Power Spectral Density Accuracy in Chirp Transform Spectrometers
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Chirp Presentation
Seminar Agenda • Overview of CHIRP technology compared to traditional fishfinder technology – What’s different? • Importance of proper transducer selection & installation • Maximize the performance of your electronics system • Give feedback, offer product suggestions, and ask tough transducer questions Traditional “Toneburst” Fishfinder • Traditional fishfinders operate at discrete frequencies such as 50kHz and 200kHz. • This limits depth range, range resolution, and ultimately, what targets can be detected in the water column. Fish Imaging at Different Frequencies Koden CVS-FX1 at 4 Different Frequencies Range Resolution Comparison Toneburst with separated targets Toneburst w/out separated targets CHIRP without separated targets Traditional “Toneburst” Fishfinder • Traditional sounders operate at discrete frequencies such as 50kHz and 200kHz. • This limits resolution, range and ultimately, what targets can be detected in the water column. • Tone burst transmit pulse may be high power but very short duration. This limits the total energy that is transmitted into the water column CHIRP A major technical advance in Fishing What is CHIRP? • CHIRP has been used by the military, geologists and oceanographers since the 1950’s • Marine radar systems have utilized CHIRP technology for many years • This is the first time that CHIRP technology has been available to the recreational, sport fishing and light commercial industries….. and at an affordable price CHIRP Starts with the Transducer • AIRMAR CHIRP-ready transducers are the enabling technology for manufacturers designing CHIRP sounders • Only sounders using AIRMAR CHIRP-ready transducers can operate as a true CHIRP system CHIRP is a technique that involves three principle steps 1. Use broadband transducer (Airmar) 2. Transmit CHIRP pulse into water 3. -
Programming-8Bit-PIC
Foreword Embedded microcontrollers are everywhere today. In the average household you will find them far beyond the obvious places like cell phones, calculators, and MP3 players. Hardly any new appliance arrives in the home without at least one controller and, most likely, there will be several—one microcontroller for the user interface (buttons and display), another to control the motor, and perhaps even an overall system manager. This applies whether the appliance in question is a washing machine, garage door opener, curling iron, or toothbrush. If the product uses a rechargeable battery, modern high density battery chemistries require intelligent chargers. A decade ago, there were significant barriers to learning how to use microcontrollers. The cheapest programmer was about a hundred dollars and application development required both erasable windowed parts—which cost about ten times the price of the one time programmable (OTP) version—and a UV Eraser to erase the windowed part. Debugging tools were the realm of professionals alone. Now most microcontrollers use Flash-based program memory that is electrically erasable. This means the device can be reprogrammed in the circuit—no UV eraser required and no special packages needed for development. The total cost to get started today is about twenty-five dollars which buys a PICkit™ 2 Starter Kit, providing programming and debugging for many Microchip Technology Inc. MCUs. Microchip Technology has always offered a free Integrated Development Environment (IDE) including an assembler and a simulator. It has never been less expensive to get started with embedded microcontrollers than it is today. While MPLAB® includes the assembler for free, assembly code is more cumbersome to write, in the first place, and also more difficult to maintain. -
Programming Chirp Parameters in TI Radar Devices (Rev. A)
