DOCSLIB.ORG

Manchurian Incident Jiǔ Yībā Shìbiàn ​九一八事变

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Manchurian Incident Jiǔ Yībā Shìbiàn ​九一八事变 ◀ Manchuria Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. Manchurian Incident Jiǔ Yībā Shìbiàn ​九一八事变 In an attempt to bring China into a confron- control of Liaodong and pressured Japan to return the ter- tation with Japan over control of Manchuria, ritory in exchange for an increased indemnity of 30 mil- Japanese troops used explosives to destroy lion taels (currency based on the weight of silver). Almost a segment of the Manchurian railway. This immediately Russia began construction of a new South Manchurian railway, linking Harbin (a major city on the bombing became known as the Manchurian East Manchurian railway) with Port Arthur (Lushan) on Incident, and the events that followed posi- the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula. These two rail lines, tioned Japan for its attempt at Asian and Pa- bisecting Manchuria and protected by 175,000 czarist cific conquest during World War II. troops, effectively brought the region under Russian con- trol. The Japanese considered Russian aggrandizement in Manchuria a direct threat not only to their national secu- he Manchurian Incident (also called the “Mukden rity via a possible attack through Korea but also to their Incident,” the “September 18 Incident,” or the “Liu- own imperialist ambitions in East Asia. The inevitable tiaoguo [ditch worker] incident”) occurred on 18 confrontation between the two began on 8 February 1904 September 1931 when explosives destroyed a section of the when the Japanese navy launched a surprise attack on the South Manchurian railway near the city of Mukden (She- Russian fleet anchored at Port Arthur. Japan’s capture of nyang) in Liaoning Province. Japanese troops stationed Port Arthur in January 1905 and the destruction of the near the railroad were responsible for the bombing, which Baltic fleet at the Battle of Tsushima in May 1905 forced was intended to draw China into a confrontation with Russia to sue for peace. The Treaty of Portsmouth (5 Sep- Japan over control of Manchuria. Although the Chinese tember 1905) ending this conflict stipulated that Japan government did not respond to the provocation by declar- would assume Russian leases on the Liaodong Peninsula ing war, Japan mobilized troops, occupied the region, and as well as control of the South Manchurian Railway. Both established the puppet state of Manchuguo. nations agreed to withdraw from Manchuria and to rec- ognize China’s sovereignty over the region. The collapse of the Qing dynasty (1644– 1912) led to Background the rise of warlords in China. By the early 1920s one of the most powerful of these was Zhang Zuolin, who con- The Treaty of Shimonoseki ending the First Sino-Japanese​­ trolled all of Manchuria through his Fengtian Army, a war of 1894–1895 originally ceded Formosa (Taiwan), the well-​­equipped fighting force of 100,000 troops. At this Pescadores, and Liaodong Peninsula to Japan. France, time approximately ten thousand Japanese soldiers of Germany, and in particular Russia objected to Japanese the Guandong Army were also stationed in Manchuria 1382 T © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC Manchurian Incident n Jiǔ Yībā Shìbiàn n 九一八事变 1383 “The first battle near Manturia (i.e., Manchuria). The Japanese soldiers defeated the enemy’s cavalry.” Lithographic print, Tokyo, Shobido & Co., (c. 1919). Sovereignty over Manchuria had been contested for decades before the Manchurian Incident took place. Library of Congress. to protect the railroad. Many young officers in this army The Incident were eager to spark a war with China in order to annex Manchuria as Japan had done to Korea in 1910. As Zhang In December 1928 Zhang Xueliang pledged his loyalty to was returning to Shenyang from Beijing on the morn- the Nanjing government and much to Tokyo’s disappoint- ing of 4 June 1928, a bomb planted by one of these young ment brought the three provinces of Manchuria back un- officers exploded near his private train, killing him in- der China’s nominal control. He maintained a hard line stantly. Chiang Kai-​­shek, the leader of the newly formed in negotiations with the Japanese, refusing to approve Nationalist government in Nanjing, cautioned against any new concessions and seeking to recover those al- reprisals. Zhang’s son, Zhang Xueliang (known as the ready granted. Meanwhile he continued to strengthen his “Young Marshall”) took over his father’s position as war- armed forces, which increased to nearly 250,000 troops. lord of Manchuria and agreed to follow Chiang’s direc- Responding to critical economic issues at home, military tives. War was averted, although the situation remained and civilian officials in Tokyo were preparing to issue di- tense and uncertain. rectives prohibiting deliberate provocation by Japanese © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 1384 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 宝 库 山 中 华 全 书 troops in Manchuria. As the window of opportunity be- to the League of Nations demanding Japan’s withdrawal gan to close, young Japanese officers again took matters from Manchuria. In November the league sent a delega- into their own hands. On 18 September 1931 they deto- tion to Manchuria headed by Lord Lytton of Great Britain nated explosives