of wetlands;  Carry out activities during periods of lowest water flow in the rivers, so that aquatic wildlife will be less abundant on the reed vegetation to the cleared;  Set the workers camps at secure distance from the river, to avoid unusual presence of workers near the river course;  Carry out an education program to the worker on importance of the river and wetland environments;  Use appropriate machinery (cranes) to remove the pipeline and other structures causing the least damage to the wetland;  Collect all the rubble generated in the wetland and dispose appropriately in suitable landfills;  Carry out decommissioning operations during periods of very low water flow in the rivers in order to avoid massive impacts on the hydrology (changes of turbidity, erosion and flow).

G. Restoration and maintenance of acceptable levels of ecological water flow into Sabie and Incomati Rivers

The decommissioning of the water supply system will provide the release of more water into the Sabie River restoring the ecological flows downstream into the Sabie and Incomati systems. This increased ecological flow will have benefiting effect on the riparian habitats and will contribute to reduce the salt intrusion.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without increment tation Significance with incremen tation Positive Permanent 2 3 3 Very High Very High

Incrementation Measures:

 Bed level and material must be maintained natural;  After the decommissioning the natural width, depth and bed material must be restored;  The native vegetation on river banks must be restored;  The pipeline must cross perpendicular to the river crossing.

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9.5.3 Socioeconomic Environment

Loss of jobs and business The project will create jobs for the local people, but after the conclusion of the project workers who were involved in the operation process will lose their jobs. If they are casual workers they are likely to remain unemployed after the conclusion of the project. This will impact negatively on their incomes and financial security, which will decrease.

Also, during the operation phase small businesses may arise along the project area, led by local entrepreneurs, to provide services for the water supply system staff such as cooked meals, security and entertainment. At the end of the operation phase there will be considerably less businesses opportunities in the area, which may impact negatively on the incomes and financial security of the services providers, which will decrease.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with incremen tation Highly Negative 1 2 2 Moderate Low Probable

Mitigation Measure: Issue certificates for local labour and service providers involved in the project, to support them in future job seeking.

9.5.4 Health and Safety

Workers’ Health and Safety

A. Unsafe drinking water

Dirty drinking water or drinking water not fulfilling the health requirements could result in diseases for workers ending in fatalities.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

 Drinking water must be provided in accordance with the applicable national and WHO recommendations and guidelines;  The water must be tested once per week if it is served from tanks or containers;  The drinking water must be stored at a cool and shadowed place.

B. Injuries or fatalities from improper manual handling

Other injuries include cuts, bruises, lacerations and fractures due to unexpected events such as accidents caused by manual handling.

Impact classification:

nsion

Nature Probability Exte Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Highly P. 1 2 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

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instructed, at least verbally, about the risks a certain manual handling could have;  Manual work must be carried out by workers having the physical conditions to undertake the tasks without any risks to their health (consider experience and familiarity with the job, age and historical of injuries);  Sufficient breaks must be implemented and organized to ensure the possibility for having a rest from repetitive tasks or heavy manual handling, especially under hot ambient conditions. The arrangements for breaks must be communicated to all concerned workers;  Suitable and proved PPE must be provided to each worker without any cost;  It should be considered that manual excavation is preferred according to the FIPAG Generic Framework Environmental Management Plan for Construction Works. Therefore, the consideration of the measure is strictly required.

C. Slips and falls

Bad housekeeping also increases the risk of fire.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Permanent 1 2 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 The H&S Management Plan must include procedures to avoid slips and falls as well as to assure the maintenance of the construction site;  Good Housekeeping Practices include: o Cables and ropes on the ground and that cross walkways must be covered to avoid and prevent falls and any damage to electrical cables; o Removing obstacles from walkways; o Mopping or sweeping debris from floors;

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o Keeping working areas and walkways well lit; o Securing (tacking, taping, etc.) mats, rugs and carpets; o Closing file cabinet or storage drawers;  Method statements and instructions must be implemented to avoid the presence of waste debris, construction materials and liquid spills outside the designated storage areas;  Specific staff members should be appointed to ensure the security of the site against slips and falls. In case that any obstacles or liquids are identified, they should be removed without undue delay;  Communication to all workers and employees to prevent slips and falls should be provided during all times of the work by the site management and supervisors;  Providing appropriate PPE (e.g. boots).

D. Fall from height

Falls from elevated levels associated with working on ladders and scaffolds or working at the edge or near excavations are a significant source for fatalities or permanent disabling injuries.

Impact classification:

t t

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance withou mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Scaffolds and ladders o Must be inspected by competent person prior to use. They should only be used on even ground and they must be in good conditions without any damages or missing parts affecting the secure use of the ladder or scaffold; o Scaffolds should be set up by trained persons only; o Before the use of a ladder or scaffold, the appointed workers should be familiarized with the results of the risk assessment;

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 Trenches o Must be secured against fall in of workers. The block must be solid enough to prevent a fall into the trench. Open trenches shall not exceed a length of 300 m; o One end of the trench shall be sloped to allow the egress of a person that fell into the trench;  Use of fall prevention devices including: o Safety belt and lanyard travel limiting devices to prevent access to fall hazard area; o Fall protection devices such as full body harnesses used in conjunction with shock absorbing lanyards attached to fixed anchor point or horizontal life-lines;  Installation of guardrails with mid-rails and toe boards at the edge of any fall hazard area;  Appropriate training in use, serviceability, and integrity of the necessary PPE;  Inclusion of rescue and/or recovery plans, and equipment to respond to workers after an arrested fall.

