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Gila Aloni, associate professor and chair of the English department at Lynn University (Boca Raton, Florida), has published in French, Hebrew, and English. After receiving a PhD summa cum laude from the Sorbonne (Paris 4) in 1999 and publishing her dissertation as her first book, Dr. Aloni has held several postdoctoral appointments, which include New York University and Fordham University. Aloni’s interdisciplinary research on Geoffrey Chaucer’s multilingualism, reinscription of his classical sources, and use of rhetoric with a psychoanalytical orientation has been published in various prominent journals in her field, including The Mediterranean Historical Review, Médiévales, The Chaucer Review, and Rhetoric Society Quarterly. Aloni’s current work takes two directions: revi- sion of the core curriculum at Lynn University, for which she edited two books, and a project on Chaucer’s dream vision. Florence Bourgne is an alumna of the École Normale Supérieure at the rue d’Ulm, Paris. She wrote her doctoral dissertation on Chaucer’s Troilus under André Crépin’s supervision. She is now a tenured associate professor at the Sorbonne (Paris 4), where she teaches medieval English literature and culture and runs a medieval English paleography seminar. Her publications include The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer (Paris: Armand Colin, 2003). Leo Carruthers, born in Dublin, Ireland, studied at University College Dublin (MA, 1972) before moving to France to pursue research at the Sorbonne (Paris 4). His PhD thesis (1980) was devoted to the English translations of the Somme le Roi, and in 1987 he was awarded the French State Doctorate for his work on Jacob’s Well, which belongs to the same tradition. In 1988 he helped to set up the International Medieval Sermon Studies Society and was elected its first president. Since 1994 he has been professor of English at the Sorbonne, and since 2006, president of the AMAES, the French Association for Medieval English Studies. He has written on many aspects of Old and Middle English literature, from 252 CONTRIBUTORS

Beowulf to Everyman, with a particular emphasis on religious themes and the historical contexts. Raeleen Chai-Elsholz , an independent scholar and technical translator, is a graduate of Bryn Mawr College (BA/MA) and the Sorbonne (Paris 4). Her doctoral dissertation (2003) explored narrative strategies in Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica. The historiography and hagiography of late antiquity, Anglo-Saxon England, and the early medieval West, as well as their reception in later periods, have been her primary focuses of research. She is currently a member of the board of directors of the International Medieval Society in Paris, and also publishes on various ecclesiastical top- ics and personalities from eighteenth- century Italy. She was co- organizer, with Tatjana Silec, of the CÉMA conference in 2008, from which many of the papers in this volume developed. Jean- Marc Elsholz is completing his doctoral dissertation under the direction of Jean Gili and Nicole Brenez in the art history and film studies department of the Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (Paris 1). Alongside his professional activities in information science and knowledge manage- ment for the legal professions, he has published articles in Positif, one of France’s foremost journals in the field of cinema. His advanced studies (DEA) thesis, “Les Voies de l’Immortalité selon Stanley Kubrick: repères pour une étude esthétique et philosophale de 2001: l’Odyssée de l’espace,” was distinguished by the Sindacato Nazionale Giornalisti Cinematografici Italiani (Premio Sacchi, 2000). Adrian Papahagi (BA, MA, PhD Sorbonne) specializes in early medieval studies. His research areas are Anglo- Saxon and Germanic languages and literatures, medieval Latin, and manuscript studies. He has edited and coedited four volumes of proceedings, and has published articles in such periodicals as Medium Ævum, Scriptorium, Notes & Queries, Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, Critica del Testo, and Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres . He is currently an assistant professor at the University of Cluj, Romania, where he teaches Old English language and literature, and manuscript studies. Jane Roberts is a senior research fellow at the Institute of English Studies and emeritus professor of English language and medieval literature in the University of London. Her recent publications include A Guide to Scripts Used in English Writing up to 1500 (British Library Publications, 2005); TOE Online (2005) with Flora Edmonds, Christian Kay, and Irené Wotherspoon; Text, Image, Interpretation: Studies in Anglo- Saxon Literature in Honour of Éamonn Ó Carragáin (Brepols, 2007) with Alastair Minnis; Lambeth Palace Library and Its Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (Taderon Press, CONTRIBUTORS 253