Application Report SWRA553A–May 2017–Revised February 2020 Programming Chirp Parameters in TI Radar Devices Vivek Dham ABSTRACT This application report provides information on how to select the right chirp parameters in a fast FMCW Radar device based on the end application and use case, and program them optimally on TI’s radar devices. Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2 2 Impact of Chirp Configuration on System Parameters.................................................................. 2 3 Chirp Configurations for Common Applications.......................................................................... 7 4 Configurable Chirp RAM and Chirp Profiles.............................................................................. 7 5 Chirp Timing Parameters ................................................................................................... 8 6 Advanced Chirp Configurations .......................................................................................... 11 7 Basic Chirp Configuration Programming Sequence ................................................................... 12 8 References .................................................................................................................. 14 List of Figures 1 Typical FMCW Chirp ........................................................................................................ 2 2 Typical Frame Structure ................................................................................................... -
The Digital Wide Band Chirp Pulse Generator and Processor for Pi-Sar2
THE DIGITAL WIDE BAND CHIRP PULSE GENERATOR AND PROCESSOR FOR PI-SAR2 Takashi Fujimura*, Shingo Matsuo**, Isamu Oihara***, Hideharu Totsuka**** and Tsunekazu Kimura***** NEC Corporation (NEC), Guidance and Electro-Optics Division Address : Nisshin-cho 1-10, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8501 Japan Phone : +81-(0)42-333-1148 / FAX : +81-(0)42-333-1887 E-mail: * [email protected], ** [email protected], *** [email protected], **** [email protected], ***** [email protected] BRIEF CONCLUSION This paper shows the digital wide band chirp pulse generator and processor for Pi-SAR2, and the history of its development at NEC. This generator and processor can generate the 150, 300 or 500MHz bandwidth chirp pulse and process the same bandwidth video signal. The offset video method is applied for this component in order to achieve small phase error, instead of I/Q video method for the conventional SAR system. Pi-SAR2 realized 0.3m resolution with the 500 MHz bandwidth by this component. ABSTRACT NEC had developed the first Japanese airborne SAR, NEC-SAR for R&D in 1992 [1]. Its resolution was 5 m and this SAR generates 50 MHz bandwidth chirp pulse by the digital chirp generator. Based on this technology, we had developed many airborne SARs. For example, Pi-SAR (X-band) for CRL (now NICT) can observe the 1.5m resolution SAR image with the 100 MHz bandwidth [2][3]. And its chirp pulse generator and processor adopted I/Q video method and the sampling rate was 123.45MHz at each I/Q video channel of the processor. -
AN1673 Using the PIC16F1XXX High-Endurance Flash (HEF) Block
AN1673 Using the PIC16F1XXX High-Endurance Flash (HEF) Block FLASH VS. HIGH-ENDURANCE Author: Lucio Di Jasio Microchip Technology Inc. FLASH Like most other PIC microcontrollers in Flash technology, the PIC16F1XXX series features a INTRODUCTION single-voltage self-write Flash program memory array. The PIC16F1XXX family of general purpose Flash This means that, without additional external hardware microcontrollers features the 8-bit PIC® MCU support, these devices can modify the contents of their enhanced mid-range core. Carefully trading Flash memory at runtime, under firmware control. functionality versus cost, several members of this As an example, this capability is conveniently used to family, including the PIC16F14XX, PIC16F15XX and implement boot loaders, enabling embedded PIC16F17XX, have made a departure from the usual application that can be reprogrammed in the field via a set of peripherals found in previous models to achieve simple serial connection (UART, SPI, I2C™, USB, etc.) a lower price point while still offering a compelling new and without requiring the use of a dedicated in-circuit set of features. Among the several new peripherals programmer/debugger device. introduced, it is worth noting: This capability can also be used to store and/or update • Configurable Logic Cell – a small set of logic calibration data in program memory (obtained at the blocks (unlike a small PLD) that can help directly end of a production line or after product installation). interconnect various peripherals inputs/outputs However, the main limitation of the self-write Flash without CPU intervention. program memory array lies in the relatively small • Complementary Output Generator – the front end number of possible erase/write cycles. -