E. Struck by objects

Impact classification:

hout hout

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance wit mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Highly P. 1 2 2 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

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o The use of debris nets, catch platforms, or canopies to catch or deflect falling objects; o The use of toe-boards, screens, or guardrails on scaffolds to prevent falling objects;  The HSE staff should introduce the risks of struck by objects to all workers in the respective HSE meetings;  Ejection of solid particles, as well as its consequences, can be avoided if only well-maintained tools with all security devices are used;  Power tools must only be used by competent trained workers;  Personal Protective Equipment (specially eye protection and helmets);  When there is overhead work, the areas must be barricaded as hazard areas and warning signs posted;  Walkways should be demarcated, to avoid walking and/or working under moving loads;  Safety Signage should be erected demarcating PPE compulsory areas.

F. Injuries or fatalities due to moving machineries

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Highly P. 1 2 3 High Moderate

Mitigation Measures:

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G. Health related issues due to dust emissions

Inhalation of dust can result in possible respiratory irritation, discomfort, or illness to workers.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Highly P. 1 2 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

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H. Injuries or fatalities from working in confined spaces and excavations

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

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 The correct installation must be checked before the workers are entering the trench.

I. Exposure to Chemicals, Hazardous or Flammable Materials

Chemical hazards represent potential for illness or injury due to single acute exposure or chronic repetitive exposure to toxic, corrosive, sensitizing or oxidative substances.

They also represent a risk of uncontrolled reaction, including the risk of fire and explosion, if incompatible chemicals are inadvertently mixed.

Chemicals, hazardous or flammable materials are not expected at the construction site. However, in case of using such materials, the following measures should be applicable.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 2 Low Insignificant Mitigation Measures:

J. Electric shock

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the current. The interplay of these factors can produce effects ranging from a mild tingling to instant death.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

 Electric tools must be checked (for frayed or exposed cords) on a regular basis to assure that they are in good and safe conditions;  All energized electrical devices and lines should be marked with warning signs;  Protecting power cords and extension cords against damage from traffic by shielding or suspending above traffic areas.  Appropriate labelling of service rooms housing high voltage equipment (‘electrical hazard’) and where entry is controlled or prohibited;  Conducting detailed identification and marking of all buried electrical wiring prior to any excavation work. 

K. Health related issues due to noise

The risk for workers by significant high noise levels could result in injuries, accidents and fatalities.

Short-term effects of exposure to noise include headaches, nervousness and inability to concentrate. It can take many years before the damage caused becomes apparent.

Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is usually gradual due to prolonged exposure to noise but can also be caused immediately by sudden, extremely loud noise. Hearing loss is irreversible.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

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Mitigation Measures:

Community Health & Safety

A. Traffic accidents and injuries to community people

Impact classification:

itigation

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without m Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 1 2 2 Low Insignificant

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Mitigation Measures: Road safety initiatives proportional to the scope and nature of project activities and related to the roads used should include:

1. Introduction of best transport safety method statements across all aspects of project operations with the goal of preventing traffic accidents and minimizing injuries suffered by the project personnel and the public. The method statements should include:  Licensing of drivers;  Training of drivers and improvement of driving skills;  Adopting limits for trip duration and arranging driver rosters to avoid overtiredness; 2. Regular maintenance of vehicles and use of manufacturer approved parts to minimize potentially serious accidents caused by equipment malfunction or premature failure; 3. Where the project may contribute to a significant increase in traffic along existing roads, recommended measures include:  Collaboration with local communities and responsible authorities to improve signage, visibility and overall safety of roads, particularly along stretches located near schools or other locations where children may be present. Collaborating with local communities on education about traffic and pedestrian safety (e.g. school education campaigns);  Coordination with emergency responders to ensure that appropriate first aid is provided in the event of accidents;  Using locally sourced materials, whenever possible, to minimize transport distances. Locating associated facilities such as worker camps close to project sites and arranging worker bus transport to minimize external traffic;  Employing safe traffic control measures, including road signs and flag persons to warn about dangerous conditions; 4. Areas restricted from access by the public must be implemented and clearly demarked;  Announce in advance the start and duration of works in newspapers, via radio, via flyers and via signs to be erected along the decommissioning;  Keep the time where a road has to be closed completely as short as reasonable possible;  In case roads have to be closed completely, clearly sign appropriate detours where traffic, including pedestrians, can follow;  Allow the traffic to pass through the work in progress where possible;  Set appropriate speed limits in areas of on-going activities, agree this with the local traffic police department;  Ensure that exits and entrance to the site for vehicles are safely designed;

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 Allow only workers to work within the confined work area;  Confine the work area to a distance as short as practical;  Erect signs that the traffic is aware from far where the actual construction sites are located;  Adopt the signs and warning devices to work progress;  Ensure that the positioning of the signs is safe, effective and clearly visible;  Ensure all equipment is visible to traffic, through either illumination or suitable marking;  Sign the actual construction site area sufficiently at night by means of illuminating flagger;  Ensure that the work areas is well lighted, but in a way not to blind drivers. B. Health related issues due to exposure to high noise levels

Increased noise levels might have negative effects on people’s health especially during night-time and in the close vicinity to sensitive receptors.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extensi Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures: In case that the construction activities result in a cumulative noise level of more than 45 dB(A) during night-time (22.00 to 07.00) close to residential, institutional or educational areas, the construction must be stopped.

A noise prediction calculation must be undertaken in advance to the construction in such areas, considering the peak noise emission from the machineries to be used. The noise prediction must be done at representative locations. The noise calculation must be verified at the site during construction.

C. Health related issues due to exposure to dust

Dust could be harmful for the respiratory organ(s) and could result in respiratory diseases.

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Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 1 Insignificant Insignificant

Mitigation Measures: Dirty tracks, as well as the excavated soil stored close to the trench, must be regularly watered to prevent the generation of dust.

D. Injuries or fatalities from fall from height

Falls from elevated levels, especially for members of the community, is mostly associated with walking at the edge or near excavations.

