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Ss. CYRIL & METHODIUS CHURCH CENTENNIAL Ss. CYRIL & METHODIUS CHURCH CENTENNIAL UKRAINIAN ICON FORUM KHMELNYTSKY MONUMENT- 100 YEARS . ' A · UKRAINIAN REVIE W UKRAINIAN HISIDRIAN No. 75 Fall, 1988 fORUM A UKRAINIAN REVIEW 1888 NO. 75 FALL, 1988 ANDREW GREGOROVICH .........Editor JERRY PRONKO ... ...Managing Editor Layout Design ADVISORY BOARD Ivan Oleksyn, Peter Salak Special Millennium Issue #66 price: u.s.- $5.00 Canada- $7.50 U.S. Funds Only Published Quarterly in March, June, September and December, by the UKRAINIAN FRATERNAL ASSOCIATION 440 Wyoming Ave., Scranton, Pa. 18509-0350 Phone: Area Code 717-342-0937 YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS: $8.00 United States $8.50 Canada- U.S. Funds Back Issues - $3.00 per copy Single copy - $2.00 $2.50 Canada U.S. Funds Mail subscriptions to: FORUM SUBSCRIPTIONS 440 Wyoming Ave., Scranton, Pa. 18509-0350 Mail Manuscripts and Letters to the Editor to: ANDREW GREGOROVICH 314 Oriole Parkway Toronto, Canada M5P 2H5 (416) 480-2440 Readers are invited to send in contributions to FORUM but query the Editor before writing a feature­ length article. Local activities cannot be reported but events of general interest will be accepted. Copy will be edited in accordance with the needs and policies of the editorial staff, but the essential thought or information will not be disturbed. All manuscripts submitted for publication should be typed, double spaced on one side of letter-size paper. They are not returnable unless ac­ companied by return postage. While reasonable care will be taken, the publisher will not be responsible for loss or damage to any manuscript, drawing or photo~ graph. All rights reserved. No material in this publication may be reprinted without written permission from the Editor and acknowledgement of source. -Printed in U.S.A. - © 1988 by: UKRAINIAN FRATERNAL ASSOCIATION FORUM, A Ukrainian Review (ISSN 0015-8399), is published quarterly for $8.00 in the United States and $8.50 in Canada (U.S. Funds Only) per year by the K h melnytsky monu ment in K iev, t 888, symbolizes Ukrainian Fraternal Association, 440 Wyoming Ave., U k r aine's Cossack h eritage. Scranton, Pa. 18509-0350. Second Class postage paid at Scranton, Pa. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to FORUM, 440 Wyoming Ave., Scranton, Pa. 18509-0350. FRONT COVER: Monument of Hetman Khmelnitsky in Kiev, 1888. Photo by Andrew Gregorovich, Sept. 1987. 1988 BACK COVER: A pretty dancer in Poltava costume performing at Verkhovyna. 2 FORUM NO. 75 • FALL, 1988 - Photo by A . Gregorovlch Khmelnitsky rides guard over St. Sophia 's The 1OOth Anniversary of the Monument to Bohdan Khmelnitsky in Kiev. Immortalized in Bronze ANY CENTURIES AGO, this place was part of could in deleting the heroic past, with its brilliant pages of M the road leading to the Citadel of the Kiev kings. relentless struggle and crucial military triumphs, from the Actually, it was at the very heart of Kiev, and exactly on memory of the Ukrainian nation. It was prohibited even this spot, Kievan King Yaroslav the Wise decided to build to think about the commemoration of the intrepid leader St. Sophia Cathedral. After the completion of this spec­ of the War of Liberation (1648-1654). Many years passed tacular project, the square facing St. Sophia Cathedral before the Russian Tsar, Alexander II finally endorsed the was regarded as the principal one for many centuries. document about the creation of a monument to Bohdan Crowds of Kiev citizens gathered here for the popular as­ Khmelnitsky. There was one obviously ridiculous condi­ semblies, known as "viche:' On more than one occasion, tion set: Not a single cent had to be taken from the State the city's warriors set off from this spot. On December 27, Treasury for this project. Thousands of simple Ukrainian 1648, at this very square the Kievites greeted the returning people, predominantly from rural regions contributed glorious and victorious Cossack troops led by Hetman their hard-earned coins to the fund-raising campaign. Bohdan Khmelnitsky. The committee responsible for the construction of the Many years after this epoch-making event in Ukrainian monument turned to the then prestigious Byelorussian history, the question arose about the creation of a monu­ sculptor, Mikhail Mikeshin, with a proposal to make the ment to Bohdan Khmelnitsky, this great historical person­ monument. The sculptor gave his consent right away. A ality, one of the valorous sons of the Ukrainian people, the close friend of Taras Shevchenko, he had heard a lot about residents of Kiev resolved to choose the square facing St. the legendary Ukrainian leader in the War of Indepen­ Sophia Cathedral as the most appropriate site for the fu­ dence (1648-1654). And of course, Mikeshin was well ture monument. aware of the sentiments which the Great Kobzar cher­ The idea of