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Zabilježene – Žene I Javni Život Bosne I Hercegovine U 20. Vijeku

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Zabilježene – Žene I Javni Život Bosne I Hercegovine U 20. Vijeku ZABILJEŽENE Žene i javni život Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. vijeku Zabilježene - Žene i javni život Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. vijeku Sarajevo, 2014. Edicija GenderEdicija Gender Ediciju uređujuEdiciju Emina uređuju Bošnjak Emina i Saša Bošnjak Gavrić i Saša Gavrić Knjiga 4. Knjiga 4. Naslov: Naslov: ZabilježeneZabilježene. - Žene i javni Žene život i javni život Bosne i Bosne i HercegovineHercegovine u u20. 20. vijeku vijeku Autorice iAutorice autori: i autori: Aida SpahićAida Spahić Amila ŽdralovićAmila Ždralović Arijana AganovićArijana Aganović Bojana ĐokanovićBojana Đokanović Elmaja BavčićElmaja Bavčić Emina ŽunaEmina Žuna Fabio GiomiFabio Giomi Ivana DračoIvana Dračo Zlatan DelićZlatan Delić ZlatiborkaZlatiborka Popov-Momčinović Popov-Momčinović Priredila: Priredila: Jasmina ČauševićJasmina Čaušević SaradnicaSaradnica na na prikupljanjuprikupljanju građe: građe:Maja KaljanacMaja Kaljanac Lektura: Lektura_korektura: Velida HodžićVelida Hodžić Korektura:Prelom_naslovnica: Sandra ZlotrgLejla Huremović Prelom_naslovnica:Izdavač: Lejla HuremovićSarajevski otvoreni centar, www.soc.ba Izdavači: Sarajevski otvoreni centar, www.soc.ba Za izdavača: Saša Gavrić Fondacija CURE, www.fondacijacure.org Za izdavače: Saša Gavrić, Jadranka Miličević © Sarajevski otvoreni centar/autorice © Sarajevski otvoreni centar/autorice Nekomercijalno umnožavanje, fotokopiranje ili bilo koji drugi oblik reprodukcije cijele publikacije ili njenih dijelova je poželjno, uz prethodno pismeno informisanje Nekomercijalno umnožavanje, fotokopiranje ili bilo koji drugi oblik reprodukcije cijele izdavača na mail: [email protected]. publikacije ili njenih dijelova je poželjno, uz prethodno pismeno informisanje izdavača na mail: [email protected]. Ova publikacija se realizuje u saradnji sa partnerskom organizacijom Fondacijom Heinrich Böll u Bosni i Hercegovini, Fondacijom CURE i Ambasadom Švicarske u Ova publikacija se realizuje u saradnji sa partnerskom organizacijom Fondacijom BiH. Stavovi i mišljenja izneseni u ovom tekstu su autorski i ne predstavljaju izričite Heinrich Böll u Bosni i Hercegovini, Fondacijom CURE i Ambasadom Švicarske u BiH. Stavovistavove i mišljenja i mišljenja izneseni donatora. u ovom Autorice tekstu sui autori autorski odgovaraju i ne predstavljaju za svoj tekst. izričite stavove i mišljenja donatora. Autorice i autori odgovaraju za svoj tekst. Zabilježene - Žene i javni život Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. vijeku Sarajevo, 2014. CIP - Katalogizacija u publikaciji Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 305-055.2(497.6)”19” ZABILJEŽENE. Žene i javni život Bosne i Hercegovine u 20. vijeku / [autorice i autori Aida Spahić ... [et al.] ; priredila Jasmina Čaušević]. - Sarajevo : Sarajevski otvoreni centar : Fondacija Cure, 2014. - 292 str. : ilustr. ; 20 cm. - (Edicija Gender / Sarajevski otvoreni centar ; knj. 4) Biobilješke o autoricama, autorima, saradnici i priređivačici: str. 276-278. - Bibliografija: str. 279-292 i bilješke uz tekst. ISBN 978-9958-536-18-2 (Sarajevski otvoreni