along the South Manchurian Railway on to investigate the situation. Lytton’s report concluded that the outskirts of Mukden near the largest Chinese garrison the Manchurian Incident was a Japanese fabrication and in the region. Chinese soldiers investigating the explosion that Manchuguo was not a sovereign nation but rather a were fired upon by Japanese troops, who pursued them puppet state of the Japanese military. The League of Na- back to their barracks and attacked the garrison. tions voted to uphold the findings of this report, and Japan As news spread of the alleged Chinese attack, To- responded by withdrawing from the organization. kyo cautioned restraint, but the military responded ag- Now firmly entrenched in Manchuria and isolated gressively. The commander of Japanese forces in Korea from the international community, Japan was poised to dispatched troops across the border into southern Man- embark on its imperialist conquest of Asia and the Pacific churia. The Guandong Army was quickly mobilized, during World War II. fanning out to occupy Mukden and other major cities. Daniel J. MEISSNER Surprisingly the army met with only sporadic resistance. Under orders from Chiang Kai-​­shek, Zhang’s troops had been forbidden to engage the Japanese in battle. More- Further Reading over, within three months all of Zhang’s forces had been Anti-Japanese economic disruption movement in Shanghai: redeployed south of the Great Wall, leaving Manchuria After the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident. (1932). completely in the hands of the Japanese. Tokyo: League of Nations Association of Japan. Borg, D. (1964). The United States and the Far Eastern crisis, 1933– 38. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Implications Doenecke, J. (1984). When the wicked rise: American opinion-​­makers and the Manchurian crisis of 1931– 33. The abandonment of Manchuria sparked massive pro- Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. tests in China. A virulent anti-​­Japanese boycott spread Guo Yingjie. (2004). Cultural nationalism in contemporary throughout China, raising fears in Shanghai’s foreign China: The search for national identity under reform. settlements of violent reprisals. In late January Japanese New York: Routledge. marines who had been landed in the city to protect its He Baogang & Guo Yingjie. (2000). Nationalism, national businesses and citizens clashed with Chinese troops. In identity, and democratization in China. New York: retaliation the Japanese bombed Zhabei, a residential and Ashgate. industrial suburb of Shanghai, and invaded the city. After Koo, V. K. Wellington. (1933). The Manchurian question: fierce fighting an armistice was signed in May 1932. China’s case against Japan. Beijing: Northeastern Af- fairs Research Institute. By that time two other major events related to the Morely, J. (1984). Japan erupts: The London Naval Accords Manchurian Incident had transpired. In the first event, and the Manchurian Incident. New York: Columbia just days after the first shots were fired, the Japanese had University Press. already approached the last Qing emperor, Puyi, about Moses, D. (1982). The role of the League of Nations in the possibility of his restoration as head of a new Manchu the Manchurian crisis, 1931– 1933. Rexburg, ID: D. J. state. In November he left Tianjin for Changchun and in Moses. March 1932 was installed as chief executive of the new Wilson, S. (2002). The Manchurian crisis and Japanese so- state of Manchuguo. The second event was China’s appeal ciety, 1931– 33. New York: Routledge. Mandarin ▶ © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei
    2017 3rd International Conference on Education and Social Development (ICESD 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-444-8 Discussion on the Early History of the Formation of Beijing Mandarin Wei-Wei LI College of International Exchange, Bohai University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China [email protected] Keywords: Beijing Mandarin Area, Early History, Ethnic Fusion, Language Contact. Abstract. Beijing Mandarin is more than a thousand year ago Yan Yan dialect, based on the integration of the Central Plains Han and northern ethnic minority language components gradually formed. Beijing Mandarin before the formal formation of a long period of gestation, revealing the Sui and Tang dynasties before the formation of the Beijing Mandarin area early human history, for the understanding of Beijing Mandarin language situation is very important. Introduction In this article, "Beijing Mandarin area" means including Beijing urban and suburban county, Hebei Chengde area, much of the northeast in addition to Liaodong peninsula, and parts of Chifeng, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, the general area (Lin Tao, 1987; Zhang Shifang, 2010). "From the northeast to Beijing, in history, there are two common characteristics: one is the ethnic group for a long time, and second, the population flow, this kind of situation lasted nearly one thousand years, the development of northeast dialect and Beijing dialect is extremely far-reaching influence."[1] Beijing dialect and northeast dialect in one thousand to influence each other, eventually forming a Beijing mandarin, including large areas of the northeast and Beijing area. The formation of Beijing mandarin has experienced a long historical process, is more than one thousand years ago YouYan dialect, on the basis of constantly fusion of han nationality and composition of gradually formed in the northern minority languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Item Agenda
