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Muhammad Ali Jinnah: a Colourful Internationally Journal of Advances and JournalScholarly of Advances and Researches in Scholarly Researches in AlliedAllied Education Education Vol.Vol. X 3,, Issue Issue No. 6, XX , Oct-201April5, ISSN-2012, 2230 -7540 ISSN 2230- 7540 REVIEW ARTICLE AN MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH: A COLOURFUL INTERNATIONALLY POLITICAL FIGURE AND AN ENIGMA IN THE INDEXED PEER HISTORY OF THE SUB-CONTINENT REVIEWED & Study of Political Representations: REFEREED JOURNAL Diplomatic Missions of Early Indian to Britain www.ignited.in Journal of Advances and Scholarly Researches in Allied Education Vol. X, Issue No. XX, October-2015, ISSN 2230-7540 Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A Colourful Political Figure and an Enigma in the History of the Sub- Continent Dr. Ekramul Haque Choudhury Abstract – One of the most divisive figures in the recent history of Indian politics was none other than Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He is still considered by many as the villain who was solely responsible for the creation of Pakistan. His story is a fascinating tale from being termed as an Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity in the initial days of his political life and to be called the man who created Pakistan and the one who divided India. His transformation and resulting political scenarios have left behind a deep legacy in the Indian minds. Jaswant Singh, a Cabinet Minister in AB Vajpayee’s Ministry, in his book “Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence” published in 2009 has squarely put the blame for partition of India in 1947 on Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabbhai Patel and the Congress rather than Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. In his book, he evokes momentous episodes that set in motion the movement for partition of India besides the “epic journey of Jinnah from being the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity, the liberal constitutionalist and Indian nationalist to the Quaid-i-Azam of Pakistan”. On a question to whether Jinnah was a great man, he said, “Oh yes, self-made man who resolutely worked towards achieving what he had set for himself.” Comparing the leadership of Gandhi and Jinnah, the book says, “Gandhi's had almost an entirely religious provincial flavour while Jinnah's was doubtless imbued by a non-sectarian nationalistic zeal”. Lal Krishna Advani, a staunch Hindu Nationalist, visited his birth place in Pakistan in 2005 when he praised Jinnah as being a secularist keeping in view his first Presidential speech on 11th august, 1947 to the constituent assembly of Pakistan. But, unfortunately his political career began to decline after his comments on Jinnah. Keeping all this in perspectives, the present paper is a humble attempt to contextualize and analyse MA Jinnah’s political ideas and his legacy. Key Words: Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity, Muslim Communalism, Hindu Fundamentalism, Muslim Fear of Insecurity, Hindu Hegemony Etc. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - INTRODUCTION became the party he represented, The Muslim League. “Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly An unusual personality in more than one sense, the anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. culmination of his efforts resulted in the division of a Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three.”- Stanley Walport. nation and creation of one. Even after 68 years of his death, the politics of this man who started off as The term “Quaid” is an Arabic term meaning being called a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity and “Commander” or “Leader”, a person who is a servant ended up being termed as a “Traitor” and “Disruptor of his people and dedicates his life to their service. of India” remain a mystery. His influence in the Such dedication and genuine qualities are hard to discourse of the political history of India continues to attribute to any politician in today‟s world but in the divide people and political parties in India even today. Indian subcontinent the title of “Quaid-e-Azam” (The It is this dichotomy over the man and his politics Great Leader) is used with reference to the Father of which has captured the minds of many. Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Of all the great stalwarts of the struggle for independence, the most JINNAH: EARLY LIFE controversial, enigmatic and sophisticated politician was the Quaid himself, a tall, thin and elegant Born as Chandimal Parera Umethra Muhammad Ali gentleman with a monocle on a grey silk cord. A giant Jinnahbhai to a family Hindu by race and Muslim by who stood apart from the rest of his Muslim brethren religion on the 25th of December, 1876 at Karachi. His became an indisputable leader and eventually he www.ignited.in 1 Dr. Ekramul Haque Choudhury Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A Colourful Political Figure and an Enigma in the History of the Sub-Continent family were recent reverts to Islam from Hinduism and were unmatched. Jinnah was a staunch supporter of followed the Ismaili Shia sect known as Khojas. His liberalism and believed in achieving self-governance family background is obscure as little is known apart by peaceful, legitimate and constitutional means. He from the fact that he came from a merchant family of must have been amongst the few nationalist leaders recent converts to Islam. There is even uncertainty never to have been arrested on any account. He and a continuous academic dispute over his date of abhorred violence and bloodshed and chose to be with birth.He received primary education at Gokal Das the „Moderates‟ of the Congress. He upheld the ideals Tejpal School and later at the Mission High School. of his leader, Gokhale, and is said to have desired to Jinnah left for England in the year 1892 at 16 years of be a “Muslim Gokhale” of sorts. age but was married before he undertook that journey to Emibai, who died soon after his departure for It is believed that under the guidance of his mentor, England. He studied law in London and joined the Gokhale, he joined the Muslim League in 1913. In his Lincoln‟s Inn. During his stay at England he was statement to justify whether his loyalties had shifted, deeply influenced by Dadabhai Naroji, the founder and the Quaid has made his position clear by stating: President of the Indian Society in London, and under “Loyalty to Muslim League and Muslim interest would him developed a sense of political values, fairness, in no way and at no time imply even the shadow of enthusiasm and patriotism. Jinnah even campaigned disloyalty to the larger national cause to which I was for him, when he stood up for elections to the House of dedicated”. Commons. In England, he even dropped the word “bhai” in his surname by a deed poll. Having He was strong supporter of the activities of the completed his studying in England, he returned to Congress those days and considered Congress to be India in 1896 and started to practice law in India, first the solution to the troubles of India. His aim was to as a temporary President Magistrate and later as an change the pro-British stance of the League and to advocate in Bombay. Jinnah excelled in his profession garner acceptance for Congress amongst the Muslims and earned a lot of reputation, fame, money and of India. His work at the All India Congress continued respect for himself amongst the elite of the Indian irrespective of his association with the League, and he intelligentsia. presided over the Bombay Provincial Political Congress Conference at Ahmedabad which resulted in He started his political career under the tutelage of the re-unification of the Congress and an end to the Pherozeshah Mehta and Gokhale. In 1900, he joined extremist-moderate divide present in the party. the Bombay Presidency Association, a party which cut across communal boundaries and had stalwarts such However, his legacy as a Congressman is more known as Dadbhai Naroji and Pherozshah Mehta at its helm. because of the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between the All India Congress and Muslim League, Jinnah being the In 1906, Jinnah joined the All India National Congress. moving spirit and architect of the pact. The repudiation He was a proud Congressman and a radical patriot. of the same Pact later on by the Congress on the Being of a constitutional frame of mind, he abhorred basis of fear of a deadlock in legislature or latent violence and anti-constitutional measures as a means Hindu communalism, as was perceived by the Muslims to achieve political objectives and he chose to tread was a major reason for the split in the two parties, two path of statesmen like Dadabhai Naoroji, Gokhale and communities, ideology of Jinnah and one of the basis U.C.Banerjee. Even though Jinnah was amongst the for the creation of a new nation. The pact provided for “Moderates” bloc of the Congress after their split in 1/3rd representation in central government and 1906, he had great regards for Tilak, a member of the separate electorates for communities unless they Extremist bloc of the Congress and even fought a case demanded joint electorate. of sedition lodged against him in 1908. The cooperation between the two led to the re-unification of The pact incorporated the demands of both the parties the Congress. In 1910, Jinnah was elected to the with regards to the colonial government as it called for Imperial Legislative Council where he raised the elected members to be in majority (4/5th ) over demand for self-government and served on nominated members (1/5th). The pact was a significant committees formulating schemes for constitutional move for both the parties and its perception as merely reforms. Jinnah was a polished debater, effective being a „concession‟ to Muslim demands is a biased leader and was even referred to as one of the last view of the same.
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