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11.3.2.Overall Progress in MPI Marine Biodiversity Research

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11.3.2.Overall Progress in MPI Marine Biodiversity Research AEBAR 2012: Marine Biodiversity 11.3.2.Overall progress in MPI marine biodiversity research The MPI Biodiversity Research programme has three overarching science goals: x To describe and characterise the distribution and abundance of fauna and flora, as expressed through measures of biodiversity, and improving understanding about the drivers of the spatial and temporal patterns observed. x To determine the functional role of different organisms or groups of organisms in marine ecosystems, and assess the role of marine biodiversity in mitigating the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance on healthy ecosystem functioning. x To identify which components of biodiversity are required to ensure the sustainability of healthy marine ecosystems as well as to meet societal values on biodiversity. More specific Science Objectives developed below have been modified by BRAG over time and are used to focus the research commissioned: 1. To classify and characterise the biodiversity, including the description and documentation of biota, associated with nearshore and offshore marine habitats in New Zealand. 2. To develop ecosystem-scale understanding of biodiversity in the New Zealand marine environment. 3. To investigate the role of biodiversity in the functional ecology of nearshore and offshore marine communities. 4. To assess developments in all aspects of diversity, including genetic marine biodiversity and identify key topics for research. 5. To determine the effects of climate change and increased ocean acidification on marine biodiversity, as well as effects of incursions of non-indigenous species, and other threats and impacts. 6. To develop appropriate diversity metrics and other indicators of biodiversity that can be used to monitor change. 7. To identify threats and impacts to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning beyond natural environmental variation. To date, 55 research projects have been commissioned. Early studies focused primarily on Objectives 1 and 2 and resulted in reviews, Identification Guides, habitat and community characterisations, and revised taxonomy for certain groups of organisms. These objectives have also resulted in large collaborative ship-based surveys that have contributed to improved seabed classification in New Zealand waters and the exploration of new habitats in the region and in Antarctic waters. Over time, the complexity and scale of studies has increased with projects on the functional ecology of marine ecosystems from localised experimental manipulation to broad-scale observations across 100s km2 under Objective 3. Such studies have also pursued the development of improved measures of biodiversity and indicators under Objectives 6 and 7. A study on changes in shelf ecosystems over the past 1000 years is yielding insights into the effects of long-term climate change, land-use effects and fishing on marine ecosystems while more recently, some studies have begun to address the effects of ocean acidification on marine biodiversity under Objective 5. A study underway has reviewed genetic variation in the New Zealand marine environment and is conducting field observations on several species to examine genetic variation across latitudinal gradients. Aspects of the seven Objectives have also been addressed through a range of biodiversity projects in the Ross Sea region including the International Polar Year Census of Antarctic Marine Life project (IPY-CAML). A key to study findings is consideration of biodiversity within the context of the carrying capacity of the system and the natural assemblages of biota supported by that system in the absence of human disturbance. Progress in the MPI Biodiversity Programme is summarised in Figure 11.5. 250 AEBAR 2012: Marine Biodiversity Progression of research Science Estuarine/ Shelf Slope Deep/Abyss Antarctica understanding objective† Coastal 0-30 m 30-200 m 200-1500 m >1500 m All depths 1. Review extent of knowledge of 1-7 biodiversity (desktop) 2. Identify & characterise species and habitat diversity (field work, 1 qualitative analysis, taxonomy & systematics) 3. Quantify biodiversity distribution, abundance 1 (replication, purpose designed surveys) 4. Model and predict biodiversity distribution 1 and abundance 5. Assess or measure functional processes in healthy marine 2, 3 ecosystems (experiments, process studies) 6. Assess the role of 4 genetic diversity 7. Assess interactions and connectivity on 2, 5 ecosystem scale, (genetics, modelling) 8. Develop indicators and measures to monitor 6 bio-diversity, ecosystem health 9. Define key risks and 5, 7 threats to biodiversity 10. Define standards for maintaining 6 biodiversity and healthy ecosystem functioning 