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July 09, 1945 Record of a Meeting Between T. V. Soong and Stalin
Digital Archive digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org International History Declassified July 09, 1945 Record of a Meeting Between T. V. Soong and Stalin Citation: “Record of a Meeting Between T. V. Soong and Stalin,” July 09, 1945, History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive, Victor Hoo Collection, box 6, folder 9, Hoover Institution Archives. Contributed by David Wolff. http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/123425 Summary: Dr. Soong reports Chiang Kai-Shek's response to the stalemate on the question of Outer Mongolia to Stalin and Molotov. Chiang insists on preserving the territorial integrity of China vis a vis Outer Mongolia and Manchuria, and that China's sovereignty in Manchuria should be reinforced by Chinese administration of Port Arthur and Dairen. Stalin asks to think over his decision before responding to Chiang. Credits: This document was made possible with support from the Chun & Jane Chiu Family Foundation. Original Language: English Contents: English Transcription 9 July 1945, 9:00 - 10:40 p.m. Stalin: What news? Soong: I reported to Chiang [Kai-shek] that our meeting was at a deadlock. I told that Stalin wanted remove all questions between two countries so that from now on we can co-operate in friendship without any cause of conflict. I have his reply today. Before translating his reply, I want to give background not by way of argument but to show the magnitude of concession of Chiang. When I left Washington I had no idea that Outer Mongolia question would be a problem. I told Truman that we might settle this question by not discussing it. -
Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei
2017 3rd International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-444-8 Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei-Wei LI College of International Exchange, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China [email protected] Keywords: Beijing Mandarin Area, Early History, Ethnic Fusion, Language Contact. Abstract. Beijing Mandarin is more than a thousand year ago Yan Yan dialect, based on the integration of the Central Plains Han and northern ethnic minority language components gradually formed. Beijing Mandarin before the formal formation of a long period of gestation, revealing the Sui and Tang dynasties before the formation of the Beijing Mandarin area early human history, for the understanding of Beijing Mandarin language situation is very important. Introduction In this article, "Beijing Mandarin area" means including Beijing urban and suburban county, Hebei Chengde area, much of the northeast in addition to Liaodong peninsula, and parts of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, the general area (Lin Tao, 1987; Zhang Shifang, 2010). "From the northeast to Beijing, in history, there are two common characteristics: one is the ethnic group for a long time, and second, the population flow, this kind of situation lasted nearly one thousand years, the development of northeast dialect and Beijing dialect is extremely far-reaching influence."[1] Beijing dialect and northeast dialect in one thousand to influence each other, eventually forming a Beijing mandarin, including large areas of the northeast and Beijing area. The formation of Beijing mandarin has experienced a long historical process, is more than one thousand years ago YouYan dialect, on the basis of constantly fusion of han nationality and composition of gradually formed in the northern minority languages. -
Late Item Agenda
LATE ITEM AGENDA Ordinary Meeting of Council Tuesday, 25 January 2011,6.00 pm TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM NO SUBJECT PAGE C1101-6 PROPOSAL FOR SISTER CITY AGREEMENT WITH LÜSHUNKOU, CHINA 1 Summary Guide to Citizen Participation and Consultation 5 AGENDA ATTACHMENTS 1 C1101-6 PROPOSAL FOR SISTER CITY AGREEMENT WITH LÜSHUNKOU, CHINA 2 CLOSURE OF MEETING Agenda - Ordinary Meeting of Council 25 January 2011 C1101-6 PROPOSAL FOR SISTER CITY AGREEMENT WITH LÜSHUNKOU, CHINA DataWorks Reference: 070/002 Disclosure of Interest: Nil Meeting Date: 25 January 2011 Previous Item: Nil Responsible Officer: Graeme Mackenzie, Chief Executive Officer Actioning Officer: Graeme Mackenzie, Chief Executive Officer Decision Making Authority: Council Agenda Attachments: Letter from WA Premier EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Council has been encouraged by the state government to enter into a sister city agreement with Lüshunkou, China. It is recommended that council agree to enter into a time limited agreement that includes resource sharing with the