Archiv für Katholisches Kirchenrecht 185 (2016) 390–404 brill.com/ak

Canon Law in the Medieval Abbey of St. Germain des Prés

Szabolcs Anzelm Szuromi

Introduction

The importance of books in daily life of the religious fathers – following the Benedictine, the Augustinian or other Rules – and the particular place of these volumes within the monastery – the so called “Bibliotheca” – were crucial, even if the community did not do any public activity. Both mentioned rules referred to the obligation of the confreres to read, however we can make a dis- tinction between the table readings and the private – recommended – spiritual readings. The table readings were – and are still – arranged in the presence of the entire community of the house, basically in the refectory. This material involved a short part of the rules of the monastic or canonical community; the commemoration of the saints or deceased confreres; a part of the founder’s life; and a reading from some spiritual or any edifying source (which could be the Bible itself). The private reading basically meant the personal reading of the Bible and the rules of the order, but it could be also writings of patris- tic authors, commentary on the Holy Scripture, etc. Obviously, the praying of the liturgy of hours also belonged to the reading culture of the community.1 This milieu was described well by Enrico Cattaneo in 1962. Based on this list we should understand why the liturgical books were the majority in a mon- astery in the medieval time. Nevertheless, the various goals of the religious

* This paper has been written with the generous support of the ‘Instituto de Derecho Clásico (IDEC)’ in the St. Michael’s Abbey of the Norbertine Fathers (Orange, CA). It is an enlarged version of my paper which was presented at the Fifteenth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law (Paris, July 23rd 2016). I would like to express my thanks to A.B. Лихоманов (St. Petersburg, Rossiyskaya Nationalnaya Biblioteka). This publication is supported by the OTKA K 106300 project. 1 E. Cattaneo, La vita comune dei chierici e la liturgia, in La vita comune del clero nei secoli XI e XII (Atti della Settimana di Studio: Mendola, Settembre 1959) [Miscellenea del Centro di Studi Medioevali III], Milano 1962. 241–272; Cs. Csapodi, A középkori magyarországi könyv- tárak története, in Kódexek a középkori Magyarországon, Budapest 1985, 19–33, especially 19–20.

© Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh, 2019 | doi:10.30965/2589045X-1850202Downloaded from Brill.com09/26/2021 12:02:21PM via free access Canon Law Manuscripts 391 communities made significant effect on the abbey – or cathedral – libraries and also on the contents of the manuals which gave the background to the dif- ferent activities.2 Hence, we can say that the life of the religious communities and the clergy institutionalized and defined the contents and structure of the medieval ecclesiastical libraries.3 This is the reason of the colorful contents of religious libraries (philosophy, theology, spirituality, liturgy, canon law, bib- lical literature and even classical authors), which after the secularization of the 18th–19th century were dispersed in most cases, preserved their majority in different libraries, sometimes geographically far away from each another.4 Only few times can be found original – from the Middle Age – catalogue-list of a particular old library, conserved in some original , which is able to give a clear overview on the reading culture and also on the activity of the contemporary religious community (i.e. 13th century catalogue of the Abbey of Weissenau: Praha, Narodni Knihovna XXIII E 21 [Lobk. 469]).5 Therefore, if we like to make a reconstructive vision on the entire original canonical material of the medieval library of the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés, we must pay our attention not only to the history of this abbey and its library, but the fate of this collection, within that its medieval material; and we also have to consider that this concrete library was not a really single collection.6

I The Historical Facts for the Reconstruction

Ten years ago I have begun codicological and paleographical analysis of the Medieval Latin canon law manuscript collection of the different sections of the National Library of St. Petersburg. Already in 2006 I have realized the

2 G. Constable, The Reformation of the Twelfth Century, Cambridge 1996, 125–167. 3 Cf. Sz.A. Szuromi, Medieval Canon Law – Sources and Theory – (Bibliotheca Instituti Postgradualis Iuris Canonici Universitatis Catholicae de Petro Pázmány nominatae III/12), Budapest 2009, 26–30; G. Duby, The Age of the Cathedrals. Art and Society, 980–1420, Chicago 1981, 26; J. Verger, Les écoles au XIe siècle, in: M. Rouche (dir.), Fulbert de Chartres. Précurseur de l’Europe médiévale? (Cultures et civilisation médiévales 43), Paris 2008, 33– 42; Sz.A. Szuromi, Fulbert et Bonipert – Les relations entre deux évêques au XIe siècle, in Rouche (dir.), Fulbert de Chartres, 55–62. 4 Cf. J. Gaudemet, Église et cité. Histoire du droit canonique, Paris 1994, 693–696; B. Plongeron, Les défis de la modernité (1750–1840) (= Histoire du Christianisme des origines à nos jours, X), Paris 1997, 604–614. 5 Praha, Narodni Knihovna XXIII E 21 (Lobk. 469), foll. 170ra–170vb; cf. E. Wenzel, Die mittel- alterliche Bibliothek der Abtei Weißenau (Europäische Hochschulschriften; XV: Klassische Sprachen und Literaturen 73), Frankfurt am Main 1998, 41–46, 139–142. 6 See É. Dussult, L’invention de Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris 2014.