2007) with David Ganz. She is one of the four editors of the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (2009). Sharon M. Rowley earned a PhD from the University of Chicago in 1996, with the dissertation “Reading Miracles in Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People.” Currently associate professor of English at Christopher Newport University (Newport News, Virginia), Dr. Rowley has published several articles about Bede’s Ecclesiastical History, the Old English version of Bede’s HE in its manuscript contexts, and other medieval texts. In 2007, Dr. Rowley was awarded a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities and a visiting fellowship at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, to work on a study of the OEHE, The Old English Version of Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, in press). She is also working on a new edition of the OEHE, which has not been edited in its entirety for more than one hundred years. Tatjana Silec is a tenured assistant professor at the Sorbonne, where she teaches English literature and culture as well as the history of the English language. She recently earned a PhD summa cum laude from the Sorbonne with a dissertation on court jesters in medieval and Renaissance literature. Her research is anthropologically oriented and focuses on the presentation of folly in drama. She has also written on Tolkien. In 2008 she started studying drama from a professional perspective, as she was admitted to Les Ateliers du Sudden, an acting school in Paris that offers training in French and English. She was co-organizer, with Raeleen Chai- Elsholz, of the CÉMA conference in 2008, which was at the origin of the present book. Colette Stévanovitch is a professor in the English department of Nancy- Université. Her field of research is medieval English literature. She has edited the Old English poems Genesis and Christ II and published numerous papers on Old and Middle English poetry. She founded the GRENDEL research group (Groupe de Recherche et d’Etude Nancéien sur la Diachronie et sur l’Emergence de la Littérature Anglaise) in 1998, and is currently head of IDEA (Interdisciplinarité dans les Etudes Anglophones), a research unit at Nancy- Université. Peter A. Stokes completed his doctorate at the University of Cambridge on eleventh- century English vernacular script after receiving honors degrees in classics and English literature and in computer engineering. He was then research associate on the LangScape project of Anglo- Saxon boundary clauses at the Centre for Computing in Humanities at King’s College London, which involved consulting original manuscripts, XML markup, and developing new software. He is now Leverhulme 254 CONTRIBUTORS early career fellow in paleography at Cambridge, where he is developing new quantitative and computer-based methods for handwriting identification. He has also worked at the British Library on digital images of Greek palimpsests and was consultant for the Hearth Tax project and the European Medieval Medicine Documents Identification System. He has been lecturing in paleography and codicology at Cambridge since 2004, and is principle coordinator of a UK- wide training scheme called “Medieval Manuscript Studies in the Digital Age.” Paul E. Szarmach is executive director of the Medieval Academy of America and editor of Speculum (from 2006). His previous service includes thirteen years as director of the Medieval Institute at Western Michigan University, where he was also professor of English and medieval studies. He retired from Western Michigan in 2007 with emeritus status. His twenty- four years at the State University of New York at Binghamton included fifteen years as director of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies. Szarmach was a member of the board of directors of the SUNY Research Foundation (1986–94). He also received a Chancellor’s Award for Excellence in Teaching (1977). He has been the principal investigator or co- PI in numerous grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, including ten NEH summer institutes or seminars. In 2004 he received the Officer’s Cross of the Legion of Merit from the Republic of Poland. Szarmach was elected fellow of the Medieval Academy in 2006, when he also received the Robert L. Kindrick Service Award from Centers and Regional Associations, a standing committee of the Academy. Claire Vial, agrégée