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UNIVERSTIY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO From Colonial Jewel to Socialist Metropolis: Dalian 1895-1955 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Christian A. Hess Committee in Charge: Professor Joseph W. Esherick, Co-Chair Professor Paul G. Pickowicz, Co-Chair Professor Weijing Lu Professor Richard Madsen Professor Christena Turner 2006 Copyright Christian A. Hess, 2006 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Christian A. Hess is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and fonn for publication on microfilm: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2006 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………...…………………………………………………………..iii Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….iv List of Maps…………………………………………………………………………….vi List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………...vii Abbreviations………………………………………………………………………….viii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………ix Vita, Publications, and Fields of Study………………………………………………...xii Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..xiii Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 1. The Rise of Colonial Dalian 1895-1934……………………………………………16 Section One Dalian and Japan’s Wartime Empire, 1932-1945 2. From Colonial Port to Wartime Production City: Dalian, Manchukuo, and Japan’s Wartime Empire……………………………………………………………………75 3. Urban Society in Wartime Dalian………………………………………………...116 Section Two Big Brother is Watching: Rebuilding Dalian Under Soviet Occupation, 1945-1950 4. Building a Sino-Soviet Political Order in Dalian, 1945-1950……………….........182 5. The Tensions of Rebuilding: Economic Reconstruction, Social Revolution, and Total War……………………………………………………………………….....254 6. Defining “New” Dalian: Socialist Internationalism and Urban Identity ……..…..310 iv Section Three Building a Chinese Dalian, 1950-1955 7. Becoming a Chinese Socialist Metropolis……………………………………..….368 Epilogue……………………………………………………………………………….405 Map1…………………………………………………………………………………..410 Map 2….………………………………………………………………………………411 Map 3…….……………………………………………………………………………412 Map 4……….…………………………………………………………………………413 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..414 v LIST OF MAPS Map 1: The Guandong Leased Territory……………………………………………...410 Map 2: Dalian, 1901…………………………………………………………………..411 Map 3: The City of Dalian, 1945……………………………………………………...412 Map 4: The Lüshun Soviet Naval Base Area…………………………………………413 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Goods Exported and Imported through Dalian, 1907-1931………………...46 Table 2.1: Goods Exported and Imported through Dalian by tonnage, 1930-1937........89 Table 2.2: Value of Imports and Exports Through the Port of Dalian 1930-1936…….89 Table 2.3: Chinese and Japanese Commercial Enterprises: 1938, 1941……………….96 Table 2.4: Chinese and Japanese Industrial Enterprises: 1938, 1941……………...….. 96 Table 2.5: Goods Exported and Imported through Dalian, 1938-1944……………….100 vii ABREVIATIONS CJSG Chengshi de Jieguan yu shehui gaizao DFW Dalian fangwen jiyao DGS Dalian gang shi DGKJS Dalian gangkou jishi DJBNS Dalian jin bai nian shi DSS Dairen-shi shi DWZL Dalian wenshi ziliao ESDGYS Ershi shiji Dalian gongren yundong shi JCQDL Jiefang chuqi de Dalian LDGS Lüda gaishu SHJZLD Sulian hongjun zai Lüda ZGDDS Zhonggong Dalian difang shi viii ACKNOWLEGEMENTS It gives me great pleasure to look back over the past seven years and thank the many people who have been instrumental in my growth as a scholar. I consider myself extremely fortunate to have worked with such a vibrant group of teachers and fellow students. First, I thank my advisors, Joseph W. Esherick and Paul G. Pickowicz. Without their tireless training and support, this project would never have been completed. As I set out to start my own career, my goal is to try to replicate a fraction of the collegial yet rigorous style of training they have provided me. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee, Richard Madsen, Lu Weijing, and Christena Turner for their thoughtful comments and support through the years. In China, Tian Jiuchuan at Liaoning Normal University and Wang Yuliang at Dalian University were extremely generous in sharing their own work with me, and helping me gain access to materials in what proved to be a challenging research environment in Dalian. At the Dalian library, Chen XX, Wang XX and the staff at the historical documents reading room were extremely patient and helpful during my time there. At the Dalian branch library, Leng XX helped me in numerous ways, and shared great conversations over lunch in the staff dining room. Finally, Mr. Wang Shouyu of the Dalian gazetteer publishing office, took me under his wing and shared with me his vast knowledge and love for the city of