Impact classification:

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 3 Moderate Low

Mitigation Measures:

E. Struck by objects

Construction activities may pose significant hazards related to the potential fall of materials or tools.

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Impact classification:

nificance nificance

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance without mitigation Sig with mitigation Negative Unlikely 1 2 2 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

F. Health related issued from HIV/AIDS

Impact classification:

hout hout

Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity Significance wit mitigation Significance with mitigation Negative Probable 2 2 1 Low Insignificant

Mitigation Measures:

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 Forward employees to health units for early treatment and monitoring of secondary infections/opportunistic such as coughs, flu and pneumonia.

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9.6 Summary of Impacts

Table 9-2: Assessment of impacts after implementation of mitigation/incrementation measures Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Physical Environment Changes in the landscape- visual impacts (-) Probable 1 1 1 Insignificant Contamination of Soil and Sub-soil (-) Permanent 1 3 3 Low Disturbance of Ground Water Quality (-) Permanent 2 3 3 Low Disturbance of Surface Water Quality (-) Unlikely 2 1 2 Insignificant

Biological Environment Highly Loss of plant cover (-) 1 2 1 Insignificant probable Disturbance of terrestrial fauna (-) Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Disturbance of fauna using aquatic environment (-) Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Pre-Construction Disturbance of water quality of wetlands at (-) Probable 1 1 2 Insignificant riverbanks and pans

Socioeconomic Environment High expectation of the local communities in Highly (-) 1 1 1 Insignificant relation to job posts Probable Expectations of short-term solution to all (-) Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant problems of water supply High expectations of getting great compensation Highly (-) 1 1 3 Insignificant in cases of resettlement Probable Resistence of host communities to receive (-) Probable 1 2 3 Insignificant resettled persons and households

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Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Health and Safety Injuries or fatalities due to the misconception of (-) Unlikely 1 3 2 Low corridors Injuries or fatalities due to insufficient number of (-) Unlikely 1 3 2 Low escape routes and escape doors Injuries or fatalities due to lack of fire-fighting (-) Probable 2 3 2 Moderate equipment and fire alarm system Health related issues due to inappropriate storage areas for chemicals, hazardous and (-) Probable 1 3 2 Low flammable materials Heat Stress as a result of poor air conditioning added to insufficient work space for operational (-) Probable 1 3 1 Insignificant staff, e.g. in administration buildings and workshops Injuries or fatalities due to insufficient space for (-) Probable 1 3 2 Low operations Injuries or fatalities due to insufficient (-) Unlikely 1 3 2 Low illumination Injuries or fatalities due to insufficient width of (-) Unlikely 1 3 2 Low escape doors Fatalities due to insufficient welfare facilities (-) Unlikely 1 3 1 Insignificant Land mines (-) Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant

Physical Environment Changes of landscape - Visual impact (-) Permanent 1 3 1 Low Highly Soils contamination (-) 1 1 1 Insignificant Construction probable Soils Erosion and compaction (-) Permanent 1 3 1 Low Highly Noise and vibration emissions (-) 1 1 2 Insignificant probable

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Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Highly Dust and gaseous emissions (-) 1 1 2 Insignificant probable Alteration of hydrology of rivers, drainage lines Highly Moderate (-) 2 2 2 and wetlands probable Disturbance of the water quality of the rivers due (-) Probable 1 1 2 Insignificant to corrosion of the main Contamination of rivers, drainage lines and Highly (-) 1 1 2 Insignificant ground water probable

Biological Environment Temporary loss of habitat and component Highly (-) 1 1 1 Insignificant species within the constriction corridor probable Highly Disturbance of wildlife by noise (-) 1 1 1 Insignificant probable Disturbance of plant processes and wildlife by (-) Permanent 2 1 1 Insignificant dust generated Loss of Vegetation cover and plant diversity (-) Permanent 1 2 3 Moderate Highly Insignificant Disturbance and mortality of terrestrial fauna (-) 1 1 2 probable Loss of habitat and disturbance of wildlife using Highly Insignificant (-) 1 1 2 the wetlands and rivers probable Poaching and clearing of vegetation caused by Worker’s influx (-) Probable 1 1 1 Insignificant

Pollution by solid wastes (-) Probable 1 1 1 Insignificant Occurrence of uncontrolled fires Insignificant (-) Probable 1 1 2

Socioeconomic Environment Conflicts among workers and the local (-) Probable 1 1 2 Insignificant population in the project area

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Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Destruction or disruption of infrastructure and social and economic loss of tangible and (-) Permanent 1 3 2 Moderate intangible goods Potential increase in human trafficking or (-) Unlikely 1 1 1 Insignificant exploitation Creation of reduced Jobs and improvement of Very High (+) Permanent 2 2 3 living conditions of the population

Workers‘ Health and Safety Crossing of Gas Pipeline (-) Permanent 1 1 3 Insignificant Unsafe drinking water (-) Probable 1 2 2 Insignificant Injuries or fatalities from improper manual Highly (-) 1 2 2 Low handling Probable Slips and falls (-) Permanent 1 2 2 Low Fall from height (-) Probable 1 2 3 Low Highly Struck by objects (-) 1 2 2 Low Probable Injuries or fatalities due to moving machineries (-) Highly P. 1 2 3 Moderate Health related issues due to dust emissions (-) Highly P. 1 2 1 Insignificant Injuries or fatalities from working in confined (-) Probable 1 2 3 Low spaces and excavations Exposure to Chemicals, Hazardous or (-) Unlikely 1 2 2 Insignificant Flammable Materials Electric shock (-) Probable 1 2 3 Low Health related issues due to noise (-) Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Increased incidence of diseases, including the (-) Probable 2 1 2 Insignificant spread of HIV/AIDS Land mines (-) Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant Malaria (-) Probable 1 3 1 Insignificant