d’anglais, an alumna of the Ecole Normale Supérieure at Fontenay- Saint Cloud, is an associate professor of English at the University of Paris 3 Sorbonne Nouvelle. Her research interests are the history of medieval imagination and its iconographic expressions. Her initial field of studies centered on feasts and festivals and their literary representations in the late Middle Ages. She has published several articles on Chaucer, Lydgate, Malory, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and Beowulf. Another of her areas of research covers the interplay between courtly and popular literature. This has led her to work on Middle English lyrics, the Middle English Breton lays, and English medieval drama, as well as Shakespearian drama. Her most recent article is “Everyman and the Bowels of Tragedy” (March 2009). She organized the international CÉMA conference held in March 2009 at the Château de Vincennes on the theme “Love and the Sea in Medieval England: From Linguistics to History and Literary Creation.” INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS CITED

Manuscripts, by codex name Archimedes palimpsest (Baltimore, Walters Art Museum) 35, 56n1, 83, 91n10 Arundel Psalter (London, BL Arundel 60) 64, 67, 70, 75n20, 76n34 & n35 Auchinleck Manuscript (Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, Advocates MS 19.2.1) 119, 122, 132n13, 133n16, 187, 188n2 & n27 Beowulf Manuscript (London, BL Cotton Vitellius A. xv) 82–3, 91n8 & n9, 155n31, 240 Blickling Homilies (Princeton, Princeton University W.H. Scheide Library, Scheide M71) 6, 77n44 Blickling Psalter (New York, Pierpont Morgan Library 776) 61, 64, 74n4 Bosworth Psalter (London, BL Additional 37517) 63, 64, 74n4 & n15, 76n36 Bury Bible (Cambridge, CCC MS 2.1) 125, 134n30 Caligula Troper (London, BL Cotton Caligula A. xiv) 128, 135n43 Codex Amiatinus (Florence, Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana, MS Amiatino 1) 2 Cuthbercht Gospels (Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. Lat. 1224) 127, 134n37 Dover Bible (Cambridge, CCC MS 4) 127, 134n39 Eadwine Psalter (Cambridge, Trinity College MS R. 17. 1) 64-5, 74n4, 75n21, 127, 134n40 Épinal Glossary (Épinal, Bibliothèque Multimédia Intercommunale, MS 72) 91n7 Holkham Bible Picture Book (London, BL Additional 47682) 16n37, 126, 128, 134n34 Junius Psalter (Oxford, Bodleian Junius 27) 62, 64, 70, 74n5 & n8, 78n52 Lambeth Psalter (Lambeth Palace Library 427) xiii, 64–70, 72, 75n18 Lindisfarne Gospels (London, BL Cotton Nero D. IV) 61, 73n2, 77n48 Macregol Gospels (Oxford, Bodleian Auctarium D.2.19) 61, 77n48 (Rushworth) Paris Psalter (Paris, BnF lat. 8824) 64, 74n6 Percy Folio Manuscript (London, BL Additional 27897) 193-5, 203n6 & n10 Petites Heures du Duc de Berry (Paris, BnF lat. 18014) 128, 135n45 Regius Psalter (London, BL Royal 2 B. v) 62-8, 70-2, 74n11, 76n32, 77n43, 78n50, n55 & n59–60, 79n70 Salisbury Psalter (Salisbury, Cathedral 150) 63–4, 70, 72, 74n7 & n12–14, 76n34 & n38, 77n43, 78n56 & n61, 79n63 & n67 Vercelli Book (Vercelli, Cathedral Library, MS CXVII) 15n22, 87, 94n33 & n36 Vernon Manuscript (Oxford, Bodleian Eng. Poet. a 1) 128–9, 131, 135n48, 136n59 256 INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS CITED

Vespasian Psalter (London, BL Cotton Vespasian A. i) 61–6, 70, 74n4, 76n32, 78n50 & n52, 79n66 Vitellius Psalter (London, BL Cotton Vitellius E. xviii) 64-8, 71–2, 75, 75n19 & n26, 76n34–5, 77n42, 79n70 Winchcombe Psalter (Cambridge, CUL Ff. i. 23) 63, 64, 70, 74n4, 75n16 Winchcombe Sacramentary (Orléans, BM MS 127 (105)) 24, 31n25 Winchester Benedictional (Paris, BnF lat. 987) 24

Manuscripts, by location Baltimore, Walters Art Museum, Archimedes palimpsest 35, 56n1, 83, 91n10 Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Lat. MS 4° 364 (Fleury palimpsest) 24 Bern, Burgerbibliothek MS 611 (possible Fleury palimpsest) 32n30 Cambridge Cambridge University Library (CUL) Ff. i. 23 (Winchcombe Psalter aka Cambridge Psalter) 63, 64, 70, 74n4, 75n16 Ii. 3. 26 (Charter of Christ) 129–30, 135n56 Kk.3.18 (Old English version of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica) 96–9, 111n26 Corpus Christi College (CCCC) MS 2.1 (Bury Bible) 125, 134n30 MS 4 (Dover Bible) 127, 134n39 MS 41 (Old English version of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica) 96–8, 103, 111n20 & n23 MS 201 (Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi) 86, 93n28–31 MS 419 (Wulfstan’s Sermo Lupi) 86, 93n28–31 MS 422 (Solomon and Saturn and “Red Book of Darley”) 36, 57n7–8, 82 Gonville and Caius College, MS 350/567 134n33, 125–6 Magdalene College, Pepys 2981 (18) 57n4 St. John’s College, MS 59 76n36 Trinity College, MS R. 17. 