Historia Rozwoju Przestrzennego Gorlic W Średniowieczu W Kontekście Bieżącej Ochrony Konserwatorskiej – Wybrane Zagadnie

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Historia Rozwoju Przestrzennego Gorlic W Średniowieczu W Kontekście Bieżącej Ochrony Konserwatorskiej – Wybrane Zagadnie NAUKA SCIENCE Kazimierz Kuśnierz* orcid. org/0000-0001-6703-5695 Historia rozwoju przestrzennego Gorlic w średniowieczu w kontekście bieżącej ochrony konserwatorskiej – wybrane zagadnienia History of the Spatial Development of Gorlice in the Medieval Period in the Context of Current Conservation Protection—Selected Issues Słowa kluczowe: Gorlice, średniowiecze, Keywords: Gorlice, Middle Ages, urban layout, układ urbanistyczny, dziedzictwo kulturowe, cultural heritage, conservation ochrona konserwatorska Wprowadzenie Introduction Zabytkowy ośrodek miejski, jakim są Gorlice, poło- The historic town of Gorlice is located in the Lesser żony jest na terenie województwa małopolskiego. Jest Poland Voivodeship. It is the seat of the rural munici- siedzibą gminy wiejskiej Gorlice i powiatu gorlickiego. pality of Gorlice and the Gorlice County. The town is Miasto leży w dolinie Ropy, w miejscu gdzie łączy ona located in the valley of the Ropa River, at its confluence swoje wody z potokiem Sękówka, na północnej granicy with the Sękówka stream, on the northern border of Beskidu Niskiego. Pomimo dużego i cennego zasobu the Beskid Niski mountain range. Despite its consid- zabytkowego miasto nie jest dobrze znane, a tym sa- erable and valuable historic heritage, the town is not mym odpowiednio doceniane. Warto zatem zwrócić well known and thus remains undervalued. Therefore, uwagę na potrzebę ochrony miasta, biorąc pod uwagę it is worth drawing attention to that heritage and the nie tylko zabytki architektury, lecz także, a może przede necessity to protect the town, taking into account not wszystkim, układ przestrzenny. only architectural monuments but also, or perhaps pri- marily, its spatial layout. Stan badań oraz metody badawcze State of knowledge and research methods O historii Gorlic i zasobie zabytkowym miasta nie napisano dotychczas zbyt wiele, a znaczna część pu- Few academic publications have been written so far blikacji, które powstały, została opracowana ponad about the history of Gorlice and the historic heritage dwadzieścia lat temu. O historii Gorlic pisał m.in. of the town, and the ones that have are mostly over Feliks Kiryk w pracy zbiorowej dotyczącej rozwoju twenty years old. Among others, F. Kiryk wrote about urbanizacji Małopolski w XIII–XVI wieku1, a także the history of Gorlice in a collective work concerning w Zarysie dziejów powiatu gorlickiego do roku 19452; au- the development of urbanisation in Lesser Poland be- * prof. dr hab. inż. arch., Wydział Architektury Politechniki * Prof. D.Sc. Ph.D. Eng. Arch., Faculty of Architecture, Cracow Krakowskiej University of Technology Cytowanie / Citation: Kuśnierz K. History of the Spatial Development of Gorlice in the Medieval Period in the Context of Current Conservation Protection— Selected Issues. Wiadomości Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation 2020, 64:17–27 Otrzymano / Received: 7.09.2020 • Zaakceptowano / Accepted: 8.10.2020 doi: 10.48234/WK64GORLICE Praca dopuszczona do druku po recenzjach Article accepted for publishing after reviews Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 64/2020 17 Ryc. 1. Gorlice, widok na średniowieczny układ urbanistyczny z lotu ptaka; fot. W. Gorgolewski 2017. Fig. 1. Gorlice. A bird’s-eye view of the medieval urban layout; photo by W. Gorgolewski 2017. tor tego artykułu w monografii Gorlice. Zarys rozwoju tween the thirteenth and sixteenth century,1 as well as przestrzennego miasta do czasów najnowszych3; Dominika in the work entitled Zarys dziejów powiatu gorlickiego do Kuśnierz-Krupa w książce Jaśliska w średniowieczu na roku 1945;2 the author of this article in the monograph tle miast dawnego powiatu bieckiego4; Józef Barut, Sta- entitled Gorlice. Zarys rozwoju przestrzennego miasta do nisław Motyka i Tadeusz Ślawski Barut w publikacji czasów najnowszych;3 D. Kuśnierz-Krupa, in her book Nad rzeką Ropą. Szkice historyczne5. Ważne informacje on Jaśliska in the medieval period on the background o dziejach miasta zawarto także w Słowniku historycz- of the towns in the former Biecz County;4 J. Barut, no-geograficznym ziem polskich w średniowieczu6 oraz S. Motyka and T. Ślawski in their work Nad rzeką Ropą. w Słowniku geograficznym Królestwa Polskiego i innych Szkice historyczne,5 and the authors of selected chapters krajów słowiańskich7. in the publication entitled Słownik historyczno-geogra- Prezentowany czytelnikom „Wiadomości Konser- ficzny ziem polskich w średniowieczu.6 Important informa- watorskich” artykuł powstał na podstawie studiów pro- tion concerning the history of the town was also in- wadzonych przy użyciu takich metod badawczych, jak cluded in the Słowniku geograficznym