centar) ISBN 978-9958-0988-3-3 (Fondacija Cure) 1. Spahić, Aida COBISS.BH-ID 21466630 SADRŽAJ Predgovor 8 Dvije zaboravljene vladarice 12 UVOD – Period austrougarske uprave 16 I DIO: 1914–1941. Žene kroz smjenjivanje epoha 39 II DIO: 1941–1945. Drugi svjetski rat i iskustva bosanskohercegovačkih žena 72 III DIO: 1945–1990. Žene u socijalizmu – od ubrzane emancipacije do ubrzane repatrijarhalizacije 104 IV DIO: Devedesete, rat i nakon rata u Bosni i Hercegovini 177 V DIO: Granice milenija, sadašnjost 226 UMJESTO ZAKLJUČKA: Ženska civilna scena u Bosni i Hercegovini 267 Crtica o Rozi 273 Crtica o usisivaču 274 Biobilješke o autoricama, autorima, saradnici i priređivačici 276 Literatura 279 Posvećeno svim ženama koje nisu mogle da žive slobodan život... ... život po svojoj mjeri. PREDGOVOR Da li strategije zaborava nose rodna obeležja? Zaborav je ponekad naprosto eufemizam: reč je o manje ili više institucionalizovanoj cen- ENE zuri, koja može imati neposredne veze sa politikom, različitim oblicima Ž moći grupa: još jasnije područje rodnih politika. U kulturi koja nosi JE obeležja i ožiljke totalitarnog mentaliteta, svaka konstrukcija kolektiv- L I noga sećanja duboko zavisi od strategija zaborava.1 B A Svetlana Slapšak, antropologinja Z Knjiga koja je pred vama pokušava predstaviti sliku svijeta žena u vremenu kada se život vrtoglavo ubrzao – ideologizirao, indus- trijalizirao, psihoanalizirao, tehnologizirao, mobilizirao, komerci- jalizirao, relativizirao, konfekcionalizirao. Naša knjiga ima brojna ograničenja. Naime, metodološki poglavlja nisu strogo ujednačena; izostala je analiza konstruisanja žene u različitim ideologijama. Kn- jiga je pisana brzo, sa mnogo strasti, ljubavi i žaljenja što se nije otišlo u svaki arhiv, muzej ili biblioteku širom Bosne i Hercegovine kao i van zemlje (jer se ogromna građa uopće ne nalazi u BiH). U njoj, nažalost, nema pomena o radnim akcijama, popularnoj kulturi niti objašnjenja šta je za žene podrazumijevala kazna gubitka narodne časti. Građanska prava ili priča o fizičkom radu prelamaju se ovdje kroz ekonomske i političke uslove u kojima su žene živjele. Izopštenost žena iz glavnih tokova, gubitak kontinuiteta i brisan- je iz kulturnog, naučnog i svakog drugog sjećanja jesu bili pokretački motivi oko kojih se grupa ljudi okupila i odlučila da nešto uradi. U tom smislu, ova knjiga je, prije svega, aktivistički odgovor na sis- tematsko zanemarivanje doprinosa žena bh. kulturi i predstavlja pokušaj davanja skice za proučavanje historije žena u BiH. Današnja dominantna ideološka matrica u kojoj živimo otupjela nas je na raznim nivoima, pa je naše traganje i sakupljanje građe o ženama bio vid otpora praksama znanja u kojima je sve na dohvat miša. Ipak, to ne znači da brojni podaci nisu ušli u knjigu i na ovaj virtuelni način. 1 Izvor:http://www.danas.rs/danasrs/kultura/strategije_zaborava_i_rod.11.html?news_ id=103463 (7. juli 2014) 8 Žene I JAVNI ŽIVOT BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. VIJEKU Zaborav, sjećanje i žene tri su osnovna pojma koja određuju ovu knjigu, te da bi se čitala makar približno onako kako smo mi zamis- lile, moramo objasniti šta za nas znače ove riječi. Zaborav razumi- jemo kao unaprijed smišljeno odbijanje sjećanja na nešto što je bilo, potiskivanje i brisanje tragova života. Sjećanje kroz ponovljeno upi- sivanje u prostor i