32-Bit Microcontroller Families Industry’S Broadest and Most Innovative 32-Bit MCU Portfolio
32-bit Microcontrollers 32-bit Microcontroller Families Industry’s Broadest and Most Innovative 32-bit MCU Portfolio www.microchip.com/32bit World-Class 32-bit Microcontrollers Building on the heritage of Microchip Technology’s world-leading 8- and 16-bit microcontrollers, the 32-bit family offers a wide range of products from the industry’s lowest-power to highest-performance MCUs coupled with novel and easy-to-use soft- ware solutions. With a rich ecosystem of development tools, integrated development environments and third-party partners, Microchip’s families of 32-bit microcontrollers accelerate a vast array of embedded designs ranging from secured Internet of Things (IoT) to Functional Safety applications to general-purpose embedded control. Internet of Things Security Functional Safety Graphics and Touch Ultra-Low Power Digital Audio 5V Appliances Automotive Wearables Connected Lighting Motor Control Metering Broad Portfolio with Smart Peripheral Mix and Multiple Performance Options High Performance SAMS, SAME, SAMV Cortex-M7, 600 DMIPS, 512–2048 KB Flash PIC32MZ EF MIPS M-Class, 415 DMIPS, 512–2048 KB Flash Mid-Range PIC32MZ DA PIC32MK MC/GP MIPS microApv™, 330 DMIPS, 32 MB SDRAM, MIPS microApv, 198 DMIPS, 256–1024 KB Flash 1-2 MB Flash SAMD5/E5, SAM4N/4S/4E/4L, SAMG Cortex-M4/M4F, 150 DMIPS, 128–2048 KB Flash e PIC32MX3/4 MIPS M4K, 131/150 DMIPS, 64–512 KB Flash ormanc PIC32MX5/6/7 rf MIPS M4K, 105 DMIPS, 64–512 KB Flash Pe SAM7, SAM3, AVR32 Baseline Legacy 32-bit PIC32MX1/2/5 (XLP) MIPS M4K, 116 DMIPS, 16–512 KB Flash SAMD, SAML, -
Analysis of Chirped Oscillators Under Injection Signals
Analysis of Chirped Oscillators Under Injection Signals Franco Ramírez, Sergio Sancho, Mabel Pontón, Almudena Suárez Dept. of Communications Engineering, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain Abstract—An in-depth investigation of the response of chirped reach a locked state during the chirp-signal period. The possi- oscillators under injection signals is presented. The study con- ble system application as a receiver of frequency-modulated firms the oscillator capability to detect the input-signal frequen- signals with carriers within the chirped-oscillator frequency cies, demonstrated in former works. To overcome previous anal- ysis limitations, a new formulation is presented, which is able to band is investigated, which may, for instance, have interest in accurately predict the system dynamics in both locked and un- sensor networks. locked conditions. It describes the chirped oscillator in the enve- lope domain, where two time scales are used, one associated with the oscillator control voltage and the other associated with the II. FORMULATION OF THE INJECTED CHIRPED OSCILLATOR beat frequency. Under sufficient input amplitude, a dynamic Consider the oscillator in Fig. 1, which exhibits the free- synchronization interval is generated about the input-signal frequency. In this interval, the circuit operates at the input fre- running oscillation frequency and amplitude at the quency, with a phase shift that varies slowly at the rate of the control voltage . A sawtooth waveform will be intro- control voltage. The formulation demonstrates the possibility of duced at the the control node and one or more input signals detecting the input-signal frequency from the dynamics of the will be injected, modeled with their equivalent currents ,, beat frequency, which increases the system sensitivity. -
Femtosecond Optical Pulse Shaping and Processing