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Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Community Health and Safety Crossing of Gas Pipeline (-) Permanent 1 1 3 Insignificant Crossing of Railroad (-) Permanent 1 1 1 Insignificant Crossing of roads and highways (-) Permanent 1 1 1 Low Disruption of the transit of people and vehicles (-) Probable 1 2 2 Insignificant during the construction phase Traffic accidents and injuries to community (-) Probable 1 2 2 Insignificant people Disturbance on people and vehicles circulation (-) Probable 2 1 2 Insignificant by the Incomati river bridge Health related issues due to exposure to high (-) Unlikely 1 2 1 Insignificant noise levels Health related issues due to exposure to dust (-) Unlikely 1 2 1 Insignificant Injuries or fatalities from fall from height (-) Unlikely 1 2 3 Low Struck by objects (-) Unlikely 1 2 2 Insignificant Health related issued from HIV/AIDS (-) Probable 2 2 2 Low Malaria (-) Probable 1 3 1 Insignificant

Physical Environment Decrease of air quality by dust and gaseous (-) Probable 1 1 1 Insignificant emissions Highly Noise emissions (-) 1 1 2 Insignificant probable Operation / Contamination of Soil (-) Probable 1 3 2 Low Maintenance Disturbance of Ground Water Quality (-) Permanent 2 3 3 Low Disturbance of Surface Water Quality (-) Unlikely 2 1 2 Insignificant

Biological Environment Loss of vegetation cover (-) Probable 1 1 1 Insignificant

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Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Disturbance of wildlife (-) Probable 1 1 1 Insignificant

Socioeconomic Environment Expectations of short-term solution to all (-) Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant problems of water supply Sense of exclusion among the population (-) Probable 1 3 1 Low without financial resources for water connection Breaking of social relations with due to the lack of opportunity for conversation in search of (-) Unlikely 1 2 3 Low water Economic loss of intangible assets: business opportunities in water supply by Small Private (-) Probable 2 3 1 Moderate Operators / Private Water Suppliers Compatibility with the scale of economic Highly (+) 2 3 3 Very High development in the region Probable Improving responsiveness to the right to water (+) Permanent 2 3 3 Very High Planned water supply and reliability of water (+) Permanent 2 3 3 Very High supply system Potential creation of synergies with other Highly (+) 2 3 2 Very High sectors Probable

Workers‘ Health and Safety Unsafe Drinking water (-) Probable 1 3 2 Moderate Exposure to Chemicals, Hazardous or (-) Probable 1 3 2 Low Flammable Material Health related issues due to noise exposure (-) Probable 1 3 2 Low Accidents and incidents (-) Probable 1 3 3 Moderate

Community Health and Safety Exposure to chemicals, hazardous or flammable (-) Unlikely 1 3 1 Insignificant materials

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Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Damages to the equipment (-) Probable 1 3 2 Moderate Unsafe drinking water (-) Probable 1 3 2 Moderate Safety during maintenance and repair (-) Unlikely 1 3 1 Insignificant Malaria (-) Probable 1 3 1 Insignificant Improvement of living and health conditions of Highly the population as a result of the consumption of (+) 2 3 3 Very High Probable drinking water Highly High Reduced costs of water supply for households (+) 2 3 2 Probable

Physical Environment Landscape changes - Visual impacts (-) Probable 1 2 2 Low Highly Soils contamination (-) 1 1 1 Insignificant probable Soils erosion and compaction (-) Permanent 1 3 1 Low Highly Dust and gaseous emissions (-) 1 1 1 Insignificant probable Alterations of hydrology of rivers, drainage lines, Highly (-) 1 1 2 Insignificant wetlands probable De- Contamination of rivers, drainage lines, Highly (-) 1 1 2 Insignificant commissioning wetlands and groundwater probable

Biological Environment Highly Loss of vegetation cover and plant diversity (-) 1 1 1 Insignificant probable Highly Disturbance of terrestrial wildlife by noise (-) 1 1 1 Insignificant probable Disturbance of vegetation processes and wildlife (-) Permanent 2 1 1 Insignificant by the dust generated Loss of vegetation cover and plant diversity (-) Permanent 1 1 3 Low

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Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Highly Disturbance and mortality of terrestrial fauna (-) 1 1 2 Insignificant probable Loss of habitat and disturbance of wildlife using Highly (-) 1 2 2 Low the wetlands and rivers probable Restoration and maintenance of acceptable levels of ecological flow into Sabie and Incomati (+) Permanent 2 3 3 Very high Rivers

Socio-Economy Highly Loss of jobs and business (-) 1 2 2 Low Probable

Workers‘ Health and Safety Unsafe drinking water (-) Probable 1 2 2 Insignificant Injuries or fatalities from improper manual Highly (-) 1 2 2 Low handling Probable Slips and falls (-) Permanent 1 2 2 Low Fall from height (-) Probable 1 2 3 Low Highly Struck by objects (-) 1 2 2 Low Probable Injuries or fatalities due to moving machineries (-) Highly P. 1 2 3 Moderate Health related issues due to dust emissions (-) Highly P. 1 2 1 Insignificant Injuries or fatalities from working in confined (-) Probable 1 2 3 Low spaces and excavations Exposure to Chemicals, Hazardous or (-) Unlikely 1 2 2 Insignificant Flammable Materials Electric shock (-) Probable 1 2 3 Low Health related issues due to noise (-) Probable 1 2 1 Insignificant

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Significance Phase Impact Nature Probability Extension Duration Intensity after mitigation Community Health and Safety Traffic accidents and injuries to community (-) Probable 1 2 2 Insignificant people Health related issues due to exposure to high (-) Unlikely 1 2 1 Insignificant noise levels Health related issues due to exposure to dust (-) Unlikely 1 2 1 Insignificant Injuries or fatalities from fall from height (-) Unlikely 1 2 3 Low Struck by objects (-) Unlikely 1 2 2 Insignificant Health related issued from HIV/AIDS (-) Probable 2 2 1 Insignificant

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9.7 Social Responsibility

The number of PAP to be resettled (i.e. affected in the main house in a way that it must be abandoned) is low. As mentioned in the Resettlement Plan, there is no need to seek alternatives or carry out additional interventions for housing, infrastructures and social services, given that the PAP will have their houses transferred and/or substituted close to where they currently live. In order to ensure this, the Resettlement Plan presents a number of measures for the indemnization of PAP and the selection and preparation of resettlement sites, as well as the physical relocation of PAP.