Dalian. I will never forget the cold winter mornings that the two of us endured together in search of books and documents at a local flea market. Without his help obtaining source materials, much of this project could not have been completed. ix I must graciously thank all of my classmates over the years for sharing their work and their opinions in countless conversations in class, over dinner, and at baseball games. Jim Cook and Joshua Goldstein first took me under their wings a decade ago, when I was an undergraduate studying in Beijing. They helped shape my interests in Chinese history, and introduced me to the program at UCSD. Once I arrived, Michael Chang, Susan Fernsebner, Cecily McCaffrey, Liu Lu, Charles Musgrove, and Elena Songster helped me adjust to the rigors of graduate school, and continue to offer me sound advice about the profession. A special thanks to Sigrid Schmalzer, Matthew Johnson, and Jeremy Brown, classmates whose hours of great conversation and unselfish support have informed my work in countless ways. Finally, I thank Jeremy Murray, Brent Haas, Ellen Huang, Miriam Gross, Zheng Xiaowei, Zhang Jun, and Daphon Ho for allowing me to give them advice and for sharing lively conversations in the graduate lounge or over campfires. Financial support for this dissertation came from a number of sources. An Institute for International Education Fulbright Grant allowed me to conduct research in Dalian in 2003-2004. A Pacific Rim mini-grant, an Institute for International and Comparative Areas Studies (IICAS) grant, and a Bernadotte Schmidt Travel grant allowed me to conduct follow up research in the summer of 2005. A Foreign Language Areas Studies Grant provided the support for a year of language and research work in Tokyo in 2002-2003. The History Department, and the UCSD Center for the Humanities provided financial support for writing the dissertation in 2005-2006. I thank all of these institutions for their generous support. x Finally, I thank my family. My parents, Ronald and Connaught Hess, have never wavered in their confidence that I would be successful, even when I was convinced otherwise. Back in 1988, my father had an opportunity to attend a research conference in China. My parents agonized over the decision to use some of the money they had put away to pay for college in order to take our family on that trip. I thank them for having the foresight to see travel as an essential part of life. Money well spent! I’d also like to thank my sister Catherine for listening to the ramblings of her brother over the years. Finally, words cannot express my thanks to my wife, Kazumi. Her support and unceasing optimism through the highs and lows of graduate study made this all possible. I dedicate this work to her. xi VITA 1997 B.A., University of California, Davis 2003 M.A., University of California, San Diego 2004-2005 Teaching Assistant, University of California, San Diego 2005 (Winter) Associate in History, University of California, San Diego 2006 Ph.D., University of California, San Diego 2006- Visiting Assistant Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison PUBLICATIONS “Big Brother is Watching: Local Sino-Soviet Relations and the Building of New Dalian, 1945- 1955.” Chapter in Paul Pickowicz and Jeremy Brown, ed., Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People’s Republic of China (Harvard University Press) (forthcoming, fall 2007). FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Modern Chinese History Studies of Pre-Modern Chinese History Professors Suzanne Cahill and R. Bin Wong Studies of Modern Japanese History Professors Takashi Fujitani and Stephan Tanaka Studies of Sociology (Emphasis China and Globalization) Professors Richard Madsen and Christena Turner xii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION From Colonial Jewel to Socialist Metropolis: Dalian, 1895-1955 by Christian A. Hess Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, San Diego, 2006 Professor Joseph W. Esherick, Co-Chair Professor Paul G. Pickowicz, Co-Chair This dissertation explores the transition of the port city of Dalian, a heavily industrialized seaport located at the tip of the Liaodong peninsula in China’s Northeast region (Manchuria), as it shifted from a wartime hub of the Japanese empire to a socialist urban center heavily influenced by the Soviet Union. How did a long-term center of Japanese colonial modernity transition so seamlessly into socialist urban space? What elements of the Japanese project were fundamental parts of such a transformation, and how did the socialist regimes of the late 1940s and early 1950s deal with this? In answering these questions, my analysis delves deeply into the most controversial themes in modern Chinese history. I examine the legacies of Japanese colonial expansion and development on the modern Chinese