government. BACKGROUND In late 2010 the City of Fremantle was contacted by officers from the Department of State Development; by Dr Geoff Raby, Australian Ambassador to China; and Colin Barnett, WA Premier – all requesting that the City considers entering into a sister city relationship with Dalian, China. After further negotiations the sister city arrangement was refined to an historic part of Dalian previously called Port Arthur, now called Lüshunkou. Lüshunkou is a district in the municipality of Dalian, Liaoning province, China. Further information on Lüshunkou is outlined below. It is proposed that the City of Fremantle agree to enter into negotiations for a time limited friendship city arrangement with Lüshunkou, China and that this agreement be jointly negotiated with the Department of State Development. -
Soviet Russia's Relation to China
SOVIET RUSSIA'S RELATION TO CHINA ".\ s I look at it. 1-<.u s ·ian influence has largely been confined to an appeal for international liberalism. or as the Russians put it. an ·appeal for liberation of all oppressed peoples from the imperialist yoke.· That appeal is not Russian in origin: it is the principle of self-determinati'on and goes back to the merican Declaration of ln lependence. A long as international inequalities and injustices exist, s uch an appeal wil l a l\\·ays he eff ecti ,·e." - Dr. llu Shih. Professor of Philosophy at the Cniversity of F>ekin. and Leader of the h inese Renaissance. Bulletin No. 7 Issued by The American Committee for Fair Play in China November, 1927 TRINifY COIL UB~AR..Y M.OORE COLLECTION RELATING TO THE FA~ EAST o..=~l.n-1\ CLASS NO.- BOOK NO.. -- VOLUM£ ___ ACCESSION NO. HISTORICAL OUTLINE Earlv Ru~'ian migrations into Asia from the 13th century on represcn.tcd by tr a d ~ r s and tillers of the soil. First definite a ncl organ ized effort to colomzc nndt•r ) cnnak Cossack leader, in latter half of 16th century. Settlement of territory in the neigh· borhood of the Amur river by Rus~ians between 1650 and 1700. Amur territory ceded to Ru~sia in 1858. \ 'ast increase in Russian migration to Asia from 1870 o n. 1895-Russia':; protest. augnH· nted by protests from France and Germany. to Japan as a result of her seizure of outhern Manchuria and Port Arthur after China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese \\'ar. -
Liaoning Sept
Birding in LIAONING Northeast China 5-26 September 2012 Oriental Honey-buzzard –adult female. Laotie Shan 23 Sept. 2012 Paul Holt, Terry Townshend & Per Alström [email protected] INTRODUCTION A quick perusal of a map of China suggests that the southern point of the Liaodong Peninsula of Liaoning must be an excellent site for witnessing south-bound bird migration. Numerous birds have been seen, and written about, here since the middle of the 19th century (e.g. Swinhoe 1861, Ingram 1909, Seys 1933 and 1936). The area received protection as a National Nature Reserve, the She Dao–Laotie Shan NNR that has a total area 178,073 hectares in 1980 and there have been a series of ringing stations in the reserve for at least a decade, and possibly significantly longer. However the fact that there is a Chinese naval base in the port city of Lushun (Lüshun or Lvshun) meant that foreigners have not been allowed to visit the southernmost tip of the Liaodong Peninsula for decades (perhaps even since the Communist Party came to power in 1949). This situation changed very recently and foreigners are now allowed back to Lushun and beyond, even right to Laotie Shan, the province’s southern tip. Tom Beeke, a Canadian school teacher based at Jinshitan, was the first to advise (via his regular postings on the BirdForum website http://www.birdforum.net/forumdisplay.php?f=544 ) of the opening of the Laotie Shan area and he made several visits in autumn 2010. Beijing based British birder Terry Townshend picked up on this and visited Laotie Shan in February 2012 and again, along with Spike Millington, for over a week in mid-May 2012. -
The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES -
The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications
James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 7 | Issue 1 2019-2020 The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications Benjamin E. Mainardi James Madison University Follow this and other works at: http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/jmurj Recommended Chicago Author-Date Citation Mainardi, Benjamin E. 2020. “The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications.” James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal 7, no. 1: 6-14. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/jmurj/vol7/iss1/1 This full issue is brought to you for free and open access by JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Russo-Japanese War Origins and Implications Benjamin Mainardi The 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War was the first major conflict of the twentieth century and a turning point in the balance of power in East Asia. In the short term, Russia’s defeat helped precipitate the 1905 Russian Revolution and the 1917 October Revolution. More broadly, the aftermath of the war informed Japan’s imperial ambitions in Manchuria—the early stages of World War II in Asia during the 1930s—and continuing Russo-Japanese enmity over Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Island chain. Studying this historical conflict in terms of international relations provides valuable insights into the nature of the conflict and how the past continues to shape modern geopolitics. As a case study, the war offers important lessons in the difficulties of sustained power projection and the exigencies involved in adaptable war planning. Equally important, Russia and Japan’s intractable imperial ambitions coupled with their failures to credibly communicate resolve serve as a cautionary tale on the consequences of inept diplomacy. -
History, Background, Context
42 History, Background, Context The history of the Qing dynasty is of course the history of hundreds upon hundreds of millions of people. The volume, density, and complexity of the information contained in this history--"history" in the sense of the totality of what really happened and why--even if it were available would be beyond the capacity of any single individual to comprehend. Thus what follows is "history" in another sense--a selective recreation of the past in written form--in this case a sketch of basic facts about major episodes and events drawn from secondary sources which hopefully will provide a little historical background and allow the reader to place Pi Xirui and Jingxue lishi within a historical context. While the history of the Qing dynasty proper begins in 1644, history is continuous. The Jurchen (who would later call themselves Manchus), a northeastern tribal people, had fought together with the Chinese against the Japanese in the 1590s when the Japanese invaded Korea. However in 1609, after a decade of increasing military strength, their position towards the Chinese changed, becoming one of antagonism. Nurhaci1 努爾哈赤 (1559-1626), a leader who had united the Jurchen tribes, proclaimed himself to be their chieftain or Khan in 1616 and also proclaimed the 1See: ECCP, p.594-9, for his biography. 43 founding of a new dynasty, the Jin 金 (also Hou Jin 後金 or Later Jin), signifying that it was a continuation of the earlier Jurchen dynasty which ruled from 1115-1234. In 1618, Nurhaci led an army of 10,000 with the intent of invading China. -
Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
UC Berkeley Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review Title Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0430t6hw Journal Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 1(34) ISSN 2158-9674 Author Lee, Joseph Jeong-il Publication Date 2020-03-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea Joseph Jeong-il Lee, Northeast Asian History Foundation Lee, Joseph Jeong-il. 2020. “Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea.” Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review 34: 24– 45. https://crosscurrents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-34/lee. Abstract During the Ming-Qing transition period, Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910) tried to articulate geopolitical change on its own terms by prioritizing state security. The way the Chosŏn court and ruling elites responded to the Revolt of Wu Sangui (1673– 1681) and its aftereffects offers a snapshot of their accommodationist strategy for survival. This article explores how the court and elites maintained a policy of noninvolvement in association with domestic stability for social integration and self- strengthening for border defense. The author reveals the Way the Chosŏn court and ruling elites handled the ongoing unexpected situations caused by Qing China, the anti-Qing force, and the Mongols. This approach helps contextualize the links between the realpolitik of Chosŏn and the longue durée of Pax Manjurica, Pax Mongolica, and Pax Sinica and promotes further inquiry into the international relations of East Asia from a transhistorical perspective. -
The Imperial Palace of Shenyang