Prog. Quant. Elecrr. 1995, Vol. 19, pp. 161-237 Copyright 0 1995.Elsevier Science Ltd Pergamon 0079-6727(94)00013-1 Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved. 007%6727/95 $29.00 FEMTOSECOND OPTICAL PULSE SHAPING AND PROCESSING A. M. WEINER School of Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, U.S.A CONTENTS 1. Introduction 162 2. Fourier Svnthesis of Ultrafast Outical Waveforms 163 2.1. Pulse shaping by linear filtering 163 2.2. Picosecond pulse shaping 165 2.3. Fourier synthesis of femtosecond optical waveforms 169 2.3.1. Fixed masks fabricated using microlithography 171 2.3.2. Spatial light modulators (SLMs) for programmable pulse shaping 173 2.3.2.1. Pulse shaping using liquid crystal modulator arrays 173 2.3.2.2. Pulse shaping using acousto-optic deflectors 179 2.3.3. Movable and deformable mirrors for special purpose pulse shaping 180 2.3.4. Holographic masks 182 2.3.5. Amplification of spectrally dispersed broadband laser pulses 183 2.4. Theoretical considerations 183 2.5. Pulse shaping by phase-only filtering 186 2.6. An alternate Fourier synthesis pulse shaping technique 188 3. Additional Pulse Shaping Methods 189 3.1. Additional passive pulse shaping techniques 189 3. I. 1. Pulse shaping using delay lines and interferometers 189 3.1.2. Pulse shaping using volume holography 190 3.1.3. Pulse shaping using integrated acousto-optic tunable filters 193 3.1.4. Atomic and molecular pulse shaping 194 3.2. Active Pulse Shaping Techniques 194 3.2.1. Non-linear optical gating 194 3.2.2. -
Tesis De Microcontroladores.Pdf
UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DE OCCIDENTE DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA Y ARQUITECTURA. TRABAJO DE GRADUACIÓN DENOMINADO: “DISEÑO DE GUÍAS DE TRABAJO Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE EQUIPO DIDÁCTICO PARA LA IMPLANTACIÓN DE PRÁCTICAS DE LABORATORIO CON MICRO CONTROLADORES EN LA CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS INFORMÁTICOS DE LA FACULTAD MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DE OCCIDENTE.” PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE: INGENIERO DE SISTEMA INFORMÁTICOS PRESENTAN: FRANCIA ESCOBAR, ROBERTO ANTONIO GARCÍA, JUAN CARLOS UMAÑA ORDOÑEZ, JORGE ARTURO DOCENTE DIRECTOR ING. JOSE FRANCISCO ANDALUZ NOVIEMBRE, 2007. SANTA ANA EL SALVADOR CENTRO AMÉRICA UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR RECTOR MÁSTER RUFINO ANTONIO QUEZADA SÁNCHEZ VICERRECTOR ACADÉMICO MÁSTER MIGUEL ÁNGEL PÉREZ RAMOS VICE RECTOR ADMINISTRATIVO MÁSTER ÓSCAR NOÉ NAVARRETE SECRETARIO GENERAL LICENCIADO DOUGLAS VLADIMIR ALFARO CHÁVEZ FACULTAD MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DE OCCIDENTE DECANO LIC. JORGE MAURICIO RIVERA VICE DECANO LIC. ELADIO ZACARÍAS ORTEZ SECRETARIO LIC. VÍCTOR HUGO MERINO QUEZADA JEFE DE DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA ING. RENÉ ERNESTO MARTÍNEZ BERMÚDEZ AGRADECIMIENTOS A DIOS TODOPODEROSO Por permitir que llegara hasta el final de la carrera, por no dejarme solo en este camino y siempre levantarme cuando necesite de su apoyo y fuerza para continuar adelante. A MI MADRE ÁNGELA VICTORIA ESCOBAR DE FRANCIA Por su apoyo, paciencia y ser un pilar en mi vida; sin la cual no hubiese podido culminar la carrera., le dedico este triunfo con las palabras con las que siempre me ha dado confianza y fuerza de seguir adelante “se triunfa cuando se persevera”. A MI PADRE JOSÉ ANTONIO FRANCIA ESCOBAR Que su ejemplo formo en mi la idea de siempre mirar más adelante, seguir luchando y creer que siempre es posible superarse cada día más; gracias por su inmenso apoyo desde todos los puntos de mi carrera y mi vida, como padre, docente, asesor y amigo. -
Improved Spectrograms Using the Discrete Fractional Fourier Transform
IMPROVED SPECTROGRAMS USING THE DISCRETE FRACTIONAL FOURIER TRANSFORM Oktay Agcaoglu, Balu Santhanam, and Majeed Hayat Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 oktay, [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT in this plane, while the FrFT can generate signal representations at The conventional spectrogram is a commonly employed, time- any angle of rotation in the plane [4]. The eigenfunctions of the FrFT frequency tool for stationary and sinusoidal signal analysis. How- are Hermite-Gauss functions, which result in a kernel composed of ever, it is unsuitable for general non-stationary signal analysis [1]. chirps. When The FrFT is applied on a chirp signal, an impulse in In recent work [2], a slanted spectrogram that is based on the the chirp rate-frequency plane is produced [5]. The coordinates of discrete Fractional Fourier transform was proposed for multicompo- this impulse gives us the center frequency and the chirp rate of the nent chirp analysis, when the components are harmonically related. signal. In this paper, we extend the slanted spectrogram framework to Discrete versions of the Fractional Fourier transform (DFrFT) non-harmonic chirp components using both piece-wise linear and have been developed by several researchers and the general form of polynomial fitted methods. Simulation results on synthetic chirps, the transform is given by [3]: SAR-related chirps, and natural signals such as the bat echolocation 2α 2α H Xα = W π x = VΛ π V x (1) and bird song signals, indicate that these generalized slanted spectro- grams provide sharper features when the chirps are not harmonically where W is a DFT matrix, V is a matrix of DFT eigenvectors and related. -