1 (Eadwine Psalter) 64–5, 74n4, 75n21, 119, 127, 134n40 Chantilly, Musée Condé, MS 71 (Heures d’Étienne Chevalier) 128, 135n46 Durham, Cathedral Library MS A. ii. 16 57n4 MS B. III. 32 63 Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland, Adv. MS 19.2.1 (Auchinleck Manuscript) 119, 122, 132n13, 133n16, 187, 188n2 & n27 Épinal, Bibliothèque Multimédia Intercommunale, MS 72 (Épinal Glossary) 91n7 Florence, Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana, Ms. Amiatino 1 (Codex Amiatinus) 2 Karlsruhe, Landesbibliothek Aug. CLXVII 91n5 Leiden, Universiteitsbibliotheek, Voss Lat. Q.106 (contains Leiden Riddle) 24 London British Library (BL) Additional 27897 (Percy Folio Manuscript containing Sir Lambewell) 193–5, 203n6 & n10 INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS CITED 257

Add. 35298 (Gilte Legende) 119 Add. 37517 (Bosworth Psalter) 63, 64, 74n4 & n15, 76n36 Add. 47682 (Holkham Bible Picture Book) 16n37, 126, 128, 134n34 Arundel 60 (Arundel Psalter) 64, 67, 70, 75n20, 76n34 & n35 Cotton Augustus ii. 6 36, 57n7 Cotton Caligula A. ii (Charter of Christ and Thomas Chestre’s Sir Launfal) 129-30, 135n55, 194 Cotton Caligula A. xiv (Caligula Troper) 128, 135n43 Cotton Domitian A.IX (Old English version of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica) 96, 109n10 Cotton Julius A. vi 63 Cotton Nero A.i 85–7 Cotton Nero A. x (Pearl) 132n10, 118 Cotton Nero D. IV (Lindisfarne Gospels) 61, 73n2, 77n48 Cotton Otho B.XI (Old English version of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica) 96–7 Cotton Tiberius B. v 57n6 Cotton Tiberius C. vi (glossed psalter) 75n19 Cotton Vespasian A. i (Vespasian Psalter) 61–6, 70, 74n4, 76n32, 78n50 & n52, 79n66 Cotton Vespasian D. xii 63 Cotton Vitellius A.xv (Beowulf manuscript) 82–3, 91n8 & n9, 155n31, 240 Cotton Vitellius E. xviii (Vitellius Psalter) 64–8, 71–2, 75, 75n19 & n26, 76n34–5, 77n42, 79n70 Egerton 3245 115–16, 132n2 Harley 2346 (Charter of Christ) 129, 135n54 Harley 4431 (works of Christine de Pizan) 127, 134n42 Royal 2 B. v (Regius Psalter) 62–8, 70–2, 74n11, 76n32, 77n43, 78n50, n55 & n59–60, 79n70 Royal 7 C xii 84 Royal 4 A. xiv 71 Stowe 2 (glossed psalter) 64, 75n19 Lambeth Palace Library 427 (Lambeth Psalter) 64–70, 72, 75n18 Milan, Ambrosiana M. 12 sup. 91n5 New Haven, Yale University Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library MS 262 83 New York, Pierpont Morgan Library 776 (Blickling Psalter) 61, 64, 74n4 Orléans, Bibliothèque Municipale (BM) MS 127 (105) (Winchcombe Sacramentary) 24, 31n25 MS 175 (152) 24 MS 192 (169) 24 MS 342 (290) 21-33 Oxford Bodleian Library Auctarium D.2.19 (Macregol Gospels) 61, 77n48 (Rushworth) 258 INDEX OF MANUSCRIPTS CITED

Auctarium F.III.15 [=cat. 3511] 91n5 Bodley 89 (Charter of Christ) 129, 135n53 Bodley 343 86 Bodley 596 (Lyfe of Adam) 121–2, 133n21 Eng. poet. a 1 (Vernon Manuscript) 131, 136n59 Hatton 113 (E) 86–7 Junius 27 ( Junius Psalter) 62, 64, 70, 74n5 & n8, 78n52 Rawlinson C 86 (Sir Landevale) 175, 194 Rawlinson Poet. 175 (Charter of Christ) 129, 135n52 Tanner 10 (Old English version of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica) 96–8, 110n15 & n17, 111n20 Corpus Christi College MS 279 (Old English version of Bede’s Historia ecclesiastica) 96-9, 111n26 Trinity College MS 57 (apocryphal life of Adam and Eve, or Canticum de Creatione) 119, 127 Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) fr. 1586 (Remède de Fortune) 127, 134n41 lat. 74 (twelfth-century Bible) 125, 134n32 lat. 987 (Winchester Benedictional) 24 lat. 6400G (Fleury palimpsest, fols. 112v–145v) 24 lat. 6401 (Boethius) 24 lat. 8824 (Paris Psalter) 64, 74n6 lat. 8846 (glossed psalter) 64–5 lat. 18014 (Petites Heures du Duc de Berry) 128, 135n45 Princeton, Princeton University W.H. Scheide Library, Scheide M71 (Blickling Homilies) 6, 77n44 Salisbury, Cathedral 150 (Salisbury Psalter) 63–4, 70, 72, 74n7 & n12–14, 76n34 & n38, 77n43, 78n56 & n61, 79n63 & n67 Sankt Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, 261 Vatican, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana (BAV) 5, 14, 18 Reg. Lat. MS 74 (possible Fleury palimpsest) 32n30 Reg. Lat. 497 (palimpsested Old English Orosius, fol. 71) 57n3, 82, 91n6 Reg. Lat. MS 1283B (Fleury palimpsest) 24 Vat. Lat. MS 5757 (Cicero’s De re publica) 22, 82 Vercelli, Cathedral Library, MS CXVII (Vercelli Book) 15n22, 87, 94n33 & n36 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. Lat. 1224 (Cuthbercht Gospels) 127, 134n37 INDEX