Archiv für KatholischeS Kirchenrecht 185 (2016)Downloaded 390–404 from Brill.com09/26/2021 12:02:21PM via free access 392 Szuromi significant presence of the medieval codices of the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés in St. Petersburg. Within the last ten years I focused on the systematic, de- tailed analysis and description of the Medieval Latin collection of the National Library of St. Petersburg7 in order to prepare these results for edition of a new and critical catalogue, which is now under process. However, it must be un- derlined, that those St. Germain des Prés manuscripts which are located in St. Petersburg constitute only a fragmented part of the original – until the end of the 18th century developing – collection.8 The other significant part of it belongs now to the current material of the Bibliothèque Nationale de (Paris).9

1 The Abbey of St. Germain des Prés before the 17th century The Benedictine community of St. Germain des Prés was founded in about 543/556 by Childebert I (†558). The church title was originally St. Vincent and was consecrated by Bishop Germain.10 Around the church – outside the city of Paris – a Benedictine monastery had been built which had received the abbey state. The importance of the monastery is illustrated well by the burial place of the Merovingian kings which took place in the Abbey church, and the very rich treasury.11 In order to understand the regular activity of this abbey, we must

7 Cf. Sz.A. Szuromi, Some 12th century textual-witnesses of the family of the Ivonian Panormia (A Comparative Analysis of St. Petersburg, Rossiyskaya Nationalnaya Biblioteka Ermit. lat. 25 with BAV Barb. lat. 502 and other Ivonian manuscripts), in: Ius Ecclesiae 20 (2008) 369–387; id., Medieval Canon Law heritage of the Norbertine Abbey of Weissenau in the Hermitage of St. Petersburg, in: Folia Canonica 12 (2009) 119–137; id., Some Canonical Manuscripts in the Collection of the National Library of St. Petersburg, in: AfkKR 179 (2010) 20–26; id., Medieval canonical collections of the Norbertine Abbey of Weissenau in the Hermitage of St. Petersburg, in: Analecta Premonstratensia LXXXVII (2011/1–4) 225–239; id., Medieval Canon Law Manuscripts in the National Library of St. Petersburg, I, in: AfkKR 181 (2012) 91–106; id., The Tripartita as compared with “Tripartita”. Notes on the Firenze, Bibliotheca Medicea-Laurentiana, Ashburnham 53 and St. Petersburg, Nationalnaya Biblioteka O. v. II. 4, in: AfkKR 182 (2013) 6–25; id., A Canonical Manuscript in the Collection of the National Library of St. Petersburg, in: J. Goering – S. Dusil – A. Their (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Congress of Medieval Canon Law. Toronto, 5 August – 11 August 2012 (Monumenta Iuris Canonici, C/15), Città del Vaticano 2016, 87–93. 8 Szuromi, Some Canonical Manuscripts (see note 7), 23. 9 L. Delisle, Inventaire des manuscrits de Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Conservés a la Bibliothèque Impériale, sous les numéros 11504–14231 du fonds latin, Paris 1868. 10 P. Delhaye, Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Abbey, in: New Catholic Encyclopedia, XII, Washington D.C. 20032, 547–548. 11 H. Leclerq, Saint-Germain-des-Prés, in: Dictionnaire d’archéologie chrétienne et liturgie, VI/1, Paris 1924,1102–1150.

Archiv für KatholischeS KirchenrechtDownloaded 185 from (2016) Brill.com09/26/2021 390–404 12:02:21PM via free access Canon Law Manuscripts 393 emphasize that its abbot had jurisdiction over the inhabitants of this quarter.12 As it is explained precisely by Éric Dussault in 2014, after many attacks which destroyed the buildings by fire – particularly in the 9th century – at the very be- ginning of the 11th century, the entire construction had been rebuilt in stone. It is the time when the renovation of the Abbey church was finished in 1014 and the activity of the monastic community had transformed the monastery as an eminent cultural center.13 This reason had formed gradually an extraordi- nary and library as well.14 The collection had been supplemented with numerous volumes from Normand territory, since the end of the 6th cen- tury to the 10th century.15 This development was already analyzed by Alfred Franklin in 1867.16 Pope Alexander III (1159–1181) rededicated to St. Germain in 1163, who was the first abbot of this very abbey.17 After many centuries, when the last descendant of an old noble family, Pierre Séguier died in 1672, he left his famous Bibliotheca Seguirana to the Abbey. These manuscripts are easily recognizable because their distinctive cover and the gilded coat of arms on the front.18 Then in 1683 the valuable material of the old Benedictine Abbey of ’s library was also transferred to the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés, en- riching its collection.19 During the , the monks had to leave the Abbey which was secularized. Fortunately, the greater part of the library was removed to in 1791. These are those volumes which are located now in the Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale. Nevertheless, many books of the remaining material had been procured by Peter Dubrowsky (1754–1816)20, a Russian diplomat who collected numerous rare books from several European libraries at the end of the 18th century (from St. Germain des Prés in 1796). He

12 Delhaye, Saint-Germain-des-Prés (see note 10), 547. 13 In detailed: É. Dussault, L’invention de Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Paris 2014. 14 D. Bonillart, Histoire de l’abbaye royale de S.-Germain-des-Prés, Paris 1724. 15 A. Franklin, Les anciennes bibliothèques de Paris (Histoire Générale de Paris), I. Paris 1867, 108. 16 Ibid., 107–134. 17 R. Aubert, Germain (Saint), évêque de Paris (†576), in: Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géog- raphie ecclésiastiques, XX, Paris 1984, 927–929. 18 Franklin, Les anciennes bibliothèques (see note 15), 118–119. 19 O. Dobiaš-Roždestvenskaja, Histoire de l’atelier graphique de Corbie de 651 à 830 re- fletée dans les corbeieses leninpolitani (L’Académia des sciences de l’URSS. Travaux de l’Institut de l’histoire de la science et de la technique, II/3), Leningrad 1934. 20 M.R. James, The Wanderings and Homes of Manuscripts (Helps for Students of History 17), 2009: http://www. youpublish.com/files/16281/The-Wanderings-and-Homes- of-Manuscripts (October 31st 2016).

