Contribution to the Design of a Real-Time Fourier Transformer in Integrated Technology João Alberto De França Ferreira

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Contribution to the Design of a Real-Time Fourier Transformer in Integrated Technology João Alberto De França Ferreira Contribution to the Design of a Real-Time Fourier Transformer in Integrated Technology João Alberto De França Ferreira To cite this version: João Alberto De França Ferreira. Contribution to the Design of a Real-Time Fourier Transformer in Integrated Technology. Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics. Université Paris Saclay (CO- mUE), 2019. English. NNT : 2019SACLS502. tel-02494464 HAL Id: tel-02494464 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02494464 Submitted on 28 Feb 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Contribution to the Design of a Real-Time Fourier Transformer in Integrated Technology Thèse de doctorat de l’Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l’Université Paris-Sud Ecole doctorale n◦575 Electrical, Optical, Bio: PHYSICS-AND-ENGINEERING (EOBE) NNT : 2019SACLS502 Spécialité de doctorat : électronique et optoélectronique, nano- et microtechnologies Thèse présentée et soutenue à Gif-sur-Yvette, le le 11 décembre 2019, par JOÃO ALBERTO DE FRANÇA FERREIRA Composition du Jury : Aziz Benlarbi-Delai Professeur des Universités (HDR), Sorbonne Université (L2E) Président du Jury Emilie Avignon-Meseldzija Maître de Conférence, CentraleSupélec (GeePs) Examinateur François Rivet Maître de Conférence (HDR), Bordeaux INP (IMS) Rapporteur Hassan Aboushady Maître de Conférence (HDR), Sorbonne Université (LIP6) Rapporteur Hervé Barthelemy Professeur des Universités (HDR), Université de Toulon (IM2NP) Examinateur Mathieu Thevenin Scientist/Researcher, CEA Saclay (LETS) Invité Philippe Bénabès Professeur des Universités (HDR), CentraleSupélec (GeePs) Directeur de thèse Pietro Maris Ferreira Maître de Conférence, CentraleSupélec (GeePs) Invité Thèse de doctorat Contents Résumé v List of Figures xv List of Tables xix Acronyms xxi Symbols xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . .2 1.2 Objectives . .2 1.3 Thesis Structure . .2 2 Literature Review and State of the Art 5 2.1 Real-Time Fourier Transformers Employing SAW Devices . .6 2.1.1 Discrete Fourier Transform . 11 2.1.2 Applications . 15 2.1.3 Alternatives to SAW Devices . 16 2.2 Radio Astronomy Spectrometers . 19 2.3 Analog Implementation of the Fast Fourier Transform . 20 2.4 Selected Research Direction . 23 3 Real-Time Analog Chirp Fourier Transformer 25 3.1 Limitations of Common Implementations of the MCM Arrangement . 26 3.2 Proposed Analog Chirp Fourier Transformer . 26 3.3 Discussion on Analytical Results . 30 3.4 Effects of System Imperfections . 32 3.5 Equalizing Spectrum Amplitude and Resolution . 35 3.6 Conclusion . 36 4 Filters with Engineered Group Delay or Phase - Part I: Minimum Phase Fil- ters 39 4.1 Engineered Group Delay Filters in the State of the Art . 39 4.2 Design and Synthesis Procedures . 40 iii iv CONTENTS 4.2.1 Generation of Filter Polynomials . 40 4.2.2 Synthesis of Filter Networks . 42 4.3 Design and Synthesis Example . 42 4.4 Conclusion . 46 5 Filters with Engineered Group Delay or Phase - Part II: All-Pass Filters 47 5.1 Design and Synthesis Procedures . 47 5.1.1 Transfer Function Generation . 47 5.1.2 Network Synthesis Procedure . 48 5.2 Design and Synthesis Examples . 50 5.2.1 Lattice Network with Linear Group Delay of Negative Slope . 50 5.2.2 Bridged-T Network with Linear Group Delay of Positive Slope . 55 5.3 Active Filters . 61 5.4 Conclusion . 62 6 Conclusion 65 6.1 Suggestions for Future Work . 66 6.2 Contributions . 68 6.2.1 Articles Published in Conference Proceedings . 68 6.2.2 Journal Articles . 68 6.2.3 Other Articles Published in Conference Proceedings . 68 Appendices 69 A Sinusoidal Complex Signals 69 A.1 Single-tone sinusoid . 69 A.2 Sinusoidal linear chirp . 70 A.3 Generation of a chirp signal . 73 A.4 Fourier transform of a linear sinusoidal chirp . 73 B Detailed Derivation of the RTACFT System 79 B.1 High Abstraction Level Model . 79 B.1.1 Angular Frequency . 79 B.1.2 Ordinary Frequency . 80 B.2 Low Abstraction Level Model . 82 B.2.1 Angular Frequency . 82 B.2.2 Ordinary Frequency . 89 C Definitions of the Fourier Transform 99 D Component Models of the ST BiCMOS9MW Technology 101 D.1 Capacitor Model . 101 D.2 Inductor Model . 