Besides these measures, some actions of social responsibility might help to foster a healthy relationship with both the resettled and the host populations, increasing the project ownership. The project proponent might consider the following actions of social responsibility in the frame of the project:

 In the project operation phase, open the social services set up for the workers of the water supply scheme (school, health centre, roads) to the local population, according to the capacity of such services;  During the construction of the different components of the water supply scheme, follow up on the process of hiring labour by the constructor, in order to ensure that local labour, including women, is properly involved.

The actions of social responsibility are different from the Resettlement Plan measures for PAP indemnization, selection and preparation of resettlement sites. While the implementation of Resettlement Plan measures is required within the frame of the Resettlement Plan, actions for social responsibility are optional and their implementation is not included in the budget of the Resettlement Plan.

9.8 Cumulative Impacts

There are several intentions and projects in the investigation area requiring more water in the future from the Sabie/Incomati River system. These intentions are mostly related to an increase of agricultural land and the subsequent need of more water for irrigation. As outlined in the Chapter 7.1.3.5, except of COFAMOSA Second Phase Project, all these actually planned purposes will not affect negatively the water availability for the population and for industrial purposes downstream Corumana Dam even if 120,000 m³ water are extracted from the reservoir.

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A major dam project is planned to develop at the Incomati River near the town of Moamba about 70 km north of Maputo. At present, main purposes of this Moamba Major Dam Project is the generation of hydroelectricity. The Dam reservoir will have an area of 54.5 km² with a total capacity of 650 Mm³. Once installed, the water of the reservoir will also contribute massively to the irrigation schemes of the area influenced by the Corumana Dam Water Supply Project. Only the implementation of the Moamba Major Dam Project will make it possible also to develop e.g. additional 19,000 ha (at present 10,000 ha are under development) of irrigated land (COFAMOSA Second Phase) and to ensure that 120,000 m³ per day of drinking water taken from the Corumana Dam Reservoir can be produced. In addition, this dam project will also help to guarantee the drinking water supply for Greater Maputo Area beyond the year 2035, if a water treatment plant (actually intended but not planned) associated with Moamba Major Dam is once commissioned.

The Corumana Dam Water Supply Project as assessed in the presented ESIA studies delivers drinking water to the Machava Distribution Center. However, to distribute this water to the end consumer the enlargement of the distribution system to the single household is necessary. For that, the Dutch ‘Facility for Infrastructure Development‘ (ORIO) funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation plans to fund downstream components of the Greater Maputo Water Supply Project (GMWSP). Within this project it is intended to connect 20,000 new houses to the new water supply pipeline from Corumana Dam. Only with this follow-up project the population will really benefit from the drinking water gained from Corumana Dam Reservoir (more details to this ORIO project are given in Chapter 4.5).

Both projects are not needed for the implementation of the Corumana Dam Water Supply Project but will add additional benefit to the Project by providing more reliable amounts of water within the Greater Maputo Area for irrigation purposes and for drinking water production as well in medium- term. A cumulative negative impact by the Moamba Major Dam Project and its associated irrigation projects will result in a lesser amount of water downstream affecting the ecology of the Incomati River and its estuary. Specific attention has to be laid on a sufficient amount of the ecological flow during the filling phase of the new reservoir and, if other water users are connected, to sustain the ecological function of the Incomati River especially downstream the confluent with Sabie River.

In a first phase of the Project 60,000 m³ water will be produced per day, but it is planned to increase the amount of water by additional 60,000 m³ approximately in 2024 in a second phase. The key components of this Phase 2 (additional pumping capacity and water treatment) are expected to be built in the land parcels obtained for Phase 1, i.e. within the fence line of

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Phase 1. The pipeline built for Phase 1 is designed for carrying 120,000 m³ per day. Thus, incremental, cumulative environmental and social impacts of Phase 2 are expected to be negligible.

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10. Accounting

In the course of the assessment of the Project’s impact on the bio-physical and socioeconomic environment several measures have been developed to mitigate possible impacts to an absolutely minimum. None of these management measures elaborated for the pre-construction, construction and decommissioning phases require specific actions and will be routinely executed by the contractors. All measures are covered by the construction costs and can be implemented by the staff responsible to execute the HSE Plan within the construction contractor’s Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSMES). This HSE Plan shall consider the HSE measures stipulated in the ESMP.

Below, Table 10-1, are presented estimative costs of activities to implement in order to guarantee the implementation of the ESIA recommendations and therefore the environmental sustainability of the project.

Table 10-1: Costs to ensure compliance with the environmental management recommended Activity Costs 150,000 USD External environmental Assuming a total length of the construction period inspections of 2 ½ year requiring 5 inspections. 150,000 USD External Environmental Audit Assuming a total length of the construction period of 2,5 years, requiring 5 audits 15,000 USD Monitoring of (for construction phase) cyanobacteria/microcyctins Assuming for operation phase it is included in the in the raw water operational costs and routinely foreseen in the design

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11. Conclusions and Recommendations

In order to answer the water demand in the Greater Maputo Area beyond 2015, another feasible alternative to the Project including the No-Project option does not exist.