Archiv für KatholischeS Kirchenrecht 185 (2016)Downloaded 390–404 from Brill.com09/26/2021 12:02:21PM via free access 394 Szuromi sent them to St. Petersburg, where the majority of his collection became part of the Imperial Public Library.21

2 The Abbey of Corbie until 1683 The ancient Benedictine Abbey of Corbie was founded about 659/661 by monks of an Irish foundation, namely Abbey of Luxeuil. This was the reason that in Corbie they used a revised form of the Benedictine Rules, altered by St. . The abbey had a very close relationship with the Carolingian royal family, which is testified well the residence of King Desiderius in the monastery in 774.22 This is that significant date when the Collectio Dionysio- Hadriana, the enlarged version of the canonical work of Dionysius Exiguus (end of 5th century, beginning of 6th century) was sent to by Pope Hadrian I (772–795).23 This canonical collection contains the most essential conciliar material of the universal canonical discipline of the Church in Latin translation, therefore, this fundamental text could become a basis for every later systematic canonical collection which intended to compose the universal canon law in normative form. Nevertheless, this collection was not the only one which took place directly in the abbey library of Corbie. The material of collection was very rich even regarding a substantial amount of the books from Italy and from the abbey’s own scriptorium too for the 8th century.24 Together with the great scriptorium – which had an essential contribution in developing of the , e.g., the famous “Maurdramnus Bible” from the 8th century – had been formed the library and the abbey’ school. The codex list has remained from the 11th century and it is very helpful for identification of the single volumes which are dispersed in several libraries.25 We know that about 400 manuscripts were transferred to the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés in 1683.26 Obviously, these volumes cannot be counted in the original medieval material of St. Germain des Prés. Léopold Delisle briefly summarized the pre-

21 Сотрудники российской национальной библиотеки – деятели науки и культуры, I: Императорская Публичная Библотека 1795–1917, Санкт-Петербург 1995, 8–9. 22 D. Ganz, Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance (Beihefte der Francia 20), Sigmaringen 1990, 14–35. 23 Cf. Sz. A. Szuromi, Pre-Gratian Medieval Canonical Collections – Texts, Manuscripts, Concepts – (Aus Recht und Religion 18), Berlin 2014, 25–26. 24 B.L. Ullman, Corbie, Abbey, in: New Catholic Encyclopedia, IV, Washington D.C. 1967, 318–319, especially 319. 25 Ganz, Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance (see note 22), 124–158. 26 O. Dobiaš-Roždestvenskaja, Histoire de l’atelier graphique de Corbie de 651 à 830 re- fletée dans les corbeieses leninpolitani (L’Académia des sciences de l’URSS. Travaux de l’Institut de l’histoire de la science et de la technique, II/3), Leningrad 1934; Ganz, Corbie in the Carolingian Renaissance (see note 22), 36.

Archiv für KatholischeS KirchenrechtDownloaded 185 from (2016) Brill.com09/26/2021 390–404 12:02:21PM via free access Canon Law Manuscripts 395 sumptive ancient collection of Corbie based on the remained and identified manuscripts as compared with the 11th century library’ list in 186027; moreover in 1991 was organized an exhibition of Corbie manuscripts in Corbie, and its catalogue was published.28

II The Bibliothèque Nationale de France (Paris)

The already mentioned expert, Léopold Delisle was the one who wrote the classical “inventarium” in 1868 to the material of St. Germain des Prés, which has taken place in the Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale.29 Nevertheless, Delisle did not use consequently the textual critical, paleographical and codicological principles for his work, which could cause several times miss identification or description of the various original textual witnesses. Now the Latin manu- scripts 11504–14231 of Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale constitute the St. Germain des Prés corpus in France.30 If we turn our attention to the medieval canon law textual witnesses of these codices, based on our deliberated analysis of the corpus, we can as- sert the followings: the canonical material of the corpus can be found in one unit – sometimes interrupted – from BN lat. 13655 to 13697.31 The BN lat. 13655 is a 10th century manuscript which contains canonical texts organized into three books, introduced by a letter on baptism and an analysis about penance. BN lat. 1356 is from the 12th century and a collection of different canons and decretals. BN lat. 13657 is also a compilation of various canons but from the 11th century and the general canonical norms are supplemented with local ca- nonical notes. BN lat. 13658 is – supported by a precise textual-critical, codico- logical and paleographical analysis – an Italian textual witness of the 74 Title

27 Delisle, Inventaire des manuscrits de Saint-Germain-des-Prés (see note 9). 28 Ch. de Mérindol – G. Garrigou (ed.), Les manuscrits de l’Abbaye de Corbie: exposition du 10 au 16 novembre 1991, Corbie 1991. 29 Delisle, Inventaire des manuscrits de Saint-Germain-des-Prés (see note 9), 109–132. 30 Ibid., 109. 31 Ibid., 109–110.

