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Varstvo Spomenikov Št. 49 Izdaja / Publisher: Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije / Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Poljanska cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana Zanj / Publishing Executive: Jernej Hudolin Uredniški odbor / Editorial Board: dr. Andrej Gaspari, dr. Vito Hazler, dr. Ljubo Lah, dr. Robert Peskar, dr. Jelka Pirkovič, mag. Tamara Trček Pečak Urednica / Editor: Biserka Ribnikar Vasle Lektoriranje / Slovene Language Editor: Alenka Kobler Prevod v angleščino / English Translations: Amidas d.o.o. Oblikovanje / Designed by: Nuit d.o.o. Tisk / Printing: Evrografis d.o.o. Naklada / Copies: 600 Naslov uredništva / Editorial Office: Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Poljanska cesta 40, SI-1000 Ljubljana, E: [email protected] Distribucija in prodaja / Distribution and sales: Buča d.o.o., Kolarjeva 47, SI-1000 Ljubljana, T: +386(0)1 230 63 80, E: [email protected] Ljubljana, 2016 ISSN 0350-9494 Kazalo / Index Razprave / Papers Ana Plestenjak, Marko Stokin Smernice upravljanja utrdbene dediščine na prostoru slovenske Istre 7 Guidelines for the management of fortified heritage in Slovenian Istria 15 Katarina Udovč Kakovost vodenja arheoloških raziskav skozi prizmo medčloveških odnosov 24 Quality of leadership in archaeological investigations through the prism of interpersonal 32 Andrej Magdič Ptujski mitreji – 100 let pozneje. Poskus kulturnozgodovinske interpretacije njihove predstavitve javnosti 41 The Mithraea of Ptuj – 100 Years On An attempt at a cultural historical interpretation of their presentation to the public 53 Janez Höfler Lastniške cerkve zgodnjega srednjega veka na Gorenjskem in njihovo zgodovinsko ozadje 64 Proprietary churches of the Early Middle Ages in upper Carniola and their historical background 80 Simona Menoni Preliminarna ocena novoodkritih stenskih slikarij na območju mariborske območne enote Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije (1990–2013) 91 Preliminary assessment of newly discovered mural paintings in the area covered by the Maribor Regional Unit of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia (1990–2013) 112 Jurij Dobravec Podatkovna zbirka slovenskih orgel Ars organi Sloveniae - stanje in možnosti 124 The Slovene pipe organ database Ars organi Sloveniae – current situation and opportunities 134 Predstavitve / Presentations V spomin Drago Bac (1953–2015) 143 Navodila avtorjem za pripravo prispevkov v reviji Varstvo spomenikov 144 Instructions to authors for the drafting of articles in Varstvo spomenikov 148 VARSTVO SPOMENIKOV 49 JOURNAL FOR THE PROTECTION OF MONUMENTS 3 4 Razprave / Papers VARSTVO SPOMENIKOV 49 JOURNAL FOR THE PROTECTION OF MONUMENTS 5 6 Ana Plestenjak, Marko Stokin Smernice upravljanja utrdbene dediščine na prostoru slovenske Istre Strokovni članek COBISS 1.04 UDK 719:005(497.472) Ključne besede: upravljanje, kulturna dediščina Povzetek in obrambne narave. Poleg tega pa so bili v projekt vključeni tudi nekateri srednjeveški tabori s sakralnimi objekti (Hra- V prispevku obravnavamo problematiko upravljanja dedi- stovlje, Kubed …). Ob tem je dodaten izziv pomenilo tudi dej- ščine in težave pri razvoju dolgoročnih strategij pri tem. Na stvo, da imamo opravka z različnimi zgodovinskimi pristopi študijskem primeru Kopra, njegovega zaledja in delno Kra- pri razumevanju te dediščine in njenem upravljanju na obeh škega roba preučujemo stanje upravljanja spomenikov utrd- straneh meje. Prav tako pa so različne tudi zakonske podlage, bene arhitekture. Da bi prepoznali prednosti in pomanjklji- s katerimi se tovrstna dediščina varuje. vosti posameznih modelov upravljanja, prikazujemo načine Da bi bolje razumeli sedanje stanje upravljanja dediščine, upravljanja teh spomenikov v preteklosti in danes. Pri tem smo preučili modele in načine upravljanja, ki so se na širšem se osredotočamo na zakonske določbe, povezane z upravlja- slovenskem prostoru in tudi v tujini izvajali v preteklosti, in njem spomenikov in z lastniško strukturo oz. z nosilci upra- tiste, ki so v veljavi danes. Med zakonskimi in teoretičnimi vljavskih dolžnosti. Na ta način ocenjujemo dejansko stanje, podlagami ter prakso navadno obstaja neskladje. Zato smo nato pa na podlagi dobrih praks iz Slovenije in tujine predla- za preverjanje dejanskega stanja opravili več pogovorov z la- gamo smernice za izboljšanje stanja. stniki spomenikov (Ministrstvo za kulturo RS, Mestna občina Koper), različnimi upravljavci oz. uporabniki spomenikov tako pri nas (Gojko Zupan z Ministrstva za kulturo RS, Ivana Štrkalj z Mestne občine Koper, Milan Graj, ki ima restavracijo Uvod na gradu Socerb, Kostanjevica na Krasu) kot v Italiji (Fonda- Prispevek je nastal v sklopu projekta CAMAA (Center za sever- zione Aquileia, Citta di Palmanova, Comune di Ferrara) in s nojadransko