343a

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Glossary

abdomen - that part of the body containing the digestive and reproductive organs; the lower part of the body in front of the cloaca» acute - sharp pointed» adipose - fatty adipose eyelid - thick fleshy tissue surrounding and partly covering the . eye. adipose fin - a small dorsal fin without fin rays, usually thick and fleshy, and hind most of the dorsal fins. anal fin - the unpaired fin placed ventrally just behind the cloaca. anguilliform - eel-like. anterior - the front or leading part. barbel - elongated tentacle generally under the chin with sensory func- tion, usually taste. canine - prominent conical teeth in 'jaw. caniniform - in the form of canines. carnivore - feeding on other animals. cartilaginous - made of cartilage or gristle. caudal fin - tail fin. caudal peduncle - the posterior of the body behind the cloaca, usually slender, measured from the posterior of the anal fin base to the end of the vertebral column. cheek - part of the head below the eye. claspers - male reproductive organs of the sharks, rays and skates. cloaca - the external opening of the alimentary canal and reproductive organs. coalesced - grown together. compressed - flattened from side to side, confluent - joined together. conical - cone shaped; cylindrical at base and pointed at tip. conspecific - belonging to the same species. corselet - a scaly covering behind the pectorals in some fish. crepuscular - active at dawn and dusk cryptic - having a protective colouration facilitating concealment or living amongst shelter or concealing cover. ctenoid scale - scale with a spiny hind margin. 352a

cycloid scale - scale with a smooth hind margin. denticle - small, tooth-like structure. depressed - dorso-ventrally flattened like skates and rays. depth (body) - usually refers to the vertical diameter of the body. dermal - pertaining to the skin. detritus - organic material derived from decomposing plants and animals. dimorphism - existing in two forms, usually differences between sexes in body shape and/or colour, i.e. sexual dimorphism. disc - the flattened head and body of various fishes which also commonly includes the pectoral and ventral fins. diurnal - active in the daytime. dorsal - related to the upper surface; back. dorsal fin - any fin on the back, unpaired and up to three in number. endemic - native and restricted to a given area. erectile - capable of being raised. estuarine - living in estuaries. falcate - sickle-shaped. family - one of the categories in classification, the name ending in -idae. Contains one or several genera. fauna - the animals inhabiting the area or locality under consideration. filament - a thread. filiform - thread-like finlets, detached and expanded soft rays of midline, behind dorsal and anal fins. fin ray - a flexable bone supporting the membrane of a fin, often branched once or many times. fin spine - a rigid bone supporting the membrane of a fin, never branched. fusiform - spindle-shaped. genus (pi. genera) - the category in animal classification which contains one or more species. gill arch - bony structure which supports the gill. gill raker - bony projections along the front edge of the gill arch, used for filtering food organisms or protecting the gills, vary from few to many in number, and from short and stout to long and slender in form. gills - organs for breathing the air contained in water. gonad - organ producing reproductive tissue, gonochorist - an individual that produces either sperm or eggs, and does not have the genetic capacity to change sex. group spawning - a group of males mating with one or more_ females. 353a