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Digest32 from the late 11th or very early 12th century33, even the structure and contents are altering.34 The so called “Swabian Appendix” did not take place in this manuscript.35 The next canonical manuscript is BN lat. 13660 which is a 12th century textual witness of the Panormia textual family of Ivo of Chartres’ canonical work, but enlarged with the letter of Pope Honorius III (1216–1227), addressed to Archdeacon of Evreux. There is a nice 13th century exemplar of the Liber Extra (1234)36 which very possible was used for instruction, its num- ber BN lat. 13664. The BN lat. 13665 is another 13th century manuscript which contains the Ordo Iudicialis of Tancredus (†1234/1236).37 He composed this

32 Edition: J.T. Gilchrist (ed.), Diuersorum patrum sententie siue Collectio in LXXIV titulos digesta (Monumenta Iuris Canonici, B/1), Città del Vaticano 1973; A. Stickler, Historia iuris canonici Latini. Institutiones academicae. I. Historia fontium (Studia et textus histo- riae iuris canonici 6), Taurini 1950 (repr. Romae 1985), 167–170; P. Erdő, Storia delle fonti del diritto canonico (Istituto di diritto canonico San Pio X, Manualia 2), Venezia 2008, 93; P. Fournier – G. Le Bras, Histoire des collections canoniques en Occident depuis les Fausses Decretales jusqu’au Decret de Gratien (Bibliotheque de l’histoire du Droit 5), II, Paris 1932 (repr. Aalen 1972), 16; J.J. Ryan, Damiani and His Canonical Sources: a Preliminary Study in the Antecedents of Gregorian Reform (Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, Studies and Texts 2), Toronto 1956, 14; H. Fuhrmann, Über den Reformgeist der 74-Titel-Sammlung (Diversorum Patrum Sententiae), in: Festschrift für Hermann Heimpel zum 70. Geburtstag am 19. September 1971, Göttingen 1972, 1101–1120; H. Mordek, Kirchenrecht und Reform im Frankenreich: Die Collectio Vetus Gallica, die älteste systematische Kanonessammlung des fränkischen Gallien: Studien und Edition (Beiträge zur Geschichte und Quellenkunde des Mittelalters 1), Berlin-New York 1975, 7; J.T. Gilchrist, The relationship between the Collection in Four Books and the Collection in Seventy-Four Titles, in: Bulletin of Medieval Canon Law 12 (1982) 13–30; L. Kéry, Canonical Collections of the Early (ca. 400–1140). A Bibliographical Guide to the Manuscripts and Literature (History of Medieval Canon Law), Washington, D.C. 1999, 204–210; Sz.A. Szuromi, The Rules Concerning Bishops and Sacred Power in an Early Gregorian Canonical Collection (Diuersorum patrum sententie siue Collectio in LXXIV titulos digesta), in: Folia Theologica 16 (2005) 143–152. 33 Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale lat. 13658, fol. 1r: “Ex libris Monasterii S. Germani a Presi”. 34 Cf. Szuromi, Pre-Gratian Medieval Canonical Collections (see note 23), 60–61. 35 L. Fowler-Magerl, Clavis Canonum. Selected Canon Law Collections Before 1140. Access with data processing (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Hilfsmittel 21), Hannover 2005, 113–117; cf. Ch. Rolker, The Collection in Seventy-four Titles: A Monastic Canon Law Collection from Eleventh-century France, in: M. Brett – K.G. Cushing (ed.), Readers, Texts and Compilers in the Earlier Middle Ages. Studies in Medieval Canon Law in Honour of Linda Fowler-Magerl (Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval in the West), Aldershot 2009, 59–72. 36 M. Bertram, Die Dekretalen Gregors IX.: Kompilation oder Kodifikation?, in: C. Longo (a cura di), Magister Raimundus. Atti del Convegno, Roma 2002, 61–86; M. Bertram, Decretales de Gregorio IX, in: Diccionario General de Derecho Canónico, II, Pamplona 2012, 916–923. 37 Edition: F. Bergmann (ed.), Pillii, Tancredi, Gratiae libri de iudiciorum ordine, Göttingen 1842 (repr. Aalen 1965).

Archiv für KatholischeS KirchenrechtDownloaded 185 from (2016) Brill.com09/26/2021 390–404 12:02:21PM via free access Canon Law Manuscripts 397 work between 1214 and 1216, possibly in Bologna.38 The indicated manuscript was copied in France. The next medieval exemplar is BN lat. 13667 which is a “colligatum” of four works. At the beginning we can read a chart of decretals, then takes place the Decretum Gratiani39, followed by the Summa Raimundi (Summa iuris canonici)40, and finally can be found the Aureum confessorium et memoriale sacerdotum (or Summa poenitentiae)41 by Gulielmus Durantis (†1296).42 The entire manuscript was probably copied in the 14th century in Northern France. BN lat. 13670 is also a 14th century textual witness which is a collection of Pope Innocent IV’s constitutions (1243–1254).43 It is continued by the collection of Pope Clement IV’s letters (1265–1268)44 from the 14th cen- tury as BN lat. 13671. The following interesting and important manuscript is BN lat. 13686, a 9th century copy of the so-called Formularium Bignon (named after its first editor Jerôme Bignon [†1656]).45 It is known from Auguste-Marie Boudinhon’s (†1941) research, that this material originally was collected around 770 in those territories which were under the Salic law46 (i.e. Formulae Salicae Bignonianae47). It contains twenty-seven formulae. The last codex that must be indicated among the medieval manuscripts of St. Germain des Prés’ corpus of Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale is a 14th century textual witness of the Summa Rolandi as BN lat. 13688. Thanks to Rudolf Weigand (†1998) minute research,