In summary, from the findings gained during the investigations to the impact assessment to the proposed Project it can be stated that the Project can be constructed and operated without remaining any significant negative impact on the bio-physical and socio-economic environment and does not show any non-acceptable risk regarding Health and Safety aspects if the proposed ESMP is implemented. All adverse impacts on the environment and significant adverse social impacts could be readily addressed and made acceptable through implementation of the ESMP and the RAP.

Protected areas are not affected by the Project. In order to reduce the impacts on flora and fauna to a minimum the use of already existing roads and tracks especially when crossing natural habitats is recommended. The crossings of wetlands/wet grasslands and rivers shall be done during the dry season to minimize the impacts on the aquatic environment. The pipeline shall be buried below the river bed at both Matola and Incomati Rivers. For crossing Incomati River another possible option is proposed: to pass the pipeline along the bridge either mounted to the bridge or on own pylons.

In order to compensate the loss of assets of affected people and to manage physical relocation properly a Resettlement Plan to the Project was set up. The implementation of the resettlement plan especially the compensation attributed shall be carefully monitored.

For construction works it is strongly recommended to hire local workers wherever possible. This will raise the acceptance of the population to the project even if they do not benefit directly from the expanded drinking water supply and will help to improve the livelihood in the region.

For crossings of existing infrastructures like N 4, railway tracks, gas pipeline and future ring road, the Construction Contractor (CC) together with FIPAG shall obtain the permit of the relevant authorities prior the start of the construction activities.

The CC shall also set up a corresponding Health, Safety and Environment Management (HSE) Plan and shall implement a Health, Safety and Environment Management System (HSEMS) during the whole construction phase. The CC shall employ an Environmental Field Officer (EFO) and a Health and Safety Officer (HSO) as well, both full time during the whole construction period. The overall objective of them will be the implementation of the ESMP by the CC.

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In order to ensure the implementation of the management measures the ESMP developed to the Project (Vol. 3) shall be part of the tender documents.

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References

1. ANE, 2007. National Database of Roads of Mozambique. 2. ANAMM. 2009. Perfil das Primeiras 33 Autarquias de Moçambique. 3. CNCS. Perfil da Cidade de Maputo e Resumo das Estratégias do PEN III adequadas à Cidade de Maputo. 4. Darwall, W.R.T., Smith, K.G., Tuceddle, D. & Skelton, P. 2009.The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity of Southern Africa. UICN and SAIAB. Gland and Grahamstown. 120pp. 5. FIPAG 2011: Maputo Water Supply Project: Consulting Services for the Preparation of a Master Plan for the Greater Maputo Water Supply System. C. Lotti & Associati and SIM Spa GICO Branch 6. FIPAG 2012: Technical Feasibility Studies for Greater Maputo Water Supply Scheme. Final Options Report. COBA in association with Consultec. 7. FIPAG 2003: Generic Framework Environmental Management Plan for Construction Works 8. INE. 2011. Censo Agro-Pecuário 2009-2010. 9. INE. 2010. Inquérito ao Orçamento Familiar 2008 -2009. 10. INE. 2009. III Censo Geral da População. 11. INGC. 2009. Main report: INGC Climate Change Report: Study on the impact of climate change on disaster risk in Mozambique. [Asante, K., Brito, R., Brundrit, G., Epstein, P., Fernandes, A., Marques, M.R., Mavume, A , Metzger, M., Patt, A., Queface, A., Sanchez del Valle, R., Tadross, M., Brito, R. (eds.)]. INGC, Mozambique. 12. INGC. 2009. Synthesis report. INGC Climate Change Report: Study on the impact of climate change on disaster risk in Mozambique. [van Logchem B and Brito R (ed.)]. INGC, Mozambique. 13. MAE. 2005. Perfil do Distrito da Moamba, Província de Maputo. 10. MPD. 2010. Pobreza e bem-estar em Moçambique: Terceira Avaliação Nacional 2008-2009. 14. MISAU & INE. 2009. Inquérito Nacional de Prevalência, Riscos Comportamentais e Informação sobre o HIV e SIDA em Moçambique (INSIDA). 15. Ministry of Health: Ministerial Diploma 180/2004 ‘Regulation on the Water Quality for Human Consumption’. 16. Parker, V. 2000. O Atlas de Aves do Sul do Save. Moçambique, Avian Demography Unit and EWT. Cape Town and Johannesburg.

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17. Pereira, C., R. Brouwer, M. Monjane and M. Falcao (2001). Charcoal potential in Southern Africa. University Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique. 18. Romano, M. P. 1957. Inventario dos recursos hídráulicos do distrito de Lourenço Marques. Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos de Moçambique, No. 103 p. 137-153. 19. Romano , M.P. 1961. Hidrologia da s regiões de Moçambique situadas Junto da Fronteira. Boletim da Sociedade de estudos de Moçambique No. 128. p. 197-203. 20. Romano, M.P. 1965: Constribuição para o estudo hidrologico da Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Incomati- Rios Comati e Crocodilo ( Africa do Sul e Swazilandia). Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos de Moçambique Vol. 35. No 143 p. 3-32. 21. Romano, M.P. 1966: Contribuição para o estudo hidrológico da bacia hidrográfica do Incomati. Aproveitamento da Zona Semi-Arida a norte do Rio Incomati e a Leste do rio Sabié. Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos de Moçambique Vol. 35, No. 16. p. 35-58. 22. Romano, M.P. 1962. Hidrologia do Sabié. Boletim da Sociedade de Estudos de Mocambique No. 132. p. 187-211 23. Schmidt, E, Lotter, M. and MacClelaad W. 2004. Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana, Durban 24. Thieme, M.L., Abell, R., Stiassny.M.L.J & Skelton.P. 2005. Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A conservation assessment. WWF 25. UNAIDS, UNICEF & WHO. 2004. Epidemiological Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Mozambique. 26. Van Rensburg, B.J., Chown,S.L., Van Jaarsveld, A.S. & McGeoch, M.A, 2000. Spatial variation and biogeography of Sand Forest avian assemblages in South Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 1385-1401 27. World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (2010)

