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Sistema Plc De Banda Angosta Para La Caracterización De La Impedancia De La Red Eléctrica

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Sistema Plc De Banda Angosta Para La Caracterización De La Impedancia De La Red Eléctrica SISTEMA PLC DE BANDA ANGOSTA PARA LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA IMPEDANCIA DE LA RED ELÉCTRICA Adrián de la Fuente El presente Trabajo de Tesis ha sido desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Instrumentación y Control de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, y presentado al Departamento de Electrónica de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata el 12 de Noviembre de 2018, como requisito parcial para la obtención del título de Ingeniero Electrónico. Director: Dr. Ing. Matías Hadad Codirector: Dr. Ing. Marcos Funes RINFI se desarrolla en forma conjunta entre el INTEMA y la Biblioteca de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Tiene como objetivo recopilar, organizar, gestionar, difundir y preservar documentos digitales en Ingeniería, Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales y Ciencias Afines. A través del Acceso Abierto, se pretende aumentar la visibilidad y el impacto de los resultados de la investigación, asumiendo las políticas y cumpliendo con los protocolos y estándares internacionales para la interoperabilidad entre repositorios Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución- NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. Índice general Agradecimientos .......................................................................................................................... 8 Resumen ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Nomenclatura ............................................................................................................................ 10 1. Introducción ....................................................................................................................... 12 1.1. Comunicaciones por la red eléctrica (PLC) ................................................................... 12 1.1.1. Tipos de PLC ...................................................................................................... 13 1.2. Problemáticas asociadas a PLC .................................................................................... 13 1.2.1. Modelado del canal ........................................................................................... 14 1.2.2. Fuentes de ruido ............................................................................................... 14 1.3. Esquema básico de PLC................................................................................................ 15 1.4. Sistema PLC de banda angosta .................................................................................... 16 1.4.1. Regulaciones regionales .................................................................................... 16 1.4.2. Transmisión en banda angosta.......................................................................... 17 1.5. Objetivos...................................................................................................................... 22 2. Diseño del sistema ............................................................................................................. 23 2.1. Método de medición ................................................................................................... 23 2.2. Generación de la señal de medición ............................................................................ 24 2.2.1. Señal de barrido (chirp) ..................................................................................... 24 2.2.2. Conversor digital-analógico (DAC) ..................................................................... 30 2.2.3. Amplificador de potencia .................................................................................. 32 2.3. Acoplador de red ......................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1. Filtro de salida ................................................................................................... 35 2.3.2. Transformador de acoplamiento ...................................................................... 35 2.3.3. Dispositivos de protección ................................................................................ 36 2.4. Medición y procesamiento de señales......................................................................... 37 2.4.1. Cálculo de la impedancia de línea (ZL) ............................................................... 38 2.4.2. Método de calibración ...................................................................................... 39 2.4.3. Amplificación y adquisición de señales (VT e IT)................................................. 42 3. Implementación del sistema .............................................................................................. 47 3.1. Generación de chirp analógica .................................................................................... 48 3.1.1. Amplificador de potencia (OPA564) .................................................................. 48 3.1.1.1. Ajuste del límite de corriente (ILIM) ....................................................... 48 3.1.1.2. Monitoreo de señales de control (IFLAG y TFLAG) ..................................... 49 2 3.1.1.3. Fuentes de alimentación, ganancia y amplitud de salida ..................... 51 3.1.1.4. Fuente de alimentación digital ............................................................. 52 3.1.1.5. Compensación y protección de la etapa de salida ............................... 53 3.1.1.6. Disipación térmica................................................................................ 54 3.1.2. Conversor digital-analógico (DAC) y pre-amplificador ...................................... 56 3.2. Acoplador de red ......................................................................................................... 57 3.2.1. Filtro de salida ................................................................................................... 58 3.2.2. Transformador de acoplamiento (TA) ................................................................ 58 3.2.3. Dispositivos de protección (TVS y MOV) ........................................................... 60 3.3. Amplificación y adquisición de señales (VT e IT) ........................................................... 61 3.3.1. Resistencia de medición de corriente (RS) ......................................................... 62 3.3.2. Fuentes de alimentación y amplitud de señales ............................................... 62 3.3.3. Ganancias de los amplificadores de instrumentación (GA y GB) ........................ 64 3.4. Control en lógica programable (FPGA) ........................................................................ 66 3.4.1. Recursos de hardware disponibles .................................................................... 66 3.4.2. Generación y adquisición digital de señales ...................................................... 67 3.4.2.1. Frecuencias de muestreo y cantidad de muestras ............................... 68 3.4.2.2. Generación de chirp digital .................................................................. 69 3.4.2.3. Proceso de medición y adquisición de muestras.................................. 72 3.4.3. Requerimientos de hardware............................................................................ 72 3.4.3.1. Asignación de señales en conectores de expansión (A1 y A2) ............. 73 3.4.4. Circuito lógico de control .................................................................................. 76 3.4.4.1. Interfaz de comunicación serie UART .................................................. 76 3.4.4.2. Interfaz de configuración y control del ADC ......................................... 79 3.4.4.3. Memoria RAM ...................................................................................... 85 3.4.4.4. Memoria ROM e Interfaz del DAC ........................................................ 87 3.4.4.5. Lógica de Control ................................................................................. 87 3.5. Control en la PC (Python) ............................................................................................. 89 3.5.1. Procesamiento digital de señales ...................................................................... 89 3.5.2. Monitoreo del amplificador de potencia (OPA) ................................................ 90 3.5.3. Control automático de ganancia (AGC) ............................................................. 90 3.5.4. Integración de puertos por USB ........................................................................ 92 3.5.4.1. Configuración del FT2232H Mini Module ............................................. 92 3.5.4.2. Programación de la FPGA (XC3SPROG) ................................................ 95 3.5.5. Programa de control e Interfaz de usuario........................................................ 95 3.5.5.1. Módulos de extensión y módulos de programa ................................... 95 3 3.5.5.2. Inicialización de la interfaz de usuario ................................................. 97 3.5.5.3. Funciones de chequeo, recuperación y cierre ...................................... 99 3.5.5.4. Función de programación de ganancia ................................................ 99 3.5.5.5. Función de medición y ploteo de señales ............................................ 99 3.5.5.6. Función de calibración del sistema .................................................... 100 3.5.5.7. Función
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