38 J.M. Viejo-Ximénez, Tancredo, in: Diccionario General de Derecho Canónico, VII, Pamplona 2012, 535–537. 39 P. Landau, Gratian and the Decretum Gratiani, in: W. Hartmann – K. Pennington (ed.), The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period, 1140–1234 (History of Medieval Canon Law 6), Washington D.C. 2008, 22–54; J.M. Viejo-Ximénez, Decreto de Graciano, in: Diccionario General de Derecho Canónico, II, Pamplona 2012, 954–972. 40 Edition: X. Ochoa – A. Diez (ed.), S. Raimundus de Pennaforte, Summa de iure cano- nico (Universa Bibliotheca Iuris 1/A), Roma 1975; cf. P. Erdő, Geschichte der Wissenschaft vom kanonischen Recht. Eine Einführung (Kirchenrechtliche Bibliothek 4), Berlin 2006, 77, 78. 41 Cf. Histoire littéraire de la France, XX, Paris 1842, 457–460. 42 Erdő, Geschichte der Wissenschaft (see note 40), 95–97, 102; J.M. Viejo-Ximénez, J.M., Guillermo Durando, in: Diccionario General de Derecho Canónico, IV, Pamplona 2012, 278–281. 43 A. Potthast (ed.), Regesta Pontificum Romanorum inde ab a. post Christum natum MCXCVIII ad a. MCCCIV, I–II, Berlin 1875 (repr. Graz 1957), II, II. 943–1283. 44 Ibid., 1542–1649. 45 A.-M. Boudinhon, Formularies, in: Catholic Encyclopedia, VI, New York 1913, 141–144, especially 142. 46 H.J. Hummer, Politics and Power in Early Medieval Europe. Alsace and the Frankish Realm, 600–1000 (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series 65), Cambridge 2006, 93. 47 Edition: K. Zeumer (ed.), Formulae Merowingici et Karolini Aevi. Accedunt Ordines Iudicorum Dei (Cambridge Library – Medieval History), Cambridge 2010 [original edi- tion: Hannoverae 1886], 227–238.

Archiv für KatholischeS Kirchenrecht 185 (2016)Downloaded 390–404 from Brill.com09/26/2021 12:02:21PM via free access 398 Szuromi we know that Magister Rolandus famous work’s first recension of its five was written around 1150, and the final version of the Summa had been finished around 1164.48 The afore-mentioned exemplar – nonetheless that Rolandus was member of the Italian school – is certainly a French copy.

III The National Library of St. Petersburg

The Medieval manuscripts of the canon law collections can be found in four different sections of the National Library of St. Petersburg, namely in the Erm. lat., the Lat. F. v. II, the Lat. O. v. II, and the Lat. Q. v. II. Paul Lehmann (†1964) had already listed in 1932 those twenty-eight manuscripts of Weissenau which ended up in the Latin collection of the Hermitage (four contain canonical ma- terial) and made the essential part of the Erm. lat. section.49 During the Napoleonic Wars – since 1795 – numerous volumes had trans- ferred to Russia from Europe by the Russian Army or through other peoples, and a significant part of this arrived to St. Petersburg.50 According to the deci- sion of Empress Catherine II (1762–1796) – who already enriched with 18 000 volumes the collection of the Hermitage through the service of Grigoriu Orlov in 176651 – with the approval of the Cabinet, the library of St. Petersburg was enriched by numerous collections of volumes in 1796 and 1797, under Paul

48 R. Weigand, Magister Rolandus und Papst Alexander III., in: AfkKR 149 (1980) 3–44; cf. K. Pennington – W.P. Müller, The Decretalists: The Italian School, in: W. Hartmann – K. Pennington (ed.), The History of Medieval Canon Law in the Classical Period, 1140– 1234: from Gratian to the Decretals of Pope Gregory IX (The History of Medieval Canon Law 6), Washington D.C. 2008, 121–173, especially 131–134. 49 P. Lehmann, Verschollene und wiedergefundene Reste der Klosterbibliothek von Weissenau, in: Zentralblatt für Bibliothekwesen 49 (1932) 1–11; cf. H. Binder, Bibliotheca Weissenaviensis. Aus der Geschichte der Klosterbibliothek, in: P. Eitel (Hrsg.), Weißenau in Geschichte und Gegenwart (Festschrift zur 700-Jahrfeier der Übergabe der Heiligblutreliquie durch Rudolf von Habsburg an die Prämonstratenserabtei Weißenau), Sigmaringen 1983, 231–244, especially 233, 241; E. Wenzel, Die mittelalterliche Bibliothek der Abtei Weißenau (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe XV: Klassische Sprachen und Literaturen, 73), Frankfurt am Main 1998, 114–119; Szuromi, Medieval Canon Law heritage of the Norbertine Abbey of Weissenau (see note 7), 119–137, especially 119; Szuromi, Medieval canonical collections of the Norbertine Abbey of Weissenau (see note 7), 225–239, especially 225. 50 Путеводитель по Императорской Публичной Библиотекь, Санкт-Петербург 1860. 2; cf. Люблинская, А. Д., Древнейшие латинские рукописи Публичной библиотеки, Ленинград 1929. 51 Д. Н. Αльшиц – Е. Г. Шапот (составили), Каталог-Русских рукописей ермитажного собрания, Ленинград 1930, 7.