harem - a group of females contained within the territory of a single male, and which mate almost exclusively with that male. herbivore - plant-eating. hermaphrodite - an individual that produces both male and female gametes. incisiform - in the form of incisors, incisor - the front or cutting teeth. initial phase - having a colour pattern characteristic of small adult individuals. jugular - pertaining to the throat. keel - ridge along the ventral surface of the abdomen or lateral surface of the caudal peduncle. lateral - referring to the sides. lateral line - a sensory organ consisting of a series of tubes. lateral line scales - pored scales forming an external line along each side of a fish. lunate - shaped like a crescent moon. maxilla (pi. maxillae) - an upper jaw bone forming the lateral margin of the upper jaw. mesopterygoid - a paired bone which forms most of the roof of the mouth. metamorphosis - the transition from larval form to adult form. molars - blunt or rounded grinding teeth, usually posterior in jaws. multi-fid - divided into many branches. nape - back of the head behind the eyes. nasal - pertaining to the nose or nostrils. nictating membrane - an inner transparent eyelid which helps to keep the eye clean. nocturnal - active at night. nomenclature - the naming of plants and animals. obtuse - blunt. ocular - referring to the eyes. oesophagus - gullet. olfactory - referring to the sense of smell. omnivore - feeding on both plant and animal foods. opercular - pertaining to the operculum. operculum - one of the bones of the head which protects the gil.1 chamber. orbital - pertaining to the bones surrounding the eye. otolith - ear bone. ovum (pi. ova) - egg. 354a ovary - female reproductive organ oviparous - producing eggs which hatch after being laid. ovoviviparous - producing eggs which hatch inside the mother. pair spawning - a single male mating with a single female. palate - roof of the mouth. palatine - paired bone forming the margin of the roof of the mouth towards the front. Palatine teeth are carried on this bone. pectoral fins - paired fins just behind or below the gill openings. pelagic - living in the open sea. pelvic fins - paired fins positioned on the ventral surface between the head and the vent. pharyngeal bones - bones behind the gills in the oesophagus. pharynx - cavity between the mouth and oesophagus. phytoplankton - microscopic floating plants that live in the surface waters. piscivore - feeding on fish. plankton - minute organisms that live in surface waters of seas and lakes. prehensile - adapted for holding. premaxilla (pi. premaxillae) - paired bones that form the front of the upper jaw; the main tooth carrying bone of the upper jaw in most fishes. preoperculum - the front part of the gill cover. protandrous hermaphrodite - an individual that changes sex from male to female. protogynous hermaphrodite - an individual that changes sex from female to male. protractile - capable of being extended. protrusible - capable of forward extension. radial - arranged like rays. recurved - curving upwards. ripe - used to describe fish ready to spawn. rudimentary - very weakly developed. recumbent - lying down and directed backwards. rhomboidal - diamond shaped. scute - large shield-like scale usually with prominent ridge or keel. sequential hermaphrodite - a hermaphrodite that produces male and female gametes at different stages of its life. serrated - with saw-like teeth. simultaneous hermaphrodite - a hermaphrodite that produces male and 355a

female gametes at the same time. snout - part of the head in front of the eyes. soft dorsal - portion of dorsal fin supported by flexible rays. species - groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations. stellate - star-like. streaking - rushing in to join a male and a female at the climax of pair spawning. swim bladder - a gas-filled sac lying beneath the backbone. - the science of the classification of animals and plants. terminal - at the end. terminal phase - having a colour pattern characteristic of the largest males. testes - male reproductive organs. thoracic - chest; the area of the ventral surface just behind the head and below the pectoral fin bases. transverse - crosswise. tricuspid - with three points. truncated - abruptly cut off; refers to the caudal fin. undulated - waved; wavy. uniform (colouration) - of one colour. ventral - referring to the lower surface. ventral fin - see . vertical fins - fins of the median line of the body; the dorsal, anal and caudal fins. vestigial - small remnant of an organ or structure which is in the process of being lost. villi - minute finger-like processes. villi form teeth - small with the appearance of velvet. viviparous - producing live young from within the body of the mother. vomer - a bone at the front of the roof of the mouth, sometimes baring teeth. zooplankton - animals that live in the plankton in surface waters. This page has intentionally been left blank 357a

Index of Scientific Names :

abdominalis, Hippocampus „. .. 103 , allporti .. eo 119

ACANTHOCLINIDAE e„ ** .. 112 capito, Forsterygion .. »* ««> 231 Acanthoc1inus quadridactylus ** 121 Caprodon, longimanus .. * * .. 117 adspersa, Pempheris .. ** .. 149 CARANGIDAE . ** ...... 124 aequipinnis, Scorpis *<> .. .. 155 Car anx, georgianus . ... . • .. 131 affinis, Trachichthodes .. .. 91 CARCHARHINIDAE . * * .. .. ' -. 23 alboscapularis, Parma „ eo .. 165 Carcharhinus, brachyurus .. 25 Aldrichetta forsteri .. .. 189 cardinalis, Scorpaena .. «« 107 allporti, Callanthias „ .. 119 celidotus, Pseudolabrus .. 193 Allomycterus whitleyi . .. .. 283 CHEILODACTYLIDAE , .. . . * * 173 ANGUILLIFORMES ...... 41 Cheilodactylus, douglasi .. .. 181 ANTHERINIFORMES ...... " .. 84 macropterus »* 183 APLODACTYLIDAE ...... 173 spectabilis .. 179