    LATE ITEM AGENDA Ordinary Meeting of Council Tuesday, 25 January 2011,6.00 pm TABLE OF CONTENTS ITEM NO SUBJECT PAGE C1101-6 PROPOSAL FOR SISTER CITY AGREEMENT WITH LÜSHUNKOU, CHINA 1 Summary Guide to Citizen Participation and Consultation 5 AGENDA ATTACHMENTS 1 C1101-6 PROPOSAL FOR SISTER CITY AGREEMENT WITH LÜSHUNKOU, CHINA 2 CLOSURE OF MEETING Agenda - Ordinary Meeting of Council 25 January 2011 C1101-6 PROPOSAL FOR SISTER CITY AGREEMENT WITH LÜSHUNKOU, CHINA DataWorks Reference: 070/002 Disclosure of Interest: Nil Meeting Date: 25 January 2011 Previous Item: Nil Responsible Officer: Graeme Mackenzie, Chief Executive Officer Actioning Officer: Graeme Mackenzie, Chief Executive Officer Decision Making Authority: Council Agenda Attachments: Letter from WA Premier EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Council has been encouraged by the state government to enter into a sister city agreement with Lüshunkou, China. It is recommended that council agree to enter into a time limited agreement that includes resource sharing with the government. BACKGROUND In late 2010 the City of Fremantle was contacted by officers from the Department of State Development; by Dr Geoff Raby, Australian Ambassador to China; and Colin Barnett, WA Premier – all requesting that the City considers entering into a sister city relationship with Dalian, China. After further negotiations the sister city arrangement was refined to an historic part of Dalian previously called Port Arthur, now called Lüshunkou. Lüshunkou is a district in the municipality of Dalian, Liaoning province, China. Further information on Lüshunkou is outlined below. It is proposed that the City of Fremantle agree to enter into negotiations for a time limited friendship city arrangement with Lüshunkou, China and that this agreement be jointly negotiated with the Department of State Development.
    [Show full text]
  • Liaoning Sept
    Birding in LIAONING Northeast China 5-26 September 2012 Oriental Honey-buzzard –adult female. Laotie Shan 23 Sept. 2012 Paul Holt, Terry Townshend & Per Alström [email protected] INTRODUCTION A quick perusal of a map of China suggests that the southern point of the Liaodong Peninsula of Liaoning must be an excellent site for witnessing south-bound bird migration. Numerous birds have been seen, and written about, here since the middle of the 19th century (e.g. Swinhoe 1861, Ingram 1909, Seys 1933 and 1936). The area received protection as a National Nature Reserve, the She Dao–Laotie Shan NNR that has a total area 178,073 hectares in 1980 and there have been a series of ringing stations in the reserve for at least a decade, and possibly significantly longer. However the fact that there is a Chinese naval base in the port city of Lushun (Lüshun or Lvshun) meant that foreigners have not been allowed to visit the southernmost tip of the Liaodong Peninsula for decades (perhaps even since the Communist Party came to power in 1949). This situation changed very recently and foreigners are now allowed back to Lushun and beyond, even right to Laotie Shan, the province’s southern tip. Tom Beeke, a Canadian school teacher based at Jinshitan, was the first to advise (via his regular postings on the BirdForum website http://www.birdforum.net/forumdisplay.php?f=544 ) of the opening of the Laotie Shan area and he made several visits in autumn 2010. Beijing based British birder Terry Townshend picked up on this and visited Laotie Shan in February 2012 and again, along with Spike Millington, for over a week in mid-May 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: “My
    THE DIARY OF A MANCHU SOLDIER IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY CHINA The Manchu conquest of China inaugurated one of the most successful and long-living dynasties in Chinese history: the Qing (1644–1911). The wars fought by the Manchus to invade China and consolidate the power of the Qing imperial house spanned over many decades through most of the seventeenth century. This book provides the first Western translation of the diary of Dzengmeo, a young Manchu officer, and recounts the events of the War of the Three Feudatories (1673–1682), fought mostly in southwestern China and widely regarded as the most serious internal military challenge faced by the Manchus before the Taiping rebellion (1851–1864). The author’s participation in the campaign provides the close-up, emotional perspective on what it meant to be in combat, while also providing a rare window into the overall organization of the Qing army, and new data in key areas of military history such as combat, armament, logistics, rank relations, and military culture. The diary represents a fine and rare example of Manchu personal writing, and shows how critical the development of Manchu studies can be for our knowledge of China’s early modern history. Nicola Di Cosmo joined the Institute for Advanced Study, School of Historical Studies, in 2003 as the Luce Foundation Professor in East Asian Studies. He is the author of Ancient China and Its Enemies (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and his research interests are in Mongol and Manchu studies and Sino-Inner Asian relations. ROUTLEDGE STUDIES