Abbo of Fleury, 23, 24, 242 Æthelbald, king of Mercia, 145, 146 Abingdon, abbey, 23 Æthelred, king of England, 152 Adams, Willi Paul, 108, 113, 231 Æthelwold, bishop, 71 Adomnán Book of Holy Places, 97 Baduthegn (Beadoþegn), 107–8 Adrevald of Fleury, 30 Basil, St., 16, 227 Aidan, bishop, 98–9 Baswell, Christopher, 16, 232 Aldred, scribe, 70, 73, 77, 245 Battle of Maldon, The 150 Alfred, king of Wessex, 7–8, 15, 17, Baudri of Bourgueil, 8, 15n26, 228 101, 110, 111, 146, 232, 237, Bede, 8, 14, 71, 82, 95–113, 142–3, 238, 242, 244 147, 149, 228, 234, 235, 240, translation of Augustine’s 246, 249, 250 Soliloquies, 7 De Temporum Ratione, 91 Aloni, Gila, 11, 157–73, 251 Expositio Apocalypseos, 6, 14n20 alteration (to a text), 3, 64, 76 Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum, addition, 25, 93, 162, 165 15n25 see also under erasure and gloss and Old English version of Bede’s writing Historia ecclesiastica (OEHE), Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, The, 145, 8, 95–113, 153n13, 189n15, 155, 231 228, 230, 233, 237, 238, 244, Apollonius of Tyre, 141 246–7, 249 Arthurian romance, see under romance Bel Inconnu, Le, 214 Ashburnham House, see under Cotton, Benedict, St., 23 Robert, Sir Benediktbeuern, abbey, 22 Assayas, Olivier, 219, 222, 231 Beowulf, 9, 81, 83, 90, 91, 95, 139–55, Augustine of Hippo, St., 87, 93, 143, 228, 229, 232–5, 237, 239–41, 213, 224, 227, 228 243, 248, 251, 254, 255, 257 Ælfric of Eynsham, 6, 69, 81, 84, see also under Kiernan, Kevin 87–9, 94, 97, 227, 238, 247 Bernard of Chartres, 7 Catholic Homilies, 84–5 Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne, 146 De Falsis Diis, 88 Bethurum, Dorothy, 86–9, 93, 94, 231 Life of Saint Basil the Great, Bible, books of 16n35, 227 Apocalypse/Revelations, 5, 6, 14, 228 Royal manuscript, 84–5, 92, 190 Ecclesiasticus, 126 260 INDEX

Bischoff, Bernhard, 14, 30, 232 “The Miller’s Tale,” 170, 231 Bloomfield, Morton W., 81, 90, 232 “The Physician’s Tale,” 166 Bobbio, abbey, 22, 30, 232, 239, 248 “The Wife of Bath’s Tale,” Boethius manuscript, 24, 257 161, 172 Bonaventure, St., 207, 215, 222, The Legend of Good Women, 11, 16, 223, 225 157–74 Boorman, John, 205, 212–13, 215, “The Legend of Ariadne,” 168 218, 220–3, 226, 232, 234, 240 “The Legend of Hypsipyle and Excalibur, 205–26 Medea,” 168, 169 Bossi, Egidis, 158 “The Legend of Lucrece,” 166, Bourgne, Florence, 1, 8, 17, 115–36, 172, 231, 240 228, 233, 251 “The Legend of Philomela,” 11, Bracton, Henry, 158 157–73, 240 Breton lay (or lai), 10, 175–91, 233, 236 Troilus and Criseyde, 116, 132, 167, Sir Orfeo, 175–8, 185, 188–90, 173, 228, 251 241, 243 myswrite/mysmetre, 10, 116 see also under Chestre, Thomas and Chestre, Thomas, 180, 194, 203; see Marie de France also under Breton lay (or lai) Brubaker, Leslie, 4, 13, 83, 91, 233 Launfalus Miles (Sir Launfal), 10, Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex, 151 16, 175, 176, 179, 180, 190, 194–204 Cannon, Christopher, 158, 171, 233 Childebert II, king of Austrasia, 144 Canticum de Creatione, 119, 127, 257 Childeric III, king of the Franks, 145 Carruthers, Leo, xv, xviii, 9, 139, Chilperic I, king of Neustria, 145 154n20, 173n44, 234, 251 Chlochilaicus, 154 Cassiodorus, 62 see also Hygelac Cædmon, 101 Chrétien de Troyes, 189, 206, 212–16, Hymn, 101 223–5, 228, 243 Cerquiglini-Toulet, Jacqueline, 116, Perceval ou le Conte du Graal, 210, 132, 234 212–16, 223–6, 228 Charles Martel, 145 see also under romance Charles the Great (Charlemagne), 30, Christ Church, Canterbury, 63, 71, 78 145–6, 155, 232 Christine de Pizan, 127, 257 Charles the Younger, 145 Cicero, 22 The Charters of Christ, 129, 135, 231 De re publica, 22, 82 Chartier, Roger, 2, 12, 14, 15, 234 Cleanness, 118, 126–7, 132, 227 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 1, 10–11, 17, Clemoes, Peter, 31, 84, 85, 92, 155, 116, 118, 132, 155, 157–73, 227, 229, 234, 240, 250 187, 190, 191, 228, 233, 234, Clovis, 144 236, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244, Cluny, abbey, 23 246–9, 251, 254 Cnut the Dane, king of England, 142, Boece, 118 146, 147, 152 The Canterbury Tales, 139, 166, 172, Codex Sinaiticus, 35 242, 251 Coldingham, 104 “The Franklin’s Tale,” 176, 177, Colgrave, Bertram, 14, 108, 109, 185, 191, 240, 243 228, 234 INDEX 261 color De Quincey, Thomas, 12, 13, 235 change in pronunciation, 199 Suspiria de Profundis, 13, 17, 235 computer storage of, 40 Derrida, Jacques, 9, 16, 236, 248 of ink, 36, 61, 67–8, 79n62, 98, Dillon, Sarah, 13, 15, 236 116, 129, 131 Dinshaw, Carolyn, 159, 171, 172, 236 see also under ink Doane, Nick, 73, 90, 244 medieval perception of, 208, Dold, Alban, 30, 236 217, 220 Dubois, Marie-Marguerite, xv, xvii, pixel(s), 38, 41 171, 236 in recovery techniques, 40–50 Duby, Georges, 207, 223, 236 relation to light, 12, 38, 220–1 RGB (red-green-blue monitor Eadburga, St., 71 display), 38–40, 58 Eadgisl, priest, 104 vermeil, 212, 216–17, 224n53 Eadwine, scribe, 127 of wax, 125–6, 128 Ecgfrith, son of Offa of