Aplodactylus meandratus BO • . 177 Chelodonichthys, kumu .. .. 109 ARRIPIDAE ...... 124 CHIRONEMIDAE ...... ". . 173

Arripis trutta .. 6e 135 Chironemus , marmoratus . .. 175 atun, Thrysites „. .. .. * * 275 CHONDRICHTHYS ...... 22 aurantiacus, Cristiceps «« .. 261 Chromis, dispilus .. oe .. . • 169 auratus Chrysophrys . * .. .. 139 hypsilepis ...... 167 australasieus, Scomber .. .. 273 Chrysophrys, ayratus ...... 139 australis, Engraulis ...... 51 ciliaris, Latridopsis .. .. 187 CLINIDAE ...... 258 bacchus, Physiculus ...... 81 CLUPEIDAE ...... 50 BALISTOIDEI . . 277 CLUPEIFORMES . . . . «... . . » . 49 BERYCIDAE .. . . 88 colias, Parapercis „ ...... 217 BERYCIFORMES « „ ...... <. « 88 compressus, Notoclinus . • . . . 255 BLENNIIDAE ...... 221 Conger, wilsoni .. .. - - 45

BLENNIOIDEI . . * . » « » » «. 221 CONGRIDAE » 0 e « » o o 0 « « .« 42 Blennius laticlavius .. 223 Coris, sandageri .- 209 ^ Bodianus, oxycephalus . ®207 Cristiceps, aurantiacus . • 261 brachyurus, Carcharhinus 25 brevicaudatus, Dasyatis e» 33 DASYATIDAE . 32 breviusculus, Pseudophycis ** 79 Dasyatis, brevicaudatus ««. 33 Decapterus, koheru . „«127 Caesioperca, lepidoptera »» 115 decemdigitatus, Gilloblennius * * 251 358a

Dellichthys, morelandi . . 71 gracilis, Gastrocyathus .. 73 DIODONTIDAE . . . . « . • , 278 grandis, Seriola 125 Diplocrepis, puniceus . . 61 Gymnothorax, prasinus • „ 43

dispilus t Chromis „ . 169 douglasi, Cheilodactylus . . 181 Helcogramma, species A .. 245 species B .. 247 elevatus, Zanclistius . . 163 Hippocampus, abdominalis .. 103 Ellerkeldia, huntii „ , 113 Hoplostethus, elongatus .. 89

elongatus, Hoplosthethus . . 89 huntii, Ellerkeldia n . 113 ENGRAUL IDAE , , 49 hypsilepis, Chromis „ , 167 Engraulis, australis . „ 51 Ericentrus, ruber . , , 259 ihi, Reporhampus „ b 85 EXOCOETIDAE .. • , 84 ins crip tus, Pseudolabrus 203 Isuridae , , 24 faber, Zeus , , 95 Isurus, oxyrinchus 27 filum, Lissocampus . . 99 forsteri, Aldrichetta . . 189 koheru, Decapterus „ B 127

Forsterygion, capito „ B 231 kurnu, Chelodonichthys . „ 109 species B . . 235 KYPHOSIDAE . . . . . * * , . 148 species C 237 Kyphosus, sydneyanus , „ 153 species D . . 239

species E . . 241 labiosus, so 161 species F .. 143 LABRIDAE „ , 191 varium 227 LABROIDEI * ' , , 191 fucicola, Pseudolabrus . . 197 laticlavius, Blennius , 223 LATRIDAE « « , 174

GAD IDAE . . „ „ 76 Latridopsis, ciliaris n „ 187 GADIFORMES „ . 76 lepidoptera, Caesioperca .. 115