vrijeme, kroz pisanje, jedna je od taktika otpora režimu ovakvog zaborava. Žene definišemo onako kako je to Gorana Mlinarević postavila: Kada pričam o ženama i ženskom političkom agensu, ne pričam isključivo esencijalistički i biološki, već to zaista sma- ZABILJEŽENE tram političkim agensom koji je potencijalno emancipatoran u smislu otpora patrijarhalnom sistemu. Kada pričam o ženama, govorim o ženama kao o analitičkoj kategoriji.2 Prikupljala se građa o hrabrim, zanimljivim, uspješnim ženama koje nisu pristajale na slijepu poslušnost ili su prkosile pravilima okoline u kojoj su živjele i borile se za bolje prilike; tragalo se za pojedinkama i udruženjima koja su pomjerala granice ustaljenog nekonformističkim i hrabrim djelovanjem u svojoj okolini, i šire. Pokušalo se na jednom mjestu sakupiti osnovno znanje i o onim ženama koje su bile uspješne uprkos tome što je sve bilo protiv njih, o onim ženama koje su po prvi put u historiji ženskog roda/rada u BiH nešto radile, o onima koje su rizikovale i dale svoje živote za ideje u koje su vjerovale. Sakupljali su se podaci o ženama, poznatim i nepoznatim i ulivali na jedno mjesto. Bavilo se historijom, ali se nije posezalo za historijskim anali- zama. Ne zato što nam nisu važne, već zato što je ideja bila napraviti neakademsku i nehistorijsku knjigu o novijoj historiji žena. Izostanak struke u procesu rada – historičara i historičarki – bio je splet okol- nosti i onda je prerastao u metodološku činjenicu, i upravo zato jeste važno da ovu knjigu ocijeni i struka. Knjiga je data po hronološkom redu smjenjivanja glavnih društveno-političkih prilika, onako kako ih postavlja mainstream kultura. Svako poglavlje knjige prvo predstavlja šire socijalne, ideološke, 2 Citat sa predavanja Gorane Mlinarević Feministička kritika militarizacije svakodnevnice (17. juni 2014), Sarajevo, Muzej književnosti i pozorišne umjenosti BiH ŽENE I jaVNI ŽIVOT BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. VIJEKU ŽENE I jaVNI ŽIVOT BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U 20. VIJEKU 9 pravne, ekonomske i kulturne bosanskohercegovačke političke kon- tekste, a onda se pokazuje kako su se pojedini segmenti društva prelamali kroz poziciju žene i ženska pitanja. U knjizi se nalaze in- formacije o dobijanju/osvajanju prava, o ženskim udruživanjima – ENE humanitarnim, učiteljskim, feminističkim, akademskim, političkim Ž itd., o ženskom radničkom pokretu, o AFŽ-u, o doprinosima žena u JE umjetničkoj, naučnoj, obrazovnoj i kulturnoj sferi života, o spektru L I uloga žena u ratovima – borkinje, diverzantkinje, ilegalke, mirot- B vorke, ratne zločinke i razne druge. Vječna dilema mirovnih femi- A Z nistkinja o tome kako se pozicionirati prema vojnikinjama i ostalim direktno militarizovanim ženama na ovim stranicama nema odjeka. Tokom i na kraju poglavlja daju se biografski i bibliografski podaci o nekim ženama. Ponegdje su se žene, koje su se posebno predstav- ljale, birale prema unaprijed zadatim metodološkim mjerilima, a ponekad se taj izbor otrgao kontroli i u potpunosti nadilazio načelo važnijeg iskustva, koje ova knjiga svakako sve vrijeme i pokušava da problematizuje. Na kraju svakog poglavlja daje se crtica o ženama čije sudbine paradigmatično povezuju dva perioda razgraničena ra- tovima. Problemi naknadnih
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