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I (1796–1801).52 The continuously arriving books forced Alexander I (1801– 1825) to establish a new library, which was erected on October 14th, 1810 and named Imperial Public Library of St. Petersburg53. Here we must indicate Peter Dubrowsky (†1806) who was the head of the Russian diplomacy in Paris dur- ing the last decade of the 18th century.54 He collected many manuscripts and miniatures – including the rest of the material of St. Germain des Prés. He sent his entire collection back to Russia, which carriage had arrived after a long journey to St. Petersburg in 1801, where Alexander I placed it in the Public Library and in the Hermitage of St. Petersburg.55 The collection – I mean those volumes which survived the transport and its circumstances – has been ana- lyzed by me in the last decade (and prepared for publication as a two volumes detailed catalogue), and it gives a colorful picture on the written culture of the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés, complementing those data which are known on that corpus which remained in France. We can say that this book-culture – beside the several copies of the religious rules and their commentaries – was very rich, particularly concerning the biblical, patristic, and liturgical literature; moreover concerning philosophical and classical authors too. Nevertheless, like in the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, this part of the collection also preserved some canonical writings, even from the medieval time. It is impor- tant to emphasize, that about twenty volumes of Dubrowsky collection origi- nally belonged to the material of the Abbey of Corbie. We must consider also that not every exemplar of the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés has arrived to St. Petersburg through Peter Dubrowsky. We do not intend here to give a complete list with description of the above mentioned codices, it is zeal of the new catalogue56; but we like to indicate the most significant medieval canon law textual witnesses, based on our deliberated

52 Отчеть Императорскою Публичною Библиотекою представленный за 1814 годь, Санкт-Петербургь 1815; cf. Императорская Публичная Библиотека за 100 лет. 1814– 1914, Санкт-Петербургь 1914, 239–241. 53 F. Gille, Musée de l’Ermitage Impérial: Notice sur formation de ce musée et description des diverses collections qu’il renferme, St-Pétersburg 1860; Л.И. Киселева, Латинские рукописи XIV века (Описание рукописей Российской национальной библиотеки), Санкт-Петербург 2012, 6–7, 15, 35. 54 И.Е. Андреевскимь – К.К. Арсеньева – Е.Е. Петрушевского, Энциклопедический словарь, Санкт-Петербургь 1893, XXI, 218. 55 О.Н. Блеcкина (составитель), Каталог содрания латинских рукописей: право, философия, наука, литература и искусство, Санкт-Петербург 2011, 6–8; Л. И. Киселева, Латинские рукописи XIV века, 6–7. Люблинская, А. Д., Древнейшие латинские рукописи Публичной библиотеки, 8, 63. 56 Cf. Sz. A. Szuromi (ed.), A Catalogue of Canon Law Manuscripts of the Abbey of Saint Germain des Prés in the Russian National Library of St. Petersburg, I–II (under press).

Archiv für KatholischeS Kirchenrecht 185 (2016)Downloaded 390–404 from Brill.com09/26/2021 12:02:21PM via free access 400 Szuromi analysis of the corpus. Firstly, must be referred the very possibly oldest manu- script of this corpus, a Dionysio-Hadriana57 exemplar from the beginning of the 9th century (F. II. 12). This volume is in very bad condition, however based on the used parchments, its origin definitely Gallia (France).58 The manuscript was not consulted frequently, the damages were caused by something else. The text was written by one hand with nice Carolingian minuscule. On the cover is clearly recognizable the coat of arms of Pierre Séguier’s family, there- fore this volume had taken place in St. Germain des Prés from the Bibliotheca Seguirana, which means that the exemplar joined the corpus in the 17th cen- tury. We can find there Peter Dubrowsky’s distinctive inscription: “Ex museo Petri Dubrowsky” (fol. 1r). Following the order of my catalogue, we would like to make notes on F. II. 8, a very late 13th exemplar of the Liber Extra with the Glossa Ordinaria59. I was able to identify five hands in the manuscript which was copied certainly in France. The main text (m.1) and the Glossa Ordinaria (m.2) are from the late 13th century; the supplementary glossa (m.3)60 and the cross-references in the margin (m.4)61 are from the 14th century; finally some notes for teaching (m.5)62 are from the 15th century. Therefore, it is a typical exemplar for instruction. It must be mentioned, that F. II. 24 is also a French Liber Extra exemplar from the same time, used for similar – teaching – purpose. There are three supplementing bi-folio at the front.63 We can identify seven hands from the 13th century (the main text and the Glossa Ordinaria [m.1, m.2]) to the 15th century (notes between the main text and the Glossa Ordinaria [13th century: m.3], supplementary marginal notes [15th century: m.4], three different notes following each another at the bottom of the pages [m.5: 13th century, m.6: 14th century, m.7: 15th century]). Based on the order of manuscript the next one is F. II. 9 is a late 14th century Italian textual wit- ness of the commentary (lectura) on Clementinae64 by Gulielmus de Monte

57 Edition: F. Pithou, Codex canonum vetus Ecclesiae Romanae restitutus, Parisiis 1687. PL LXVII. 135–346; cf. Erdő, P., Storia delle fonti del diritto canonico, 76–77. 58 St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. F. II. 12, foll. 1r–255v. 59 St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. F. II. 8, foll. 2v–121vb. 60 Appears from St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. F. II. 8, fol. 3v. 61 Appears from St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. F. II. 8, fol. 4r. 62 Appears from St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. F. II. 8, fol. 18v. 63 St. Petersburg, Lat. F. II. 24, foll. [1ra]–[6vb]: (Incipit) non debemus de iure …; (Explicit) ecclesie restitutum. 64 Edition: Apparatus excellentissimi doctoris Guillelmi de Monte Lauduno super Clementinas: nunquam antehac neque integre neque fideliter impressus … nuper vero Parisiis syncerissimis typis excusus, Paris 1517.