GASTEROSTEIFORMES „ . 98 Lissocampus, filum n . 99 Gastrocyathus, gracilis . . 73 longimanus, Caprodon . , 117

GEMPYLIDAE B P 272 Lotella, rhacinus ..'11 Genyagnus, monopterygius .. 219 luculentus, Pseudolabrus .. 205 georgianus, Caranx , . 131 Gilloblennius, decemdigitabus . 251 macropterus, Cheilodactylus 183 tripennis . . 249 macropterygia, Stigmatopora .. 101

Girella, tricuspidata . . 151 marmoratus, Chironemus ao 175 GOBIEOSOCIDAE . , . 60 meandratus, Aplodactylus .. 177 GOBIEOSOCIFORMES . . 60 melobesia, Tracheloschismus . . 69 359a

mites, Pseudolabrus .. * * .. 201 Physiculus, bacchus . .. .. es 81 Mola, mola «„ ...... 285 pinnulatus, Tracheloschsmus . 65 mola, Mola .. .. * * *«> 285 Plagiotremus tapeniosoma . «,. .. 161

MOLIDAE . . „ „ . 0 . . o o c . 278 POMACENTRIDAE » » ...... 159

MONACANTHIDAE . . . „ e * * . . 277 porosus, Upeneichthys ** .. .. 145 monopterygiusF Genyagnus ** . • 219 prasinus, Gymnothorax <,. . .. 43 morelandi, Dellichthys .. »» 71 Pseudolabrus, celidotus 00 oc 193

MUGILIDAE . . . . . 0 9 » . . . 174 fucicola .. .. * * 197 MUGILOIDEI © & » „ ...... 174 inscriptus * „ „ .. 203 MUGILOIDIDAE ...... 216 luculentus . .. .. 205

MULLIDAE ...... 144 miles o e o o o. o« 201

MURAENIDAE . . . . « a . . * * 41 Pseudophycis, breviusculus .. .. 79 MYCTOPHOIDEI * * ...... « 56 pullus, Odax o ,. ** ... 213 MYLIOBATIDAE * * . . * * . . . * 32 puniceus, Diplocrepis .. .. «* 61 Myliobatus, tenuicaudatus . .. 35 quadridactylus, Acanthoc1inus « * 121 neopilohardus, Sardinops .. .. 53

Notoclinus, cornpressus * * .. 255 RAJIFORMES ee ...... a. 31 Notoclinops, segmentatum • • • • 253 Reporhampus, ihi . . .. . 85 novae-zelandiae, Trachurus .. 129 rhacinus, Lotella ...... 77 ruber, Ericentrus ...... 259 ODACIDAE . . 212

Odax, pullus . . . . oo e0 . . 213 SALMONIFORMES „ » . . . . . » „ « 56 OPHICHTHIDAE . . „ « ...... 42 sandageri, Coris . 209

Ophisurus, serpens »0 .. 47 Sardinops, neopilchardus . ** 53

OSTEICHTHYS ...... 40 scaber, Parika .» «0 « » »« .. 279 oxycephalus, Bodianus . .. .. 207 Scomber, australasicus »« «« »« 273 oxyrinchus, Isurus ...... 27 SCOMBRIDAE e » • « « » . « a « ... 271

SCOMBROIDEI « a o e » 0 271

Parapercis, colias .. . • . • 217 Scorpaena, cardinalis . a e« a« 107

Paristiopterus, labiosus .. .. 161 SCORPAENIDAE „ .0 .. ». -e .o 105 Parika, scaber ...... 279 SCORPAENIFORMES . » «, . o « » « . «, 105 Parma, aIboscapularis . .. .. 165 Scorpis, aequipinnis . ... ** 155 PEMPHERIDAE . . . . 147 violaceus .. .. «. „» 157

Pempheris, adspersa * * .. ... 149 segmentatum, Notoclinops . e. «. 253 @ @ * * * * * * 159 Seriola, grandis . „* ** .. ** 125