Basic introduction A brief introduction of China A brief introduction of Liaoning Travel in Shenyang Food in Shenyang Views of Shenyang Jianzhu University Projects of Architecture School PART 1 China Map of People's Republic of China (PRC) A sovereign state in East Asia Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, China is the world's second largest state by land area Population :over1.381 billion 56 minorities History:almost 4000 years Culture Beijing opera Different colors represent different personalities. Treacherous Righteous&old Irritable Impetuous Righteous Loyal Culture Fine china 细瓷器 HISTORY MORE THAN 500YEARS The most intresting things is that different decorative pattern represent different wishes. For instance: rich modest elegant Culture Jingdezhen Sanbao International Ceramic Art Village Museum Li Jianshen To preserve the culture, first to be retained can carry buildings and items of the years, in order to arouse the cultural memory, the memory of the smell. Walls, streams, mountains, bamboo, clay, ceramics, folk custom, the courtyard, the natural environment and the organic combination of China traditional ceramic culture, showing contemporary Oriental beauty in height scattered in the easten culture. Culture More than and 20 years ago, Li Jianshen from the United States to return to Jingdezhen, bought two farm house and began to build the "Sambo international art village". "This is a living museum, you can see, can eat, can live, can play." Since the opening up to the outside world in 2000, there have been thousands of domestic and foreign artists who come here to create, communicate and visit. "China has too many good resources, do not go down, do a little bit of transformation, into a little soul, that is, the future of the city people hope. -
Early Neoproterozoic Emplacement of the Diabase Sill Swarms in The
Precambrian Research 272 (2016) 203–225 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Precambrian Research jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres Early Neoproterozoic emplacement of the diabase sill swarms in the Liaodong Peninsula and pre-magmatic uplift of the southeastern North China Craton a,b,∗ a,b a a Shuan-Hong Zhang , Yue Zhao , Hao Ye , Guo-Hui Hu a Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China b Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100081, China a r t a b i s c l e i n f o t r a c t Article history: Diabase sill swarms are widespread within the Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks in the Liaodong Penin- Received 2 September 2015 sula (named as the Dalian mafic sill swarms), eastern North China Craton (NCC). Our new zircon LA-ICP-MS Received in revised form 4 November 2015 U–Pb and baddeleyite SIMS Pb–Pb dating results on five diabase sill samples emplaced into the Qiaotou, Accepted 12 November 2015 Cuijiatun and Xingmincun Formations in the Liaodong Peninsula indicate their emplacement during Available online 23 November 2015 the early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) period at 0.92–0.89 Ga and pre-magmatic regional uplift prior to ca. 0.92–0.89 Ga. The above results provide important constraints on the upper boundary of the Neoprotero- Keywords: zoic strata and their macroscopic carbonaceous fossils and organic-walled microfossils in the eastern Large igneous province (LIP) and southeastern NCC and indicate they are Tonian -
Preliminary Report on Conditions in Manchuria from the Commission Of
2 China No. 2 ( 1 9 3 2) Preliminary Report on Conditions tn Manchuria from the Commission of Enquiry appointed by the Council of the League of Nations Mukden, April 30, 1932 l'reswled by 1111• Srcrd<1ry oj Slate for Forcig11 ljfuir.< to Parliamc11t by Command of Hi.f 111ajesly LONDON PRINTED ANO l'UBLISIIED BY IllS IAJESf\"S STA'J IONI~R\' oFFICE l'o be purchased directly from ll.M. STAT IONER\' OFFICE at the following :.ddre~~c, Adastral Jl ouse, Kingsway, London, \V .C.2; 1 20, George Street, Edinburgh York Street, Manchester; 1, St. Andrew' 're<cent, Cardiff 15. Donegall quare ~\'est, Belfast or through any Bookseller I9J2 Price rd. Net ORE l H.ELIMINARY HEPORT ON CoNDITIONs IN MANCHURIA FRoM THE COMMISSION OF ENQUIRY APPOINTED BY 'l'llE CouNCIL OF '.rHE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Mt~kden, A7Hil 30, 1932. Nute l1!} the 'eeretary-Ueneral of the Leaytw of utio1111. Geneva, May 2, 1U32. 'l'IIE 8ecretary-Gencral has the honour to circulatee) the following preliminary reporL, dated Mukden, Lhe 30th April, which he has r ceived from Lhe Uollllllission of Enquiry appointed by the Council in its resolution of (.be lOLlt Dec mber, 1931 :- ('l'elegraphic.) .Mulcden, Apl'il 30, 1932. 1. Commission of Euquiry appointed in conformity with para graph 5 of Council resolution of the lOth December arrived aL Mukden the 21st April and is now occupied with its investigations on the spot. Since its arrival in Lhe Far East, the Commission has investigated general conditions prevailing in Japan and hina in so far as may affect iLs work.