Królestwa Polskiego kwerenda archiwalna w zakresie badań historii ośrodka i innych krajów słowiańskich.7 oraz jego archiwalnej kartografii i ikonografii. Dokona- The paper presented to the readers of “Wiadomości no też licznych analiz układu urbanistycznego, w tym Konserwatorskie – Journal of Heritage Conservation” badań porównujących inne ośrodki ziemi bieckiej. was prepared on the basis of a study conducted with Na koniec przeanalizowano bieżące ustawowe formy the use of such research methods as a search query in ochrony krajobrazu kulturowego Gorlic i sformułowa- the archives researching the history of the town as well no postulaty konserwatorskie. as its archival cartography and iconography. Numerous analyses of the urban layout have also been carried out, Historia powstania miasta including comparative analyses with other towns in the Biecz region. Finally, an analysis of current statutory Najstarsze osadnictwo w rejonie Gorlic, lokowanych forms of cultural landscape protection in Gorlice was w połowie XIV wieku, datowane jest na XI stulecie. carried out, and conclusions were drawn concerning Było ono zapewne związane z przebiegającą tędy gra- conservation requests. 18 Wiadomości Konserwatorskie • Journal of Heritage Conservation • 64/2020 nicą kraju Bolesława Chrobrego. Przez teren ten pro- Origins of the town wadził także ważny szlak handlowy łączący Kraków z ziemią biecką, który miał pierwszorzędne znaczenie The oldest settlement in the region of Gorlice, which dla rozwoju kształtującej się tutaj osady8. was founded in the mid-fourteenth century, dates back Miasto lokacyjne założono na wysokich skarpach to the eleventh century. It might have been related to the rzeki Ropy, wówczas płynącej tuż pod miastem, co fact that the borderline of the domain ruled by Bolesław stwarzało dogodne warunki obronne. Warto zaznaczyć, Chrobry was running here. The important trade route że zanim w połowie XIV wieku rozmierzono tutaj connecting Cracow with the Biecz region, which was of zdefiniowany, ortogonalny układ urbanistyczny, w do- paramount importance for the development of the set- linkach licznych na tym terenie potoków (Stróżówka, tlement forming here, also ran through the area.8 Mszanka, Bystre, Kobylański, Sękówka) małe osady The chartered town was founded on the high escarp- krystalizowały się już od XIII wieku. ment over the Ropa River, then flowing in the direct vi- Na rozwój Gorlic miały też wpływ kolejne trakty cinity of the town, which ensured extremely favorable de- handlowe, które utworzono w okresie dojrzałego fensive conditions. It is worth mentioning that, before the średniowiecza. Należy wymienić przede wszystkim: defined, orthogonal urban layout was delineated here in trakt wiodący z Krakowa na wschód i południe, przez the mid-fourteenth century, small settlements crystallized Melsztyn nad Dunajcem i Ciężkowice; trakt łączący in the valleys of numerous streams and brooks such as the Gorlice z Bardiowem oraz ten bardziej lokalny, pro- Stróżówka, the Mszanka, the Bystre, the Kobylański, and wadzący z Biecza, przez Gorlice do Grybowa i Szym- the Sękówka since the thirteenth century. barku9. The development of Gorlice was also affected by Do dzisiaj nie jest znana dokładna data lokacji Gor- other trade routes that were established during the high lic. Miało to miejsce zapewne w połowie XIV wieku, Middle Ages. First of all, one should mention the trade a dokonał jej Dziersław Karwacjan, patrycjusz i miesz- route leading from Cracow towards the east and south, czanin krakowski. Nie wiadomo także, na jakiej zasa- via Melsztyn on the Dunajec and Ciężkowice; the trade dzie Karwacjan wszedł w posiadanie terenów, na któ- route connecting Gorlice with Bardiow, and the more rych założył Gorlice. Być może otrzymał je od króla local route running from Biecz through Gorlice to w darze za zasługi i służbę wojskową10. Grybów and Szymbark.9 Lokację Gorlic można łączyć z akcją urbanizacyjną The precise date of the foundation of Gorlice dorzecza górnej Ropy, którą w XIV stuleciu z wielkim still remains unknown. It might have taken place in zaangażowaniem prowadził król Kazimierz Wielki. the mid-fourteenthcentury, and was performed by Warto zwrócić uwagę, że w podobnym czasie co Gor- Dziersław Karwacjan—a patrician and Cracow burgh- lice założono takie miasta, jak Grybów i Ciężkowice11. er. It is also not known how Karwacjan had become the Ośrodki te również otrzymały zdefiniowane, ortogo- owner of the estate where he founded Gorlice. He may nalne układy urbanistyczne, które w dużej mierze have received a grant of land from the king in return (biorąc pod uwagę czytelność modelu urbanistyczne- for his merits and military service.10 go, rynku oraz bloków zabudowy) zachowały się do The foundation of Gorlice can be associated with dzisiaj. the urbanization process in the basin of the upper Ropa, Wracając do problematyki rozwoju przestrzennego
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