Mercia, 146 see also under light Eco, Umberto, 12, 207, 222, 237 Columbanus, St., 22 The Island of the Day Before, 17 Constantine the Great, 146 The Name of the Rose, 153 Copeland, Rita, 102, 112, 234 Edward II, 122 Corbie, abbey, 22 Edward III, 169 Corbin, Henry, 217 Eliason, Norman, 84, 92, 227 Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, Elsholz, Jean-Marc, 11, 205, 252 xiii, 36, 55, 57, 110, 233, Elucidation, The, 210, 223 253, 256 Emare, 176, 182–5 Cotton, Robert, Sir, 37, 57, 58, 244 Emma, queen consort of England, fire at Ashburnham house, 71 144, 154 Craig-McFeely, Julia, 54, 55, 57, 58, see also Encomium Emmae Reginae 59, 60, 234 Encomium Emmae Reginae, 144 Crépin, André, xi, xv, xvii–xviii, 1, 7, engraving, 116, 118, 120, 124, 126, 9, 12, 14–16, 75, 95, 101, 109, 127, 129–31 112, 134, 151, 155, 205, 219, enhancement, digital (image) 220, 221, 226, 228, 233, 235 ethics of enhancement, 35, 53–6 Cursor Mundi, 128, 135, 229 Eomer, son of Offa the Angle, 142 Cuthbert, St., 14, 71, 234 erasure(s), erasing Cynethryth, queen of Mercia, 146 fear of, 4, 6, 119, 131–2 figurative, 10–11, 166, 157, Damico, Helen, 142, 143, 144, 160–1, 168 154, 235 left blank, 82, 115–16 Dark Ages, 6 methods of, 1, 4–5, 14n20, 36, 82, Dead Sea Scrolls, 35 116, 125–6 De Bruyne, Edgar, 209, 212, reasons for, 6, 22, 29, 71, 82 222–6, 235 correction/alteration, 36, 84–6, Deda, abbot, 96, 105, 106 96, 98, 119 Degaré, 176, 188, 190 defacement/destruction, 30n11, de Kooning, Willem, 83 115–16, 126 Deor, 154 recovery of, 5, 35, 37–56 262 INDEX erasure(s), erasing—Continued Gottfried von Strassburg and reinscription, 1, 6, 8, 10, 57n6, Tristan, 189 76n36, 82–6, 96, 98, 168 Gower, John, 236 types of text subject to, 6, 22, 36, Confessio Amantis, 172 82, 119 “Tale of Tereus,” 170 Eriugena, John Scotus, 218 graffito, graffiti, 130, 131, 135, 244 The Erle of Tolous, 176, 182–5 Grail quest, 12, 205, 210, 215 An Exhortation to Christian Living, 87 Gregory of Tours, 144 Historia Francorum, 144 Ferlampin-Acher, Christine, 214, Gregory the Great, 22, 101, 110, 225, 237 127, 246 Field, Rosalind, 175, 183, 237 Libellus Responsionum, 97 Fleury (Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire), Pastoral Care, 101 abbey, 23, 30–2, 234, 236, Gretsch, Mechthild, 62, 74, 75, 78, 239 238, 239, 242, 244, 246, 249, Grosseteste, Robert, 206–7, 209, 256, 258 221–3, 229, 243, 249 Forthere, bishop, 107 Gryson, Roger, 14, 30, 228, 239 Foucault, Michel, 222, 237 Guthrum, king of East Anglia, 146 Fouquet, Jean, 128 Frère Denis, 30, 31, 32, 235 Harris, Joseph, 139, 152, 153, 239 Fulda, abbey, 22 Heardred, 144 Fursa, St., 105, 106 Hebrew Bible, 85, 125, 134, 229 Hemming, scribe, 97–9 Galpin, Richard, 83, 91, 237 Hengest, 142, 154, 248 Gameson, Richard, 14, 98, Herculaneum papyri, 35 109–11, 237 Heures d’Étienne Chevalier, Les, 128, 256 Gance, Abel, 206, 215, 221, 222, 225, Hexateuch, see under Hebrew Bible 238, 240 histogram, xiii, 40–4 Gauzlin, abbot, 23, 24 Hoccleve, 129 Gawain poet, 182 Hrothgar, (semi-legendary) king of Genette, Gérard Denmark, 141, 144, 147, 149 Palimpsests, 3, 13, 89, 94, 176, 238 Hygd, (semi-legendary) queen of genre, literary, 9, 139–43, 148–52, Geatland, 141 153, 175–91 Hygelac, (semi-legendary) king of Derridean analysis of, 9–10 Geatland, 141, 144, 147, see also under romance 149, 154 Germanus, abbot, 23 hypertext, 13n5, 89, 176 Gildas, 95, 109 Gilte Legende, 119, 129, 256 Il Filocolo, 176 Glanvill, 158, 229 Illich, Ivan, 13 Glastonbury, 71 infrared, see under light gloss, glossator, 7, 61–79, 126 ink, 8, 36–8, 45, 48, 63, 118, 126–30 Gneuss, Helmut, 28, 33, 58, 75, 82, black, brown, 63, 79n62, 116, 128, 131 109, 110, 238 Christ’s blood, 129–30 Godden, Malcolm, 7, 11, 15, 17, 88, green ink, 68 92, 94, 152, 227, 237, 238 ink horn, 4–5 INDEX 263

iron-gall ink, 36 of “metallognomy,” 208, 212 red ink, 36, 61, 63, 67–8, 98, 116, of refraction, 207 130–1 Roman, 159 see also under writing implements & Statutes of Westminster I & II, 158 materials see also under Glanvill and tables of inscription, see under engraving and the (Mosaic) law writing layer(s) Institut de France, xi in textual recovery techniques, Institut de Recherche et d’Histoire 48–50 des Textes (IRHT), 26, 27, 32 of writing, see under writing intertextuality/transtextuality, 2, 3, 9, Lay of Graelent, The, 175 13n5, 89 Lay of the Coast, The (Strandar Lioth), 189 Irvine, Martin, 102, 112, 240 Leclercq, Jean, Dom, 14, 241 Leerssen, Joep, 148, 150, 155, 241 Jager, Eric, 13, 135, 240 Le Goff, Jacques, 214, 224, 225, James, Henry, 181 233, 241 Jean de Meun Leiden riddle, 24, 32, 244, 256 The Romance of the Rose, 211, 223, Leofnoth, scribe, 24, 32, 249 226, 229 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 