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Annexes Annex I - Record of Meetings

Date Agency/ Place Name/Position of Reason for Visit Institution Person consulted

International Union Introduction to the Project 30 April Maria Regina Cruz Kol for Conservation of Maputo Possible concerns, 2012 National Coordinator Nature (IUCN) recommendations

Anabel Lemus Director Introduction to the Project 02 May Daniel Ribeir Justiça Ambiental Maputo Possible concerns, 2012 Program Officer recommendations Silvia Dolores Member of staff

Introduction to the Project 02 May Cristine Louro Centro Terra Viva Maputo 2012 Executive Director Possible concerns, recommendations

Introduction to the Project Alberto Jamisse Data Gathering 03 May Moamba-Sede Moamba Head of Administrative 2012 Administrative Post Village Possible concerns, Post recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project João Chichongue Data Gathering 03 May Pessene Pessene Head of Administrative 2012 Administrative Post Village Possible concerns, Post recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Moisés Muianga Data Gathering 03 May Sabie Sabie Village Head of Administrative 2012 Administrative Post Possible concerns, Post recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Data Gathering 03 May Salomão Zita Sabie-Sede Locality Sabie Village 2012 Chief of Locality Possible concerns, recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Berta José Data Gathering 04 May Councilman for Markets, Matola Municipality Matola City 2012 Fairs, Rural Possible concerns, Development and Water recommendations about Project

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Date Agency/ Place Name/Position of Reason for Visit Institution Person consulted

Introduction to the Project Milagre Manhique Data Gathering 04 May Machava Municipal Machava Head of Administrative 2012 Administrative Post neighborhood Possible concerns, Post recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Machava- Data Gathering 04 May Machava-Sede Fausto Nhacundela Sede 2012 Neighborhood Neighborhood Secretary Possible concerns, Neighborhood recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Data Gathering 04 May Tsalala Tsalala Simeone Timba 2012 Neighborhood Neighborhood Neighborhood Secretary Possible concerns, recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Data Gathering 08 May Pessene-Sede Pessene Marta de Jesus 2012 Locality Village Chief of Locality Possible concerns, recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Data Gathering 08 May Cândido Cumbane Sunduíne Locality Sabie Village 2012 Chief of Locality Possible concerns, recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Data Gathering 09 May Moamba District Moamba Maria Angela 2012 Administration Village District Administrator Possible concerns, recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Data Gathering 09 May KaMabukuana David Congua Maputo City 2012 Municipal District District Administrator Possible concerns, recommendations about Project

Introduction to the Project Júlio Maomane Data Gathering 09 May Infulene Municipal Infulene Head of Administrative 2012 Administrative Post Neighborhood Possible concerns, Post recommendations about Project

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Date Agency/ Place Name/Position of Reason for Visit Institution Person consulted

Introduction to the Project Data Gathering 11 May Vundiça Amosse Chivambo Vundiça Locality Possible concerns, 2012 Village Chief of Locality recommendations about Project Köeti Serôdio Problems related to green- 18 May Private Maputo Former scientist of the blue algae (Cyanobacteria) 2012 University of Maputo and drinking water treatment

Introduction to the Project Data Gathering 21 May Mahulane Nelson Massinga Mahulane Locality 2012 Village Chief of Locality Possible concerns, recommendations about Project

Problems related to green- blue algae (Cyanobacteria) 22 May University Eduardo Aidate Mussagy Maputo and drinking water treatment 2012 Mondiane Lecturer and Limnologist at Corumana Dam Reservoir and Incomati River

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Annex II - Approval and Categorization of the Project

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Annex III - Commented Approval of the Scoping Report and the ToR to the ESIA by MICOA

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Annex IV - Example of Invitation Letter and Public Notice

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Annex V – Entities to be Directly Invited

Central Level Nº Entity Adress Rua Kassuende, nº 167, 1 MICOA Maputo Direcção Nacional da Avaliação de Impacto 2 Av: Acordos de Lusaka, nº Ambiental (DNAIA) 2115, Maputo Av: Acordos de Lusaka, nº 3 Direcção Nacional da Gestão Ambiental (DNGA) 2115, Maputo Rua da Imprensa, nº 162, 4 DNA Maputo Rua da Imprensa, nº 162, 5 Departamento de Água Urbana Maputo Av: Samora Machel, nº 30, 7º 6 Administração Regional de Águas - Zona Sul andar, Maputo Barragem de Corumana, Vila 7 Unidade de Gestão da Bacia do Incomati de Sábie

8 Departamento dos Rios Internacionais Rua da Imprensa, nº 162, 3º andar, Maputo Conselho de Regulação do Abastecimento de Av: Amílcar Cabral, nº 757, 9 Água Maputo Av: Karl Marx, nº 606, 10 Ministério de Obras Públicas e Habitação Maputo Ministério da Saúde - Departamento de Saúde Av: Eduardo Mondlane, nº 11 Ambiental 1008, Maputo Central Level Nº Entity Adress Av: do Zimbabwe, nº 1440, 12 UNICEF Maputo Sede do PNUD, Rua 13 UN Habitat Francisco Barreto, nº 322, Maputo 21481465, 21481481 Sede do Banco Mundial, Av. 14 WSP Kenneth Kaunda, nº 1224, Maputo Rua F, nº 12, Bairro Coop, 15 Water Aid Maputo, 21 493964 Av. Mártires Mueda, nº 596, 16 WSUP (Care Moçambique) Maputo Rua: Marconi, nº 110, 1º 17 Justiça Ambiental andar, Maputo 18 Centro Terra Viva Rua: D, nº 27, Bairro da Coop Associação Moçambicana de Avaliação de R. do Fernando Ganhão nº 19 Impacto Ambiental (AMAIA) 110, 825476889