    [Show full text]
  • The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications
    James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal Volume 7 | Issue 1 2019-2020 The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications Benjamin E. Mainardi James Madison University Follow this and other works at: http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/jmurj Recommended Chicago Author-Date Citation Mainardi, Benjamin E. 2020. “The Russo-Japanese War: Origins and Implications.” James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal 7, no. 1: 6-14. http://commons.lib.jmu.edu/jmurj/vol7/iss1/1 This full issue is brought to you for free and open access by JMU Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in James Madison Undergraduate Research Journal by an authorized administrator of JMU Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Russo-Japanese War Origins and Implications Benjamin Mainardi The 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War was the first major conflict of the twentieth century and a turning point in the balance of power in East Asia. In the short term, Russia’s defeat helped precipitate the 1905 Russian Revolution and the 1917 October Revolution. More broadly, the aftermath of the war informed Japan’s imperial ambitions in Manchuria—the early stages of World War II in Asia during the 1930s—and continuing Russo-Japanese enmity over Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Island chain. Studying this historical conflict in terms of international relations provides valuable insights into the nature of the conflict and how the past continues to shape modern geopolitics. As a case study, the war offers important lessons in the difficulties of sustained power projection and the exigencies involved in adaptable war planning. Equally important, Russia and Japan’s intractable imperial ambitions coupled with their failures to credibly communicate resolve serve as a cautionary tale on the consequences of inept diplomacy.
    [Show full text]
  • History, Background, Context
    42 History, Background, Context The history of the Qing dynasty is of course the history of hundreds upon hundreds of millions of people. The volume, density, and complexity of the information contained in this history--"history" in the sense of the totality of what really happened and why--even if it were available would be beyond the capacity of any single individual to comprehend. Thus what follows is "history" in another sense--a selective recreation of the past in written form--in this case a sketch of basic facts about major episodes and events drawn from secondary sources which hopefully will provide a little historical background and allow the reader to place Pi Xirui and Jingxue lishi within a historical context. While the history of the Qing dynasty proper begins in 1644, history is continuous. The Jurchen (who would later call themselves Manchus), a northeastern tribal people, had fought together with the Chinese against the Japanese in the 1590s when the Japanese invaded Korea. However in 1609, after a decade of increasing military strength, their position towards the Chinese changed, becoming one of antagonism. Nurhaci1 努爾哈赤 (1559-1626), a leader who had united the Jurchen tribes, proclaimed himself to be their chieftain or Khan in 1616 and also proclaimed the 1See: ECCP, p.594-9, for his biography. 43 founding of a new dynasty, the Jin 金 (also Hou Jin 後金 or Later Jin), signifying that it was a continuation of the earlier Jurchen dynasty which ruled from 1115-1234. In 1618, Nurhaci led an army of 10,000 with the intent of invading China.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review
    UC Berkeley Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review Title Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0430t6hw Journal Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review, 1(34) ISSN 2158-9674 Author Lee, Joseph Jeong-il Publication Date 2020-03-01 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea Joseph Jeong-il Lee, Northeast Asian History Foundation Lee, Joseph Jeong-il. 2020. “Distancing All Around: Post-Ming China Realpolitik in Seventeenth-Century Korea.” Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review 34: 24– 45. https://crosscurrents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-34/lee. Abstract During the Ming-Qing transition period, Chosŏn Korea (1392–1910) tried to articulate geopolitical change on its own terms by prioritizing state security. The way the Chosŏn court and ruling elites responded to the Revolt of Wu Sangui (1673– 1681) and its aftereffects offers a snapshot of their accommodationist strategy for survival. This article explores how the court and elites maintained a policy of noninvolvement in association with domestic stability for social integration and self- strengthening for border defense. The author reveals the Way the Chosŏn court and ruling elites handled the ongoing unexpected situations caused by Qing China, the anti-Qing force, and the Mongols. This approach helps contextualize the links between the realpolitik of Chosŏn and the longue durée of Pax Manjurica, Pax Mongolica, and Pax Sinica and promotes further inquiry into the international relations of East Asia from a transhistorical perspective.