157–8, 170, 241 Jerome, St., 82, 101, 126 Leyerle, John, 81, 90, 241 John of Salisbury libri inutiles, 22, 30, 244 The Metalogicon, 15, 229 Life of Adam and Eve, 119, 133, 254 Jost, Karl, 87, 93, 240 Life of St. Alexis, 26 Life of St. Gertrude, 82 Kendrick, Laura, 14, 240 Life of St. Nicholas, 26 Ker, Neil, 36, 240 light Kiernan, Kevin, 82, 83, 91, 142, 155, cinematographic, 216, 220 240, 243 infrared, 26 Klaeber, Frederick, 102, 111, 112, intelligible, 210–11, 213–9, 222n12 144, 152, 154, 229, 240 medieval theory/theology of, 205–7, 209, 211, 213, 219 Ladies of the Fraternity of Saint ultraviolet, 26, 27, 91n11 George, 173, 238 wavelengths, 38–9 Lambeth Palace Library, xiii, 69, 75, see also under color 252, 255, 257 Lollard, 116 Langland, William Lowe, E.-A., 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, Piers Plowman, 124, 133, 230 36, 91, 242 Lapidge, Michael, 15, 152, 155, 237, Codices Latini Antiquiores, 32, 57, 74 239, 241 Codices Rescripti, 30, 32, 57, 82, Lara-Rallo, Carmen, 13, 241 83, 90 Laurentius Surius, 16 Luxeuil, abbey, 22, 32 law(s) Lydgate, John, 129 Anglo-Saxon, 171n19 The Life of Our Lady, 124, 230 early Kentish, 69, 77n45 Reson and Sensuallyte, 133, 230 English Common Law, 163 Temple of Glas, 118, 132, 230 erased, obsolescent, 82 Troy-Book, 123, 133, 230 264 INDEX

Machaut, Guillaume de, 127 O’Keeffe, Katherine O’Brien, 90, Le Remède de Fortune, 127 91, 111 Machutus (Malo), St., 71 O’Neill, Patrick, 72, 75, 77, 79, 243 Magna Carta, 122 Ongentheow, (semi-legendary) king Malory, Thomas, Sir, 183, 214, 254 of Sweden, 142 Le Morte Darthur, 11, 151, 153, 217, optic, optical, optics, 38, 207, 210, 218, 224, 230 218 Manuscripts, see Index of Manuscripts see also under color and light Cited, 225–8 orality & oral transmission, 1, 93n32, Marie de France, 10, 16, 175, 176, 95–6, 101, 108–9, 117, 119, 179–80, 188, 190, 230, 243, 128, 139, 142–3, 145, 147, 151, 247; see also under Breton lay 153n7, 177, 181, 184, 189n8, (or lai) 194, 203n5 Lai de Guigemar, 180, 190 Orosius, 82, 91, 95, 109, 232, 258 Lai de Lanval, 10, 16, 176, 180–1, Osgar, abbot, 23 184–6, 188, 190–4, 196, 198, Oswald, bishop, 23 201, 203, 204, 243, 247 Oswald, king of Northumbria, St., 105 Lai du Chèvrefeuille, 189, 190 Ottar Vendel-Crow, also called Lay le Freine (Le Fresne), 175–81, Ohthere, 144 184, 189, 190 Ovid, 11 Martin, Jean-Claude, xi, xiii Heroides, 173, 230 Martin, Priscilla, 159, 160, 171, Metamorphoses, 157, 160–2, 165–8, 172, 242 170, 230 Master of Simon of St. Albans, 125 Ovide Moralisé, 11, 16, 170, 242 matière de Bretagne, 10, 205, 215 see also under Breton lay (or lai) and palimpsest(s) romance all writing as, 12, 73n1, 81 McKitterick, Rosamond, 21, 30, 242 compositional, 87–9 Miller, Thomas, 97–9, 108, 109, 111, literal compared to metaphorical, 113, 228, 230 2–4, 7, 95–6, 193 Mitchell, Bruce, 69, 77, 242 literal definition of, 2–4, 7, 21–3, Monte Cassino, abbey, 23 36, 82–3 Mooney, Linne, 116, 132, 242 literary representation of, 116 Mynors, R.A.B., 108, 109, 228 metaphorical understanding of, 2–4, 7, 132n1, 139, 157, 169, Napier, Arthur S., 87, 93, 94, 231, 247 175–7, 181–2, 203, 205 Neoplatonism, 206–7, 213, 222 Panofsky, Erwin, 207, 210, 222, 223, see also under Plotinus 226, 244 Nicholson, R.H., 178, 189, 190, 243 Papahagi, Adrian, 6, 21–33, 57n4, 252 Nowlin, Steele, 187, 191, 243 parchment, see under writing implements & materials Oda, archbishop, 23 Parkes, Malcolm, 24, 28, 32, 244 Offa Partney, abbey, 96, 105 Continental Offa (also called Offa Paul the Deacon, 30 the Angle), 142, 143, 146 Pearl, 118, 132, 219–20, 221, 227, king of Mercia, 143, 145–7 235, 256 INDEX 265 pen, see under writing implements & romance materials Arthurian/courtly, 10–11, 185, Pepin the Short, 145 193, 202, 205–6, 208, 214, Percy, Thomas, bishop, 195, 203, 229 216–17, 220 peritext, 181, 184 see also under Breton lay (lai) and Les Petites Heures du Duc de Berry, 128, matière de Bretagne 255, 258 epic, 9, 139, 141, 148, 150 pixel, see under color generic categorization, 9–11, Pliny, 95, 109 139–41, 153n7 and n11, Plotinus, 206, 213–14, 222n10, 175–6, 178, 185, 188 223n37, 230 see also under genre Potter, Simeon, 97, 111, 244 historical, 140–1, 153n9 and n10 The Prick of Conscience, 116 Roman de Horn, 189 Prince, Gerald, 89, 94 Rosenthal, Joel T., 13, 15, 239, Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, 248, 249 206, 213, 222 Rouse, Richard H. and Mary A., 125, De Caelesti Hierachia, 218 133, 246 pugillar(es), writing tablet, 128, 129 Rowley, Sharon M., 8, 15, 95–113, Pulsiano, Phillip, 65, 73–7, 230, 153, 189, 246, 253 244, 245 Rubin, Gayle, 158, 170, 246 Pynkhurst, Adam, Chaucer’s rubric, rubrication, rubricator, 32n34, scribe, 116 36, 57n8, 68, 98–9, 127 quill, see under writing implements & St. Erkenwald, 119, 132 materials St. Gall, see under Sankt Gallen St. Jacques, Raymond, 100, 101, Ramsey, abbey, 23, 24, 31, 75, 242 112, 247 Rauschenberg, Robert, 83 St. Mary, Lydgate, Suffolk, xiii, Rædwald, king of East Anglia, 130, 131 147, 149 St. Mary & St. Clement, Clavering, reception, 3, 6, 9, 13n6, 88, 108–9, Essex, xiii, 130 110n17, 178, 190n24, 207 St. Peter’s Basilica, 2 Regularis Concordia, 24 Sallust Reynolds, L.