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Lauduno (†1343)65. He was the one who composed a well-known work on Sacramentale sive Librum de sacramentis (written in 1301)66. F. II. 10 is also an important copy, which contains Huguccio’s Summa on the Decretum Gratiani, which was composed for 1188.67 The manuscript was written in Italy between the 13th and 14th century. There is a frequented used – fragmented – exemplar of the Decretum Gratiani (F. II. 23), originally copied in France in the 13th cen- tury. The main text concludes with C. 35 q. 9 c. 4.68 The identified nine hands are from the 13th century (main text: m.1, Glossa Ordinaria: m.2, supplemen- tary lists at the bottom of the pages: m.3) to the 16th century. A nice, refined, double columns, early 14th century French textual witness of the Liber Sextus – with Johannes Andreae’s glossas69 – belongs this St. Germain des Prés corpus too (F. II. 27), which very probably was used at ecclesiastical tribunal (based on the supplements and inscriptions). Even the illumination of fol. 1r is impres- sive, delineating the pope, cardinals, bishops and a monk. In the second section of the corpus it may identify a textual witness of Bartholomeus de Pisa, Summa de casibus.70 This widespread work, which belongs to the 14th century “summa” literature, had been composed for the year 1338. Its contents are arranged in alphabetical order according to several kinds of material, along with insertions of supplements in rather abbreviated form and excerpts, sometimes annotated by commentaries. According to the scientific historical classification of canon law, the Summa Pisana is labelled as belonging to the “summae confessorum.” Hence, beyond the canonical explanations, we can find various theological definitions in it too.71 This con- crete exemplar – O. II. 1 – is a very small late 14th/early 15th century codex (186 × 129 mm) and the Summa Pisana is only the first work within that, from foll. 1r to 302v.72 Based on the parchments, the script style, and the illumination

65 H. Zapp, W. v. Monte Lauduno, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, IX, München-Zürich 1999, 176–177; Erdő, Geschichte der Wissenschaft (see note 40), 90, 92. 66 Cf. Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Lat. 28071. 67 Erdő, Geschichte der Wissenschaft (see note 40), 63. 68 St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. F. II. 23, fol. 228v. 69 Erdő, Geschichte der Wissenschaft (see note 40), 96–97. 70 Edition: Lugduni 1519. Henceforth we use for our comparison the text of: Bartholomeus de pysana ordinis fratrum predicatorum, 1475; cf. Erdő, Geschichte der Wissenschaft (see note 40), 100, 118. 71 Erdő, Geschichte der Wissenschaft vom kanonistischen Recht, 100; cf. Sz. A. Szuromi, A Canonical Manuscript in the Collection of the National Library of St. Petersburg, 88–92. 72 St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. O. II. 1: fol. 1r (Incipit) Quoniam ut ait gregorius super Ezechielem […]; foll. 1v–299r (Textus) A: Abbas – Auaricia [1v–16v]; B: Baptismus – Blasphemia [16v–26v]; C: Cabella – Curiositas [26v–54v]; D: Dampnificatus – Duellum [54v–70r]; E: Ebrietas – Exposita [70r–99v]; F: Falsum – Furtum [99v–106r]; G: Gloria – Gula

Archiv für KatholischeS Kirchenrecht 185 (2016)Downloaded 390–404 from Brill.com09/26/2021 12:02:21PM via free access 402 Szuromi it is a French copy. Among the further texts of this volume, a significant writ- ing can be found – beside the “Liber decretorum”73, and “Decretalium” – from foll. 352r to 361v, i.e. Determinatio facultatis theologiae de Parisius.74 Between the two indicated texts are located Johannes Gerson (†1429) several short works.75 As it well known he was an important philosopher and theologian of his time, who became Chancellor of the University of Paris (1395–1415) and canon of the Notre Dame Cathedral of Paris.76 Ms. O. II. 3 is a Liber Extra’ ex- emplar from the late 14th century (foll. 2rb–193vb)77, which was supplied with the “regulae iuris” of the Liber Sextus (foll. 194ra–201va).78 On the first folio we can read brief notes on the process at a particular ecclesiastical tribunal (m.2: 16th century).79 The main text is without the usual glossa (even the rulings are missing around the main text) or any inscription, which is considerable.