PERCIFORMES * 8 » . . 111 serpens, Ophisurus 47

PERCOIDEI e o e o . . o 0 e. 111 SERRANIDAE „. ». .. .- ». .. Ill 360a

SPARIDAE . . . . * . * * . . . . 138 Trachinoidei . .. .. * ® . . .. 216 spectabilis, Cheilodactylus .. 179 Trachurus, novae-zelandiae .. .. 129

Sphyrna, zygaena ...... 29 tricuspidatar ...... 151 SPHYRNIDAE . . . . » * . . . . 24 Triglidae ...... © ® . . .. 105 SQAULIFORMES ...... 23 tripennis, Gilloblennius . *. .. 249 Stigmatopora macropterygia .. 101 TRIPTERYGIIDAE ...... 220 Sydneyanus, Kyphosus 153 trutta, Arripis . .. ** .. .. 135 SYNGNATHIDAE * « 98 SYNODONTIDAE ...... * » * « 56 Upeneichthys , porosus . . . . «« 145 Synodus, species ...... • 57 URANOSCOPIDAE ...... • .. * . 216

tapeinosoma, Plagiotremus . .. 225 violaceus, Scorpis .. 157 tenuicaudatus, Myliobatus . .. 35 varium, Forsterygion * * .. .. 227 TETRADONTIFORMES ...... 277 TETRADONTOIDEI ...... 278 whitteyi Allomycterus .. .. *. 283 Thrysites, atun ...... 275 wilsoni, Conger . . .. 45 TORPENINIDAE ...... 32 Torpedo, fairchildii .. .. ** 37 Zanclistius, elevatus ...... 163

Tracheloschismus, meZobesia .. 69 ZEIDAE » s . . " ...... "''94 pinnulatus .. 65 ZEIFORMES ...... ' .. 94 TRACHICHTHIDAE ...... 88 Zeus, faber ...... " 95 Trachichthodes, affinis .. «« 91 zygaena, Sphyrna ...... ** 29 361a

Index of Common Names

Allport1s perch 119 bream, black ...... 151

49 0 0 138 . 51 bronze whaler .. .25 .. . 149

253 butterfish oe ...... 213 115 197 butterfly perch oe barracouta .. 275 .. •:'.; ... i".. 69 .. 219 79 chequered blenny ...... 245 149 ...... 197 black" angelfish 165 chocolate blenny ...... 243 . . 151 clingfish, barred 69 . . 221 painted .. 3.,...,,... 71 253 slender 73

60 :: • chequered .. 245 clingfishes •V

' chocolate ? . .. .. 243 cobble blenny ...... 231 cobble .. * * . . _ 231 cod, bastard red .. 79

223 ffle ...... 217 225 .. . . * * 81 227 ...... 77

oblique-swiimning .. 237 codfishes * 0 s „ «, - 76 sabre-tooth 225 .. . „ . 216 241 . . .. 42^.45 251 ...... 223 spectacled . . 249 249 eagle ray .. . 35 247 .. , 37 Yaldwyn8 s . . . - - . 239 eel, conger . . 45 217 ... • ...... 47 , 187 yellow moray .. • 43 157 eels, conger ...... : ...... 42 27 ...... 42 boarfish, giant ea 161 163 .. . . 277 , 157 362a