-D, 29, 245 Historiae, 24 Richard I the Lionheart, 148 Samoyault, Tiphaine, 12, 247 Richard II, 169 Sankt Gallen, 5, 14, 22, 258 Richard of Saint Victor, 211, 223, 230 Sansonetti, Paul-Georges, 217, 225, Ricoeur, Paul, 103, 112, 245 226, 247 Rimbaud, Arthur, 223 Scott, Walter, Sir, 140–1, Illuminations, 210 148–9, 153 Une Saison en Enfer, 224, 245 The Bride of Lammermoor, 141 Roberts, Jane, 7, 15, 33, 61–79, 203, Ivanhoe, 148, 150, 153 233, 245, 252 Waverley, 148–50, 153, 155 Robinson, Fred C., 7, 16, 79, 103, script, see under writing 113, 245 Scyld Scefing, legendary king, 147 Robyns, Clem, 103, 112, 246 Sigeric, archbishop, 85 266 INDEX

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, 117–18, Theodulf of Orléans, bishop, 23, 132, 140, 173, 219, 226–8, 31, 246 234, 254 Theuderic I, king of Austrasia, 144 Sir Gowther, 176, 181–3, 185 Thomas Aquinas, St., 210, 212, 224 Sir Lambewell, 10, 193–204, 229, Thomas of Saint Victor, 210 247, 256 Thryth (Modthryth), king Offa’s Sir Landavall (Sir Landevale, Sir wife, 146 Landeval), 10, 16, 175, 257 Tolkien, J.R.R., 16n36, 139, 253 Sisam, Celia and Kenneth, 74, 76–9, 231 Finn and Hengest: the Fragment and Solinus, 95, 109 the Episode, 154 Song of Solomon, 126 “The Monsters and the Critics,” Stanton, Robert, 70, 78, 101, 102, 150–2, 155, 248 112, 247 Tremayne, Peter, 153 Stévanovitch, Colette, 10–11, 173n44, Trier, 36, 82, 127 175, 193–204, 247, 253 Twain, Mark, 202 Stevenson, Robert Louis Treasure Island, 140 Uhlig, Claus, 12, 16, 17, 248 Stokes, Peter A., 5, 12, 27, 33, 35, ultraviolet, see under light 57n7, 58n9, 78n59, 247, 253–4 Strandar Lioth, see Lay of the Coast, The van Peer, Willie, 12, 132, 248 Strohm, Paul, 16, 173, 176, 189, 190, vermeil, see under color 232, 248 Vernon Paternoster, 128, 131, 135, stylus, see under writing implements & 136, 229, 239, 255, 257 materials Vezin, Jean, 24, 28, 32, 249 subtraction, electronic, 33, 232 Vial, Claire, 9–11, 175–91, Suger, abbot, 207, 210, 221, 222, 244 203n6, 254 Sutton Hoo, 147, 155, 233 Vignaux, Paul, 209, 223, 249 Sweet, Henry, 102, 112, 231 Virgil Szarmach, Paul E., 6–7, 13, 15, 57, Eclogues, 130 81–94, 111, 154, 232, 237, 239, 247–9, 254 Waite, Gregory, 102, 110–12, 249 Wallace-Hadrill, J.M., 112, 144, 145, tables of the (Mosaic) law, 125–6, 131 154, 249 tablet(s) wax tablet, see under tablet(s) boxwood, 125 Wealhtheow, legendary queen of the bronze, 125 Danes, 144, 154 clay, 117, 121–2 Wearmouth-Jarrow, abbey, 2 pugillar(es), 128, 129 Whitbread, Leslie G., 82, 88, 90, 249 round-topped, 125–8, 134, 242 Whitby, synod of, 96 stone, 4 Whitelock, Dorothy, 31, 92, 93, 97, wax, 4, 8, 115, 122, 124–32, 99, 100, 110–12, 231, 240, 133, 246 249, 250 see also under tables of the Widsith, 95, 142, 154, 230 (Mosaic) law Wiesenekker, Evert, 70, 78, 249 Tacitus Wilcox, Jonathan, 15, 249 Germania, 150–1 Wilfrid, bishop, 96 INDEX 267

William of Brailles (William de upper (overwriting, scriptio superior), Brailles), illuminator, 125–6 2–3, 10–11, 22, 25–6, 28, 36, Wilson, N.-G., 21, 29, 245 43, 45–6, 82, 83, 89, 108 Winchcombe, abbey, 23, 75 writing implements & materials, 4–5 Winchester, 31, 62, 71, 77, 78, 97, paper, 125 190, 239, 243, 250 parchment, membrane, vellum, 1, Winchester Bible, 125, 134, 236 3, 8, 13, 24, 25, 28, 29, 36, Wolfram von Eschenbach 37, 42–9, 81–2, 116, 118, 120, Parzival, 206, 223, 225, 231 122, 125, 127, 128, 130, 132, Worcester, 23, 62, 71, 87, 97 193, 218, 226 writing pen, quill pen, 4, 132 hierarchy of modes of, 127 ruler, ruled lines, ruling, 5, 26, layer(s) of, 2–3, 9, 10, 12, 61, 83, 62–3, 65, 70, 127 86–9, 95–6, 99, 101, 125, stylus, 4, 15n25, 118, 124–8 141, 169, 181, 187, 193, 203, wax, 125 205, 221 see also under ink and tablet(s) lower (underwriting, scriptio Wulfstan of York, 6, 81, 85–9, 90, inferior), 2, 5, 11, 22, 24, 26–9, 92–4, 231, 238, 240, 247, 43, 45–9, 55, 82–3, 89–90n4, 249, 256 98, 205, 216 De Falsis Dies, 88, 231 rewriting/reinscription, 1–4, 6–11, Institutes of Polity, 87, 231 16n35, 22, 24, 28, 36, 57n4, Sermo Lupi, 86, 93, 231 81, 83–4, 88–9, 95–6, 98, Wycliffite Bible, 126, 134 99, 101–3, 108, 116, 131, 139, 146–7, 151, 157–8, 160, 165, York, 23 168–9, 172n29, 176, 181–2, 193–4, 197, 205, 221 Zink, Michel, 217, 225, 250