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Revista Planetario 20B.Pdf NÚMERO 20 - VERANO 2020 / 2021 Revista de divulgación científica del Planetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires Galileo Galilei Av. Sarmiento 2601 - C1425FGA - CABA Teléfonos: 4772-9265 / 4771-6629 STAFF A. Tombolini G. Ferreirós, A. Vattuone, EDITORA RESPONSABLE VERÓNICA ESPINO DIRECTOR PERIODÍSTICO DIEGO LUIS HERNÁNDEZ DIRECTOR DE ARTE Y DISEÑO ALFREDO MAESTRONI EDITORIAL SECRETARIO DE REDACCIÓN MARIANO RIBAS Hace 9 años, durante el invierno de 2011 y luego de una larga planifica- ción, un nuevo canal de comunicación se abría entre el Planetario de la REDACTORES DE ESTA EDICIÓN Ciudad de Buenos Aires y todas aquellas personas interesadas en la as- MAXIMILIANO C. L. ROCCA tronomía: nacía SI MUOVE, nuestra revista de divulgación. Hoy tene- SIXTO GIMÉNEZ BENÍTEZ mos la fortuna de publicar nuestra edición número 20. Algunas cosas GUSTAVO CORRADO han cambiado en todo este tiempo. Hoy contamos con la posibilidad de NATALIA ROSSIGNOLI tener una publicación online en la plataforma de ISSUU, que facilita el acceso y nos permite leerla desde nuestros dispositivos móviles, y la al- COLABORADORES ternativa de descargarla desde nuestra página web. Alberto Russomando, Guillermo Abramson, Durante el transcurso de estos años, fue posible llevar adelante esta pu- Andrea Anfossi, Carlos Di Nallo, Cristian blicación gracias al aporte de científicos, investigadores, periodistas, afi- López, Franco Meconi, Ana Inés Pegoraro, cionados, fotógrafos y divulgadores de nuestra propia institución que Daniel Acevedo, Matías Tomasello, Leonardo aportaron material y contenido de divulgación de diversos temas con dis- Julio, Alejandro Antognoni, Ignacio Díaz tinto grado de análisis y profundidad, para que quienes tenían afición Bobillo, Sergio Eguivar, Ezequiel Bellocchio, por la astronomía pudieran interiorizarse en las últimas novedades en Alejandro Tombolini, Andrés Vattuone, materia astronómica. Gastón Ferreirós. Muchas cosas han cambiado en 20 ediciones, pero lo que siempre se mantuvo constante fue el compromiso, entusiasmo y trabajo de quienes CORRECTORES hacen posible nuestra revista de divulgación. Walter Germaná, Natalia Jaoand. Quiero mencionar especialmente a nuestro Director Periodístico Diego Luis Hernández, Director de Arte Alfredo Maestroni, Secretario de Re- FOTO DE TAPA dacción Mariano Ribas, y a todos los redactores, correctores y colabora- Nube Mayor de Magallanes. 15/02/2020. dores de cada edición, que son el motor que impulsa cada publicación y 62 tomas de 50 segundos cada una. mantiene vivo su espíritu. Eppur SI MUOVE… “y sin embargo se mueve”. Autor: Mariano Ribas. AGRADECIMIENTOS Verónica Espino Xavier Jubier, NASA, ESO, JAXA, Insti- Planetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires Galileo Galilei. tuto Argentino de Radioastronomía. ISSN 2422-8095 Reservados todos los derechos. Está permitida la reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y utilización, total o parcial, de los contenidos de esta revista, en cualquier forma o modalidad, con la condición de mencionar la fuente. Está prohibida toda re- producción, y/o puesta a disposición como resúmenes, reseñas o revistas de prensa con fines comerciales, directa o indirecta- mente lucrativos. Registro de la Propiedad Intelectual en trámite. Código Spotify Ministerio de Educación Jefe de Gobierno: Horacio Rodríguez Larreta Ministra de Educación: María Soledad Acuña Código QR Subsecretario de Tecnología Educativa y Sustentabilidad: Santiago Andrés GO del Planetario: Verónica Espino Página web / Correo electrónico www.planetario.gob.ar [email protected] 3 SUMARIO 03 Editorial. 06 Eclipse total de Sol del 14 de Andrea Anfossi Andrea diciembre de 2020. 11 Rocas vivas. 14 Touch and go. 15 Cráteres: impacto en la Patagonia. 19 El Shincal de Quimivil. 24 La Nube Mayor de Magallanes. 33 Los satélites de Saturno. 40 Cometas: las 8 maravillas. 46 La Luna y ... 46 La Luna y ... Rocas vivas. 11 Malin D. A. Fujii, NASA-GSFC/Maggie McAdam NASA-GSFC/Maggie Cometas: las 8 maravillas. 40 4 SUMARIO Guillermo Abramson La Nube Mayor 24 de Magallanes. 5 ECLIPSE TOTAL DE SOL 01 Franco Meconi Franco 6 ECLIPSE TOTAL DE SOL 14 de diciembre de 2020 LA NOCHE AL MEDIODÍA Autor: Diego Luis Hernández, Planetario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires Galileo Galilei. 