11. Examine strategies to mitigate remedy or 6 avoid threats to biodiversity 12. Monitor risks and compliance with 6 standards Figure 11.5. Progress on biodiversity research commissioned by MPI 2000–2010. Dark grey: Significant progress (several projects completed and results emerging from research underway). Light grey: Limited progress (some results emerging, more research needed). White: no substantive research. Diagonal-hatch: progress linked to large whole-of-government projects (e.g. Ocean Survey 2020) and/or other funding outside MPI (e.g. MBIE (MSI) funded Outcome Based Investment projects, DOC Marine Coastal Services, MAFBNZ marine biosecurity research). † Science objectives are- 1 characterisation and description; 2 ecosystem scale biodiversity; 3 functional role of biodiversity; 4 genetics; 5 ocean climate effects; 6 indicators; 7 threats to biodiversity. The objectives are detailed in MPI Biodiversity Programme: Part 2. Medium Term Research Plan 2011-2014. The chart depicts a logical flow down the page of increasing conceptual complexity from cataloguing of biodiversity to increasingly complex understanding of environmental drivers and functionality of biodiversity; and ultimately methods to develop standards and protection of biodiversity. Across the 251 AEBAR 2012: Marine Biodiversity chart, the marine environment is graded from the coastline to offshore regions, and Antarctica. A full list of projects can be obtained from the MPI Biodiversity Medium Term research programme 2010- 2014. Greatest progress has been made in the shallower inshore parts of the marine environment, not least because of cost and ease of access. However, by leveraging from existing offshore projects, significant progress has also been made to depths of 1500 m. MPI Biodiversity research based in Antarctica lags behind EEZ-based research, simply because of the difficulty in securing additional funding to access and work in such a remote and hostile marine environment. While the top left side of the figure shows the area of greatest progress, it would be a mistake to conclude that biodiversity work is completed here. 11.3.1.Progress on Science Objective 1. Characterisation and Classification of Biodiversity The characterisation and classification of biodiversity requires an assessment of the abundance and distribution of marine life. Building on earlier research to map fish and squid species (Anderson et al. 1998, Bagley et al. 2000) and the biodiversity of the New Zealand ecoregion (Arnold 2004), literature reviews, taxonomic studies and habitat mapping surveys have been undertaken. Reviews and books The following lists scientific reviews and books on biodiversity that were commissioned by the programme: ZBD2000-01 A review of current knowledge describing the biodiversity of the Ross Sea region (Bradford-Grieve and Fenwick 2001, 2002; Fenwick and Bradford-Grieve 2002a, 2002b, Varian 2005) ZBD2000-06 “The Living Reef: The Ecology of New Zealand's Rocky Reefs” (eds. Andrew and Francis 2003) ZBD2000-08 A review of current knowledge describing New Zealand’s Deepwater Benthic Biodiversity (Key 2002), ZBD2000-09 Antarctic fish taxonomy (Roberts and Stewart 2001) ZBD2001-02 Documentation of New Zealand Seaweed (Nelson et al. 2002) ZBD2001-04 “Deep Sea New Zealand” (Batson 2003) ZBD2001-05 Crustose coralline algae of New Zealand (Harvey et al. 2005, Farr et al. 2009, Broom et al. 2008) ZBD2001-06 Biodiversity of New Zealand’s soft-sediment communities (Rowden et al. 2011) ZBD2003-09 Macquarie Ridge Complex Research Review (Grayling 2004) ZBD2008-27 Scoping investigation into New Zealand abyss and trench biodiversity (Lörz et al. 2012). In addition a major work which includes marine species – “The New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity” (Gordon 2009, Gordon 2010, Gordon 2012), has been completed. Field identification guides have also been published by MPI on deepsea invertebrates (–projects ENV2005-20 and ZBD2010-39, Tracey et al. 2005, 2007, 2011), bryozoans (project IPA2009/14 Smith and Gordon 2011) and on fish species (IDG2006-01 MacMillan et al. (2011 a, b, c) which further contribute to the accurate monitoring and identification of biodiversity in New Zealand waters. Projects Several hundred new species of marine organisms have been discovered, and the known range of species extended, through exploratory surveys such as the NORFANZ project ZBD2002-16 (Clark 252 AEBAR 2012: Marine Biodiversity and Roberts 2008); MSI’s Seamount Programme, mainly commissioned through public-good science, supplemented by MPI projects ZBD2000-04, e.g., Rowden et al. 2002 and 2003, ZBD2001-10 (Rowden et. al 2004), ZBD2004-01 (Rowden et al. 2010) and MPI projects ENV2005-15, ENV2005- 16 (Clark et al. 2010, Rowden et al. 2008) and the Ocean Survey 20/20 programme (Clark et al. 2009); inshore surveys of bryozoans at Tasman Bay ZBD2000-03 (Grange et
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