102 Bibliography 103 Résumé Titre : Contribution à la Conception d’un Transformateur de Fourier Temps Réel en Technologie Intégrée Mots clés : traitement du signal analogique, temps réel, transformateur de Fourier à modulation de fréquence, rétard de groupe arbitraire, filtre dispersif, circuit intégré Contexte et Positionnement de ce Travail de Thèse L’accroissement constant des bandes passantes et des débits dans les applications de la vie cou- rante (e.g., télécommunications, objets connectés), comme dans des applications plus spécialisées (e.g., radar, observations en radioastronomie), imposent de très fortes contraintes en termes de vitesse, consommation de puissance et dissipation thermique aux étages de conversion analogique- numérique des chaînes d’acquisition. Par conséquent une tendance actuelle consiste à effectuer le traitement de signaux (comme la transformation de Fourier) dans le domaine analogique pour pouvoir traiter des signaux ultra-large bande avec une faible latence et de manière plus efficace en termes énergétiques. L’étude de l’état de l’art effectué dans le cadre de la thèse, sur les architectures de cal- cul de la transformée de Fourier directement dans le domaine analogique et en temps réel, a mis en évidence deux grandes approches. L’une de ces approches consiste à implémenter avec des solutions analogiques intégrées l’algorithme de la FFT [1–7]. Cette approche s’avère très efficace pour repérer les sous-bandes où se trouve le signal et permet alors aux convertisseurs analogique-numérique de travailler à cadence très réduite et de lever le verrou préalablement cité. Si initialement cette approche nécessitait un gros budget en puissance, les dernières réalisations à base de réutilisation de charge [4–7] ont montré qu’il était possible de considérablement diminuer ce budget puissance. Mais les difficultés liées à cette approche échantillonnée restent cependant : la complexité des circuits, la grande précision exigée sur les valeurs d’échantillons, la consomma- tion qui augmente avec la fréquence d’échantillonnage et enfin la résolution qui dépend de cette fréquence d’échantillonnage. L’autre grande approche se base sur des architectures à base de filtres dispersifs [8–11]. De tels filtres, encore relativement peu explorés dans la littérature, présentent des retards de groupe différents en fonction de la fréquence. Suivant les applications, la caractéristique du retard de groupe en fonction de la fréquence devra être différemment dimensionnée. On parle alors de filtre à retard de groupe arbitraire. Ces filtres à retard de groupe arbitraires sont plutôt v vi RÉSUMÉ Traitement du signal analogique Expansion temporelle Transformée de Fourier Compression temporelle (création de chirp) analogique (création de pulse) Architecture basée sur la Architecture basée sur la transformée de Fourier rapide transformée de Fourier chirp (temps discret) (temps continu ou discret) Ligne de Ligne microruban Filtres dispersifs SAW MSW Supraconducteur transmission chirp intégrés (transmission) (réflection) Figure 1 – Positionnement de ce travail de thèse par rapport à l’état de l’art. jusqu’à aujourd’hui réalisés en technologie SAW ou avec des structures microondes discrètes (non intégrées), conduisant à des filtres avec des bandes passantes limitées et beaucoup de pertes, dans le cas des dispositifs SAW, ou avec un encombrement et poids importants, dans le cas des filtres microondes. Très peu de réalisations intégrées en semi-conducteurs ont été reportées à ce jour. Dans ce contexte, l’orientation de recherche de ce travail de thèse est l’approche temps continu à base de filtres dispersifs pour obtenir un transformateur de Fourier analogique temps réel intégré qui soit large bande, compact et de faible consommation. Dans le contexte de cette orientation de recherche, plusieurs verrous ont pu être levés pour obtenir un tel transformateur de Fourier : • des solutions architecturales haut niveau visant à améliorer la précision des spectres obtenus sont proposées ; • une méthode mathématique de conception de filtres à retard de groupe arbitraire a été mise en œuvre pour la conception de plusieurs filtres à retard de groupe linéaire en technologie intégrée ST BiCMOS 130 nm. La Figure 1 vient situer ce travail de thèse parmi les différentes orientations de recherche de l’état de l’art. Il est à noter que l’apport de cette thèse sur l’aspect conception de filtres dispersifs ne se limite pas au dispositif de transformation de Fourier mais présente un intérêt pour de très nombreuses applications de traitement du signal analogique, comme le traitement de signaux large bande en radars et la discrimination de fréquences dans des systèmes de communication. vii filtre dispersif si (t) 2 F si (t) h (t) = ejµt f g −jµt2 −jµt2 sc (t) = e sc (t) = e (a) filtre dispersif filtre dispersif si (t) 2 2 F si (t) h (t) = ejµt h (t) = ejµt f g −jµt2 sc (t) = e (b) Figure 2 – Algorithmes pour la réalisation de la transformée de Fourier : (a) multiplier- convoluer-multiplier (MCM) et (b) convoluer-multiplier-convoluer (CMC). Etude d’Architectures de Transformateur de Fourier à Modulation de Fréquence Pour l’orientation choisie dans cette thèse, l’architecture de transformateur de Fourier basé sur la transformée chirp est considérée. La transformée se nomme ainsi en raison de l’utilisation de signaux chirp (modulés en fréquence) et de filtres dispersifs à réponse impulsionnelle chirp (donc également modulés en fréquence).
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