Advanced Chirp Transform Spectrometer with Novel Digital Pulse Compression Method for Spectrum Detection
applied sciences Article Advanced Chirp Transform Spectrometer with Novel Digital Pulse Compression Method for Spectrum Detection Quan Zhao *, Ling Tong * and Bo Gao School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.Z.); [email protected] (L.T.); Tel.: +86-18384242904 (Q.Z.) Abstract: Based on chirp transform and pulse compression technology, chirp transform spectrometers (CTSs) can be used to perform high-resolution and real-time spectrum measurements. Nowadays, they are widely applied for weather and astronomical observations. The surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter is a key device for pulse compression. The system performance is significantly affected by the dispersion characteristics match and the large insertion loss of the SAW filters. In this paper, a linear phase sampling and accumulating (LPSA) algorithm was developed to replace the matched filter for fast pulse compression. By selecting and accumulating the sampling points satisfying a specific periodic phase distribution, the intermediate frequency (IF) chirp signal carrying the information of the input signal could be detected and compressed. Spectrum measurements across the entire operational bandwidth could be performed by shifting the fixed sampling points in the time domain. A two-stage frequency resolution subdivision method was also developed for the fast pulse compression of the sparse spectrum, which was shown to significantly improve the calculation Citation: Zhao, Q.; Tong, L.; Gao, B. speed. The simulation and experiment results demonstrate that the LPSA method can realize fast Advanced Chirp Transform pulse compression with adequate high amplitude accuracy and frequency resolution. -
2 XII December 2014
2 XII December 2014 www.ijraset.com Volume 2 Issue XII, December 2014 ISSN: 2321-9653 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) Overview and Comparative Study of Different Microcontrollers Rajratna Khadse1, Nitin Gawai2, Bagwan M. Faruk3 1Assist.Professor, Electronics Engineering Department, RCOEM, Nagpur 2,3Assist.Professor, E & Tc Engineering Department, JDIET, Yavatmal Abstract—A microcontroller is a small and low-cost computer built for the purpose of dealing with specific tasks, such as displaying information on seven segment display at railway platform or receiving information from a television’s remote control. Microcontrollers are mainly used in products that require a degree of control to be exerted by the user. Today various types of microcontrollers are available in market with different word lengths such as 8bit, 16bit, 32bit, and microcontrollers. Microcontroller is a compressed microcomputer manufactured to control the functions of embedded systems in office machines, robots, home appliances, motor vehicles, and a number of other gadgets. Therefore in today’s technological world lot of things done with the help of Microcontroller. Depending upon the applications we have to choose particular types of Microcontroller. The aim of this paper to give the basic information of microcontroller and comparative study of 8051 Microcontroller, ARM Microcontroller, PIC Microcontroller and AVR Microcontroller Keywords— Microcontroller, Memory, Instruction, cycle, bit, architecture I. INTRODUCTION Microcontrollers have directly or indirectly impact on our daily life. Usually, But their presence is unnoticed at most of the places like: At supermarkets in Cash Registers, Weighing Scales, Video games ,security system , etc. At home in Ovens, Washing Machines, Alarm Clocks, paging, VCR, LASER Printers, color printers etc.