a monument to Hetman Bohdan ished for the Hetman's political and military attainments. Khmelnitsky in Kiev emerged in the 1830s. Mikhailo Max­ Proposal accepted, the sculptor arrived in Kiev to study imovich, the first Rector of Kiev University was among works on Ukrainian history. He met with prominent the most ardent champions and popularizers of the pro­ scholars of the day, literati, collectors of Cossack relics and ject. However, the czarist Russian authorities did all they with other people, who could in one way or another assist FORUM NO. 75 • FALL. 1988 3 him in his work. With special zeal, Mikeshin was ·reading seemed to listen to the sorrowful ballad of a sitting Kobzar, md rereading the works of Taras Shevchenko. Besides, he the latter having much in common with Shevchenko's fa­ was recollecting the long evenings he spent with the Great cial features. Besides, Mikeshin decided to flank the monu­ Bard in company of the famous sculptor and medal de­ ment with three haut-reliefs, which were intended t~ de­ signer, Fedor Tolstoy. And indeed, at the time he had scribe the crucial events of the Cossack war. These found out a lot about Ukraine's glorious past during long included the Battle of Zboriv, the solemn greeting of conversations with the poet. Bohdan Khmelnitsky's army on December 27, 1648 and In 1869, the draft project of the monument was submit­ also the Council ofPereyaslav. ted for consideration before a special commission. The After makipg a bronze replica, the sculptor brought his pencil drawing was unanimously approved. After that, creation to Alexander II for the ultimate approval of the the sculptor took to creating a model version of the monu­ project. The Russian Emperor studied it thoroughly but ment. Witnesses testify that the alabaster model was ready didn't utter a word. Grand Duke Konstantin overnight. In the center of the complex sculptural compo­ Mikhailovich, also present during the survey, clarified the sition Mikesh in placed the Hetman of Ukraine on a rear­ matter by declaring that even despite the monument's in­ ing horse. A little lower, below the pedestal, the sculptor disputable merits, it failed to extol the grandeur of the Ro­ installed the sculptures of prominent personalities of the manov House. Then, the Grand Duke offered his version War of Liberation (1648-1654). The figures underneath of the sculptural composition, which in his opinion had to A rare photo of Khmelnytsky monument taken by Forum Editor A . Gregorovich . 4 FORUM N O. 75 • FA LL. 1988 The Cupolas of St. Sophia Cathedral ( 1 03 7) rise behind monument of Hetman Khmelnytsky In heart of Ukrainian capital dty of Kiev. show Bohdan Khmelnitsky giving an oath of allegience to Kiev's architect, V. Nikolayev, chose an ideal place for the double-headed eagle, the symbol of the Russian mon­ the future monument and advised it be erected in the mid­ archy. One must give due to the fortitude of the sculptor, dle of ancient St. Sophia's Square. Irrespective of the rela­ who despite the thinly veiled pressure and even direct tively modest height, 33 feet (10.88 m), the monument im­ threats categorically refused to obey the instructions of the presses the viewer. Court. As a result, he was deprived of his academic work­ The residents of Kiev impatiently waited for the inaugu­ shop. ration of the monument. In May 1888, the monument was In 1876, the bronze sculpture was brought once again set up on the pedestal and finishing touches were applied. before the czar, who this time gave permission for con­ On July 11, 1888, thousands of Kievites gathered in St. struction of the monument. However, all supplementary Sophia Square. Regrettably, the celebrated author of the details of the composition were to be removed. So the fu­ monument was not in the festive crowd on that day. It ture monument had to portray only Bohdan Khmelnitsky turned out somehow that the committee in charge of the on horseback. monument's construction pointedly "forgot" to invite The projected cost of the sculpture constituted 150 Mikhail Mikeshin for the event. This sudden "forgetful­ thousand rubles, which was an enormous sum for the per­ ness" was self-understood, since the sculptor was in dis­ iod. The popular fund-raising campaign yielded only favor. His creative democratic views didn't suit not only 57,833 rubles 78 copecks. Despite his desperate material the Russian Court but also the authorities of the South­ situation, Mikeshin decided to reduce his royalty by half. Western Territory, with Kiev as its administrative center. In the summer of 1880, the bronze sculpture of Bohdan In one of his private letters, the deeply insulted sculptor Khmelnitsky on a horse was cast at the Sculptural Work­ would write the following: shop of the Admiralty in St. Petersburg. This event ended "Here I sit bedewing the paper with bitter tears.
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