    [Show full text]
  • The Imperial Palace of Shenyang
    Basic introduction A brief introduction of China A brief introduction of Liaoning Travel in Shenyang Food in Shenyang Views of Shenyang Jianzhu University Projects of Architecture School PART 1 China Map of People's Republic of China (PRC) A sovereign state in East Asia Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometers, China is the world's second largest state by land area Population :over1.381 billion 56 minorities History:almost 4000 years Culture Beijing opera Different colors represent different personalities. Treacherous Righteous&old Irritable Impetuous Righteous Loyal Culture Fine china 细瓷器 HISTORY MORE THAN 500YEARS The most intresting things is that different decorative pattern represent different wishes. For instance: rich modest elegant Culture Jingdezhen Sanbao International Ceramic Art Village Museum Li Jianshen To preserve the culture, first to be retained can carry buildings and items of the years, in order to arouse the cultural memory, the memory of the smell. Walls, streams, mountains, bamboo, clay, ceramics, folk custom, the courtyard, the natural environment and the organic combination of China traditional ceramic culture, showing contemporary Oriental beauty in height scattered in the easten culture. Culture More than and 20 years ago, Li Jianshen from the United States to return to Jingdezhen, bought two farm house and began to build the "Sambo international art village". "This is a living museum, you can see, can eat, can live, can play." Since the opening up to the outside world in 2000, there have been thousands of domestic and foreign artists who come here to create, communicate and visit. "China has too many good resources, do not go down, do a little bit of transformation, into a little soul, that is, the future of the city people hope.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Neoproterozoic Emplacement of the Diabase Sill Swarms in The
    Precambrian Research 272 (2016) 203–225 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Precambrian Research jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres Early Neoproterozoic emplacement of the diabase sill swarms in the Liaodong Peninsula and pre-magmatic uplift of the southeastern North China Craton a,b,∗ a,b a a Shuan-Hong Zhang , Yue Zhao , Hao Ye , Guo-Hui Hu a Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China b Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism and Tectonic Reconstruction, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100081, China a r t a b i s c l e i n f o t r a c t Article history: Diabase sill swarms are widespread within the Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks in the Liaodong Penin- Received 2 September 2015 sula (named as the Dalian mafic sill swarms), eastern North China Craton (NCC). Our new zircon LA-ICP-MS Received in revised form 4 November 2015 U–Pb and baddeleyite SIMS Pb–Pb dating results on five diabase sill samples emplaced into the Qiaotou, Accepted 12 November 2015 Cuijiatun and Xingmincun Formations in the Liaodong Peninsula indicate their emplacement during Available online 23 November 2015 the early Neoproterozoic (Tonian) period at 0.92–0.89 Ga and pre-magmatic regional uplift prior to ca. 0.92–0.89 Ga. The above results provide important constraints on the upper boundary of the Neoprotero- Keywords: zoic strata and their macroscopic carbonaceous fossils and organic-walled microfossils in the eastern Large igneous province (LIP) and southeastern NCC and indicate they are Tonian
    [Show full text]
  • Liaoning Province Liáo Níng Shěng ​辽宁省 42.98 Million Est
    ◀ LIANG Qichao Comprehensive index starts in volume 5, page 2667. Liaoning Province Liáo níng Shěng ​辽宁省 42.98 million est. 2007 pop. 145,900 square km Liaoning, a province in northeast China little snow; and short, windy springs. It has an average slightly smaller than Nepal, borders on North annual temperature of 6º–11º C (43º–53º F), a frost- free Korea to the east, Inner Mongolia Autono- period of 130–180 days, and a mean annual precipitation mous Region to the northwest, Jilin Province of 400–1,000 millimeters (15–39 inches), which decreases notably from southeast to northwest. to the north, and Hebei Province to the south- Liaoning grows sorghum, maize, rice, and soybeans west. It is the base for the country’s heavy in- and the cash crops of cotton, tobacco, and peanuts. It is dustry, as well as being a major producer of also the major grower of tussah, or wild, silk in China. agricultural products. It is regarded, together The apples of southern Liaoning and the pears of western with Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, as the Liaoning are known throughout China. The province is country’s granary. a rich source of ginseng and pilose antler, valuable ingre- dients for traditional Chinese medicines. The fishery in- dustry is developed along the coast. Liaoning contains rich mineral resources, especially iaoning Province is in the southern part of north- iron ore and coal. Fushun and Fuxin, popularly called the east China. Bounded by the Yellow and Bo Hai “coal capital” and the “coal sea,” produce top- quality coal seas in the south, with a coastline 2,187 kilometers at the largest opencast mining centers in China.