[106r–106v]; H: Habitus – Humilitas [106v–126v]; I: Iactantia – Iuramentum [126v–153v]; L: Leprosa – Luxuria [153v–160v]; M: Magi – Mutilare [160v–176v]; N: Naufragium – Nuptie [176v–181v]; O: Obedientia – Ornatus [181v–195v]; P: Papa – Pusillanimitas [195v–220r]; Q: Quarta – Questuarii [220r–220v]; R: Raptor – Rixa [220v–236r]; S: Sacerdos – Susurratio [236r–271r]; T: Tabellio – Tutela [271r–278v]; U: Uenator – Uxor [271r–298r]; X: Xristus [298r–298v]; Y: Ypostasis [298v]; Zelus [298v]; (Finis) Si uero aliquis doleret de bono al- terius sicut inquantum alter excedit ipsum in bonis tunc est inuidia ut dictum est sic Inuidia § ii [299r]; foll. 299r–302v: register titulorum; (Rubrica) Explicit summa cum ta- bula dicta casibus alius pysana [302v]. 73 St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. O. II. 1: foll. 303ra–307vb: (Incipit) Liber decretorum distinctus est in tres partes (…). 74 St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. O. II. 1: foll. 307vb–309rb: (Rubrica) Incipit tituli decretalium primus liber (…); fol. 309rb: (Finis) Deo Gratias. 75 St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. O. II. 1: foll. 209v–322v; foll. 322v–324v; foll. 324v–325v; foll. 326r–328v; foll. 328v–351r. See Joannis Gersonii Opera Omnia, I–V. Antwerpiae 1706; cf. J. Gerson, Oeuvres Complètes (ed. Glorieux, P.), I–X. Paris 1960–1973. 76 Ch. Schmidt, Essai sur Jean Gerson chancelier de l’Université de Paris, Strassburg 1839; B.P. McGuire, Jean Gerson and the Last Medieval Reformation, University Park, PA. 2005; id., A Companion to Jean Gerson (Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition 3), Leiden 2006; D. Hobbins, Authorship and Publicity Before Print: Jean Gerson and the Transformation of Late Medieval Learning, Philadelphia, PA. 2009. 77 Л. И. Киселева, Гоический курсив XIII–XIV вв., Ленинград 1974, 183. 78 St. Haering – H. Schmitz (dir.), Diccionario enciclopédico de Derecho Canónico (ed. española: de Heredia, I.P. y Llaquet, V.J.L.), Barcelona 2008, 730–731; cf. Friedberg, II. 1122–1124. 79 St. Petersburg, RNB Lat. O. II. 3, foll. 1r–1v.

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IV Conclusion

Above we intended to give an overview on those medieval canon law manu- scripts which still testify the literary culture of the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés. This “reconstructive vision” cannot be complete or perfect. There are two important libraries which basically preserved the literary heritage of the Abbey of St. Germain des Prés: i.e. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale and the National Library of St. Petersburg. However, we know well, that numerous vol- umes have lost during the various historical occurrences since the middle of the 6th century. The later donations and the arrival of the material of Abbey of Corbie’s library had also changed the contents and structure of the medieval library of St. Germain des Prés. Nevertheless, based on the historical analysis of this rich Benedictine library and the fate of its books we can give an outline on the original medieval library, focusing on its canon law material. From our description – regarding the collection of the observed two libraries – it is very clear that the medieval canon law corpus of St. Germain des Prés was on the highest level of that epoch. From the 10th up to the 15th century we could find the most important canonical literature. These manuscripts testify not only the ownership by this very abbey, but a flourishing canon law activity in sev- eral fields of the ecclesiastical institutionalized life wherein they were used on the day-to-day basis. The several hands and many supplements or inscriptions show well the application of canonical norms for instruction, for cases at the ecclesiastical tribunal, for the interpretation of administration sacraments and sacramentals, particularly regarding the matrimonial and penitential service of the faithful. The remained manuscripts eminently demonstrate the signifi- cant influence on daily public ecclesiastical activity of the Benedictine com- munity of St. Germain des Prés.

Zusammenfassung / Summary / Sommario

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die mittelalterlichen kanonistischen Manuskripte der Benediktinerabtei St. Germain des Prés. Für die Rekonst- ruktion des Bestandes greift Verf. auf eigene Forschungen in der Nationalbi- bliothek von St. Petersburg zurück. Das analysierte Material zeugt von einer vitalen Schreib- und Rechtskultur sowie einem bemerkenswerten Einfluss auf das alltägliche kirchliche Leben der Pariser Abtei. Das reichhaltige kirchen- rechtliche corpus der Klostersammlung erweist sich als herausragendes Bei- spiel ihrer Zeit.

Archiv für KatholischeS Kirchenrecht 185 (2016)Downloaded 390–404 from Brill.com09/26/2021 12:02:21PM via free access 404 Szuromi

This work is an overview on those medieval canon law manuscripts which still testify the literary culture of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Germain des Prés. For the reconstruction of its original collection, have been used the material of two important libraries, i.e. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale and the National Library of St. Petersburg. This description can give an outline on the original medieval library, focusing on its canon law material. The analyzed manuscripts testify not only the ownership by this very abbey, but a flourishing canon law activity in several fields of the ecclesiastical institutionalized life wherein they were used on the day-to-day basis. The several hands and many supplements or inscriptions show well the application of canonical norms for instruction, for cases at the ecclesiastical tribunal, for the interpretation of administra- tion sacraments and sacramentals, particularly regarding the matrimonial and penitential service of the faithful.

Il presente studio presenta una panoramica dei manoscritti, del periodo me- dievale di Diritto Canonico, che testimoniano la cultura letteraria dell’Abbazia di San Germain des Prés. Per ricostruire la raccolta originale, sono stati usate le fonti provenienti da due importanti Biblioteche (la Biblioteca Nazionale di Parigi e la Biblioteca Nazionae di San Pietroburgo). Lo studio dà gli el- ementi basilari dell’originale Biblioteca medievale, privilegiando l’ambito del Diritto Canonico. I manoscritti analizzati testimoniano non solo che ap- partenevano all’Abbazia, ma anche dell’impegno attivo in vari ambiti del Diritto Canonico nella quotidiana attività sociale ed ecclesiale. I numerosi interventi o annotazioni succedutesi nel tempo, manifestano chiaramente l’uso delle norme canoniche per l’istruzione dei vari casi nei Tribunali eccle- siastici, per l’interpretazione della normativa riguardante l’amministrazione dei Sacramenti e dei Sacramentali. In modo particolare quanto interessa i Sacramenti del Matrimonio e della Penitenza.

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