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Provincial Level Nº Entity Adress Av. Josina Machel, nº 199 – 20 Governo da Cidade de Maputo 2º R. do Município, Nº 152-1, 21 Governo da Província de Maputo Caixa Postal 2790, Matola Direcção Provincial de Coordenação da Acção Av. Acordos de Lusaka, Nº 22 Ambiental de Maputo 2115, Maputo, 845222205 Praça do Município, Matola, 23 Direcção Provincial de Saúde de Maputo 21724551, 823073873 Direcção Provincial da Mulher e da Acção Social R. 12232, Bº da Matola C. Nº 24 de Maputo 97, Matola, 21782839 Direcção Provincial de Obras Públicas e Estrada Nacional nº 204, 25 Habitação de Maputo Matola, 21720435 Av. Rég. Xavier, Nº 65, 26 Direcção Provincial de Educação de Maputo Matola, 21722996 Municipal/ Distrital/ Local Level Nº Entity Adress Av. Ho Chi Min (Pç da 27 Município de Maputo Independência), Maputo Av. Ho Chi Min (Pç da 28 Vereação de Infra-estruturas Independência), Maputo Av. Ho Chi Min (Pç da 29 Vereação de Planeamento Urbano e Ambiente Independência), Maputo Av. do Município da Matola, 30 Município da Matola (Arão Nhancale) Nº 44. Caixa Postal 1, Matola 31 Vereação de Infra-estruturas Av. Saint Dennis, Matola Vereação de Planeamento Territorial e Av. Zedequias Manganhela, 32 Urbanismo Nº420, Matola Vereação de Mercados, Feiras, Desenvolvimento Av. do Município da Matola, 33 Rural e Aguas Nº 44, Caixa Postal 1, Matola 34 Administração do Distrito da Moamba Vila da Moamba 35 Posto Administrativo de Moamba-Sede Vila da Moamba 36 Posto Administrativo de Sábiè Vila de Sábie 37 Posto Administrativo Municipal da Machava Bairro da Machava, Matola Vila de Pessene (estrada 38 Posto Administrativo de Pessene Machava-Pessene) 39 Posto Administrativo Municipal de Infulene Bairro do Infulene, Matola Av. Eduardo Mondlane, 40 Águas da Região de Maputo Nº1352, 5º. Caixa postal 2952 Serviços Distritais da Saúde, Mulher e Acção 41 Vila da Moamba Social da Moamba Serviços Distritais da Saúde, Mulher e Acção 42 Vila de Marracuene Social de Marracuene

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Serviços Distritais de Planeamento e Infra- 43 Vila da Moamba Estruturas da Moamba Serviços Distritais de Planeamento e Infra- 44 Vila de Marracuene Estruturas de Marracuene Serviços Distritais de Actividades Económicas da 45 Vila da Moamba Moamba Serviços Distritais de Actividades Económica de 46 Vila de Marracuene Marracuene Nº 3736, Av. 24 de Julho. Tel: 47 Tintas CIN Moçambique, SARL 21409166 Cxp. 605. Via Impasse. Porta 48 Companhia Industrial da Matola, SARL 76-Matola. Tel: 21726700 Nº246, Av. das Indústrias- 49 Cimentos de Moçamboqeu, SARL – Machava Machava. Tel: 21749025 Nº 728, Av. da Namaacha- 50 Profuro International, Lda Matola. CxP. 4602. Tel: 21780489 10, Av. Samora Machel- 51 Fábrica de Explosivos (Moçambique), Lda Matola. Tel: 21745802 666- Parc 526-A, Av. Samora 52 Unilever Moçambique, Lda Machel, Matola. Tel: 21720082 R Gago Coutinho, Bº do 53 CMC – África Austral, Lda Aeroporto. Tel: 21477493 658, R. Régulo. Bº Hanhane- 54 Frutas Libombos, Lda Matola. Tel: 21722707 1280/1290, Av. Josina 55 Padilha Construções, Lda Machel-Machava. Tel: 21750066 169, 1º-E, R. Gen Osvaldo 56 Matola Gás Company Tanzama. Bº Triunfo. Tel:21486086 Av OUA nº 270 - R/C- caixa 57 Coca-Cola Company postal 1441,tel +258 - 21400189 58 Tamega Cidade da Matola 2644-r/c, Av. das Indústrias- 59 Pintex Machava. Tel: 21750063 Av. Josina Machel-Machava. 60 Televisa Av. FPLM nº 868/ Cel: 844873844 Bairro do Jardim nº329,Caixa 61 Cervejas de Moçambique postal 3555, Maputo .Tel. 21352300 Av. Eduardo Mondlane nº 62 Electricidade de Moçambique 1398., Maputo Tel. 21327047 Rua da Sé, nº2, caixa postal 63 Telecomunicações de Moçambique 25, Maputo.Tel. 21431921

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Avenida Zedequias 64 Açucareira de Xinavane Manganhela, Nrº95 prédio 33 andares.4ºandar., Maputo 65 Cofamosa Vila de Sábie 66 Boa Horta Vila de Sábie Líderes Comunitários dos Postos Administrativos Vilas da Moamba, Sábie, 67 de Moamba-Sede, Sábiè, Pessene, Machava, Pessene, Bairros da Infulene Machava e do Infulene Av. Agostinho Neto 284. Tel 68 Cruz Vermelha de Moçambique 21498037 69 ACREMO Vila da Moamba Estrada Machava-Pessene, a 70 Centro para Crianças de Maguaza entrada da vila da Moamba

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Annex VI - Raw Water Quality

The data sheet is taken from the Final Options Report, FIPAG 2012

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