garfish . . . . ® ® . . * * . . 85mackerel , blue ...... 273 giant boarfish ...... ® » 161 horse . . . * ...... 129 goatfishes ...... 144 sharks . .. . « .. . . 24 goatfish . . . . . • . . . . * * 145mackerel s ...... 271 golden snapper .. ... 88, 91 snake . .. 272 grandfather hapuku .. . . 107 mako ® ® . • .. .. 27 granite trout . . . 177 maomao, blue ...... 175 greenbone ...... • .. 213 pink «® 117 1 green wrasse .. 203 marblefish ...... 177 grinners ...... 56 marblefishes . . . . .« 173 •gropers .. .. «. .« ® - 111 mimic blenny ...... »» .. *. 225 • gurnards . * ...... « « 105 moki, blue ...... 187 red ...... 179 halfbeaks .. * * . . 84 morays, ...... ® * .. .. 41 hammerhead sharks . .. «« 24, 29 yellow ...... » • . 43 herrings o. . . 50 mottled blenny • • . . • ...... 227 hiwihiwi .. „...... 175 , red ...... -. ..-145 horse mackerel . • • . .. •. 129 yellow-eyed «« •'•••.. . • 189 ^mullets, . .. .. • .. .. .« 174 jacks . .. .. 124 red . . . * ...... 144 john dory . . . .. 95 northern kingfish . . . „ .. . . 124 kahawai ...... • • .. 135 kelpfishes - 173 oblique-swimming blenny .. * • . . . . 237 1 kelpf ish .. - - 175 orange wrasse ...... 205 kingfish ..125 'koheru .. . . 127 painted clingfish ...... 71 paketi . . - .. * - 193 ' leather jacket . .. 279 parore . . . . 151 leatherjackets 277 perch, Allport1s 119 lizardfish ...... 57 butterfly . .. 115 lizardfishes „ « .. 56 redbanded . .. 113 longfin . .. 117 pilchard .. . - 53

* longfinned boarfish ...... 163 pilchards .. .. .e ». «. «e 50 •"long-nosed weedfish . . . . 259 pink maomao .. .« .. .. «. »« 117 long-snouted pipefish . .. .. 101 pipefish, long-snouted ...... 101 lumpf ish 65 short-snouted .. .. .- 99 363a

pipefishes ...... 98 ...... 105 . . .. 85 . . .. Ill . . .. . 181 .. . . 138 porcupinefish . . . .« . 278, 283 sea carps .. * ? 173 ... ,.. 138

oa- /.103 ... .,-j .. .35 ?8 . . 105 . . . . 37 e a .. i. shortailed stingray, ...... 33 ...... 124

... . o. 31 . . 0. 22

a 0 e . 32 bronze whaler • ...... 25

electric .. 00 32 hammerhead :. 24, 29 .. • . * 32 . . . . 24 redbanded perch .0 .. 113 * * .. 27

a 0 . . 81 requiem „. .. 23 . . .. 109 short-snouted pipefish . . . . 99

a . o. 179 short-tailed stingray . . . „ 33

a . .. 145 .. .. 153 . . .. 144 single-spot demoiselle . . 167 red pigfish oe . . 207 slender clingfish 73

e a . . 91 slender roughy n, .. 89 . . .„201 snake blenny , . . . . 251

oe 255 42, 47 requiem sharks . . . o 23 snake mackerels , , ..212

. . . 0 77 snapper, . , . . 139

os ..121 golden , . . 88, 91 . . .. 105 , , .. 91 „ . o. 88 . . . ..275 . . ... 89 spectacled blenny ., .. 249 . . .. 148 splendid perch 119 spotted stargazer n - . . 219 oc 193

sabre-tooth blenny . . .. 225 stargazer, spotted . . 219 Sandager1s wrasse . . .. 209 . . 216 scaly-headed blenny . . .. 241 stout blenny „ „ .. 249 . . .. 201 ,, 61 . . .. 107 . 278, 285 364

tarakihi . * * ...... 183 whiptail ...... • « ' . . 35 threepenny . . * * ». . . .« " 251 wrasse, banded ...... 197 tiger blenny . ' ...... -• 247 green * ...... 203 torpedo ray .. . . c. .. •. 37 orange ...... 205 1 trevaiiy ...... •. 131 Sandager s . „ ...... 209 triplefins ...... 220 scarlet ...... 201 ; trumpeters ' • . . . <» ...... ' 174 wrasses ...... e • .. 191 tuna" . . . . . •. .. .. -•" 271 1 two-spot demoiselle ...... 169 Yaldwyn s blenny ...... 239 yellow-black blenny ». .. a. .. 235 weedfish, crested ...... 261 yellow-eyed mullet ...... 189 long-nosed . . . .. 259 yellow moray . .» ... .. ' .« .. 43 weed whitings . . • . ® ® . . 212 yellow-tail ...... 127