02 Andrea Anfossi Andrea El eclipse total de Sol del 2 de julio de 2019 fue inolvidable, pero ya pasó. Afortuna- damente, para quienes puedan tener acceso a la franja de totalidad, el próximo 14 de diciembre habrá otro eclipse de Sol, con características, horarios y lugares diferentes. écnicamente, parece el eclipse perfecto. Co- para uno de los espectáculos más impresionantes de la menzará en el océano Pacífico, finalizará en el naturaleza. T Atlántico, muy cerca de la costa sur de África, Para quienes estén cerca de la cordillera, el eclipse co- y en su momento culminante la sombra transitará menzará poco antes de las 11:45; la totalidad será entre justo por el centro de la provincia de Río Negro, al las 13:06 y 13:08 (con dos minutos de diferencia entre norte de la Patagonia. Eso significa que quienes se en- Junín de los Andes y Piedra del Águila); y el final se cuentren en ese lugar, y también un poco más al oeste, dará hacia las 14:36. Para quienes estén cerca de la cerca de Piedra del Águila, en Neuquén; o de Las Gru- costa, todo ocurrirá unos 10 minutos después. tas y San Antonio Oeste, sobre la costa, verán la parte La principal diferencia con el eclipse anterior radica en principal del eclipse al mediodía, con el Sol a una al- tura de 70° sobre el horizonte. La mayoría de nosotros está viviendo esto con mucha 01 Eclipse total de Sol del 2 de julio de 2019 visto desde la sierra incertidumbre. Si bien es un inconveniente absoluta- de los Comechingones, en la localidad de Merlo, San Luis. mente menor a los que ha ocasionado la pandemia, los aficionados a la astronomía vemos pasar el tiempo y la 02 El momento en el que se produce el “anillo de diamantes”, fecha del eclipse se acerca sin que podamos tener la se- cuando el último rayo de luz solar se oculta por detrás de la Luna, guridad de que podamos viajar para observarlo. Pero instantes antes de la totalidad, durante un eclipse visto en Madras, quienes viven en esa región o cerca de ella, a prepararse Oregon, EE.UU., el 21 de agosto de 2017. 7 ECLIPSE TOTAL DE SOL 03 Mariano Ribas que el de 2019 se dio muy cerca del atardecer, con el franja central. Sol y la Luna muy bajos. Quienes fuimos a San Luis, Así, en Viedma será del 99,9%; en Mar del Plata, San Juan o algún lugar de Córdoba, Santa Fe o Buenos 87%; en Buenos Aires, 74%; en Rosario, 68%; en Aires, vimos la totalidad muy cerca del horizonte, y Córdoba, 64%; en Salta, 40%; y en Iguazú, 38%. eso, sin saberlo de antemano, nos permitió disfrutar Yendo hacia el sur, en Bariloche será del 96%; en del entorno de una manera muy particular. Puerto Madryn, 94%; en Esquel, 89%; en Comodoro Ahora, en diciembre de 2020, cerca del comienzo del Rivadavia, 81%; en El Chaltén, 65%; y en Ushuaia, verano, con la totalidad al mediodía y el Sol bien ele- 50%. Por su parte, en Chile la totalidad será visible vado, el espectáculo será distinto. No podemos afirmar en la región de La Araucanía, al sur de Temuco, y en si será mejor o peor; pero seguramente, será diferente. torno al volcán Villarrica. Fuera de la zona de la totalidad, el 14 de diciembre se Aunque estén muy cerca, por ejemplo, en Viedma, no podrá apreciar un eclipse parcial desde todo el resto hay que conformarse con ese 99,9%. Ese 0,1% que del territorio argentino, y también en Chile, Uruguay, falta es la diferencia entre ver un eclipse total, con todo Paraguay, Bolivia, Perú y parte de Brasil y Ecuador. La lo que significa, y no verlo. porción del Sol cubierto por la Luna será menor mien- El siguiente eclipse total de Sol visible en nuestro país tras más al norte o más al sur nos encontremos de la será en 2048, aunque antes habrá tres eclipses anulares, en 2024, 2027 y 2034 (ver mapas en la edición Nº 17 de Si Muove, página 11). “Después del eclipse total del 14 de diciembre de 2020 habrá que 03 La corona, la atmósfera solar externa, con más de 1.000.000° esperar hasta 2048 para ver uno si- de temperatura, solo se puede apreciar a simple vista durante un milar en nuestro país, ya que los de eclipse total como el del 2 de julio de 2019. 2024, 2027 y 2034 serán anulares.” 04 Algunas protuberancias solares “asoman” durante la totalidad del eclipse del 2 de julio de 2019. 8 ECLIPSE TOTAL DE SOL 04 Mariano Ribas Mayores precauciones Un eclipse total de Sol es uno de los eventos de la na- Observar el Sol en forma directa siempre es peligroso turaleza más espectaculares que podemos observar, y puede causar daños irreversibles a nuestra vista. Es pero por sus características, pueden pasar muchos años muy importante tomar las precauciones necesarias, sin que veamos uno en nuestra región. Hoy no pode- esta vez, no solo para protegernos y buscar el mejor mos saber en qué condiciones estaremos ni si podre- lugar posible, sino para no correr riesgos innecesarios mos viajar normalmente para mediados de diciembre. y no seguir propagando el virus. Siempre es mejor Pero hay que estar atentos y, quizás, entre el eclipse y compartir un eclipse con amistades, familiares o con la gran conjunción Júpiter/Saturno (ver edición N° 19 otros aficionados y aficionadas a la astronomía. Pero de Si Muove, páginas 20 y 21), podamos despedir el en este caso, habrá que estar al menos dos metros se- año de una mejor manera a como lo estamos transi- parados entre una persona y otra, y no compartir ob- tando.
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