    [Show full text]
  • Economics and Transportation Linkages Dalian Loop
    Group 1 Economics and Transportation Linkages Dalian Loop Bai Jinyu China Ling Li China Reto Nebel Switzerland Vladimir Savcic Serbia/Spain Sebastian Seelig Germany Wita Simatupang Indonesia Coordinator Elien Wierenga The Netherlands 1 | ISOCARP – Young Planning Professionals’ Workshop 2008, Dalian, PR China Group 1 Introduction Dalian - an important port city of industry, trade and tourism in Northeast China – is located on the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, on the West shore of the Pacific Ocean. It is neighboured by the Yellow Sea at the East and the Bohai Sea at the West. This makes Dalian to have a superb geographical location. It also serves as a gateway to Beijing and Tianjin; but also to Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang and to part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Dalian City has the jurisdiction over six districts, three county-level cities and a county, with a total population of 5.85 million people on an area of 13,566 sqkmi - please refer to table below. Target (million) Upper Limit (million) Name of Jurisdiction Urban Agricultural Total Urban Agricultural Total Population Population Population Population Population Population Central City 4.5 0.3 4.8 6 0.4 6.4 Main City 2.8 0.1 2.9 3.3 0.1 3.4 New City 1.7 0.2 1.9 2.7 0.3 3 Zhuanghe City 0.75 0.3 1.05 0.8 0.35 1.15 Wafangdian City 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.85 0.35 1.2 Pulandian City 0.65 0.25 0.9 0.75 0.35 1.1 Changhai Town 0.1 0.05 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.15 Total 6.8 1.2 8 8.5 1.5 10 Table 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia Vol
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Portal Czasopism Naukowych (E-Journals) Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia vol. 13 Kraków 2008 Juha JANHUNEN (Helsinki) LIAO: A MANCHURIAN HYDRONYM AND ITS ETHNOHISTORICAL CONTEXT The river Liao 遼河 Liao He, which with its sources and tributaries covers a drainage area of over 200,000 sq kms, is the principal waterway of southern Manchuria (Gibert 1934 s.v. Leao-ho, Fochler-Hauke 1941: 42-44 et passim). Its main basin is located between 42° 55’ N 123° 35’ E and 40° 40’ N 122° 10’ E, and it runs in a southwesterly direction over a distance of some 300 kms. The river divides southern Manchuria into two halves known as Liaoxi 遼西 ‘West of the Liao’ and Liaodong 遼東 ‘East of the Liao’, respectively. The principal feature of Liaodong is the mountainous Liaodong Peninsula, located between the Sea of Bohai 渤海 on the west and the Yellow Sea 黄海 Huang Hai on the east. Together with the Shandong 山東 Peninsula, Liadong has since ancient times served as a link between Korea, Manchuria, and China proper (Janhunen 1996: 3-4). The Liao main river is formed of two source rivers, the Xiliao 西遼 ‘West- ern Liao’ and Dongliao 東遼 ‘Eastern Liao’. The Dongliao is a rather small entity, flowing down from the mountains of the Liaodong Peninsula, while the Xiliao is a large system of rivers, which add some 1,000 kms to the total length of the Liao. The Xiliao, flowing across the relatively flat plain of Liaoxi, is, in turn, formed of two source rivers, the Laoha 老哈 in the south and the Shira Muren 西拉木倫 Xila Mulun in the north.
    [Show full text]