vojaško arhitekturo), ki se je izvajal v okviru Evrop- krajevnimi skupnostmi. skega programa za čezmejno sodelovanje Slovenija–Italija Na podlagi tega smo pripravili možnosti nadaljnjega ravnanja 2007–2013. Njegov namen je bil vzpostavitev čezmejne mre- z dediščino. že za ohranjanje in vrednotenje vojaške arhitekture in sku- pnega trajnostnega upravljanja kot nadgradnje in utrjevanja že izvedenih skupnih evropskih projektov. Eden poglavitnih Modeli in načini upravljanja ciljev projekta je bil prispevati k spoznanju, da je lahko tudi tovrstna kulturna dediščina priložnost za gospodarski razvoj kraja, v katerem dediščina stoji, ter tudi njegove širše regije. Jugoslovanska izkušnja in današnja slovenska Drugi cilj pa je bil oblikovanje smernic za enotno upravlja- zakonodaja nje spomenikov, ki bi upoštevale vse zgoraj omenjeno, hkrati pa bi povezovale vse spomenike vojaške narave, ki ležijo na Čeprav ima varovanje dediščine v Sloveniji dolgo tradicijo, pa prostoru severozahodne Istre in na slovenskem Krasu ter na je njeno upravljanje, nekoliko bolj siva cona. V času Kraljevine bližnjem čezmejnem prostoru Italije. Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev (kasneje Kraljevine Jugoslavije) Izziv je bila že sama raznolikost spomenikov, ki jih je bilo tež- sta bila glavna cilja konservatorskih prizadevanj ohranjanje ko povezati v celoto in pripraviti enovite usmeritve za njihovo dediščine in vzpostavitev osnov pravnega varstva (Plestenjak upravljanje. V prvi vrsti gre za arhitekturne ostanke gradišč, 2013, 68–80). Slednje se je uresničilo šele po drugi svetovni taborov, gradov, stolpov in utrjenih jam, torej struktur vojaške vojni v novi državi s socialistično ureditvijo. V Jugoslaviji je na dr. Ana Plestenjak, Arhej d.o.o. / mag. Marko Stokin, Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije VARSTVO SPOMENIKOV 49 JOURNAL FOR THE PROTECTION OF MONUMENTS 7 državni ravni sicer veljal krovni zakon o varstvu dediščine, leta 2017 oddani v upravljanje, dolgoročni zakup ali prodani vendar pa je imela vsaka republika svojo kulturno politiko še štirje kulturni spomeniki (ReNPK14–17, 59). in tudi podrobnejšo zakonsko ureditev. Te se načeloma niso Poleg lastniških sprememb je v času po osamosvojitvi treba bistveno razlikovale. V prvi vrsti je bila zakonska ureditev omeniti tudi spremenjene načine financiranja. Zaradi po- usmerjena v varovanje in ohranjanje dediščine. Vendar pa v manjkanja sredstev je leta 1998 Ministrstvo za kulturo Re- državi, kjer so vladala socialistična načela, samo upravljanje publike Slovenije (v nadaljevanju MK) pričelo projekt »kul- ni bilo posebej izpostavljeno, saj je bila dediščina javna (druž- turni tolar«, ki naj bi pospešil obnovo spomenikov. Leta 1998 bena) last in je bilo načeloma tudi financiranje posegov vanjo je bil za obdobje do leta 2003 sprejet Zakon o zagotavljanju na ta ali oni način javno (Plestenjak, 2013, 91–102). sredstev za nekatere nujne programe Republike Slovenije v Četudi to zakonsko ni bilo posebej urejeno, pa so v praksi kulturi. Ker je bilo v petih letih realiziranih le 32 % namenje- dediščino upravljale različne institucije. V nekaterih prime- nih sredstev (skupna vrednost načrtovanih programov je bila rih so bili to namensko ustanovljeni zavodi (npr. Postojnska 23.073.115.000 tolarjev), je Državni zbor Republike Slovenije jama, Škocjanske jame), pomembnejši objekti so pogosto po- sprejel novelo zakona in podaljšal veljavnost zakona za ob- stali protokolarni objekti države ali republike (npr. vila Bled, dobje 2004–2008. V tem obdobju je bila realizacija 34,4-od- grad Brdo, vila Tartini), medtem ko je za sakralne spomeni- stotna (29.319.500.000 tolarjev). Za obdobje 2009–2013 pa je ke, tako kot danes, skrbela Cerkev. Poleg tega so pomembne država namenila sredstva v skupni višini 80.758.833 evrov spomenike lahko upravljala tudi uspešna državna podjetja. (ZSNNPK-B). Ta so kulturni spomenik lahko bodisi kupila bodisi najela in Ministrstvo je ocenilo, da je »kulturni tolar/evro« ena izmed ga uporabljala v reprezentančne namene (npr. dvorec Betna- oblik reševanja propadajoče nepremične dediščine, saj je bilo va, dvorec Zemono, grad Otočec, samostan Kostanjevica na zanimanje lokalnih skupnosti za projekt veliko, čeprav so Krki). občine morale participirati do 50 % vrednosti konservator- S kulturno dediščino lokalnega pomena se lokalne skupno- skih del na spomeniku. Vendar do zdaj ni jasno, kaj je projekt sti in občine (z redkimi pozitivnimi izjemami) niso posebej prispeval k obnovi spomenikov, saj ni uradnih dokumentov, ukvarjale, čeprav so bila za njihovo sanacijo in konservator- prav tako ne nobenih analiz. ske posege vanjo pogosto porabljena znatna sredstva tudi iz Vendar pa na samo upravljanje spomenikov to ni bistveno republiškega proračuna. vplivalo. Dejansko je šele v letu 2008 s spremembo slovenske Tako
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