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Pakistan, the Deoband ‘Ulama and the Biopolitics of Islam

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Pakistan, the Deoband ‘Ulama and the Biopolitics of Islam THE METACOLONIAL STATE: PAKISTAN, THE DEOBAND ‘ULAMA AND THE BIOPOLITICS OF ISLAM by Najeeb A. Jan A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Juan R. Cole, Co-Chair Professor Nicholas B. Dirks, Co-Chair, Columbia University Professor Alexander D. Knysh Professor Barbara D. Metcalf HAUNTOLOGY © Najeeb A. Jan DEDICATION Dedicated to my beautiful mother Yasmin Jan and the beloved memory of my father Brian Habib Ahmed Jan ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people to whom I owe my deepest gratitude for bringing me to this stage and for shaping the world of possibilities. Ones access to a space of thought is possible only because of the examples and paths laid by the other. I must begin by thanking my dissertation committee: my co-chairs Juan Cole and Nicholas Dirks, for their intellectual leadership, scholarly example and incredible patience and faith. Nick’s seminar on South Asia and his formative role in Culture/History/Power (CSST) program at the University of Michigan were vital in setting the critical and interdisciplinary tone of this project. Juan’s masterful and prolific knowledge of West Asian histories, languages and cultures made him the perfect mentor. I deeply appreciate the intellectual freedom and encouragement they have consistently bestowed over the years. Alexander Knysh for his inspiring work on Ibn ‘Arabi, and for facilitating several early opportunity for teaching my own courses in Islamic Studies. And of course my deepest thanks to Barbara Metcalf for unknowingly inspiring this project, for her crucial and sympathetic work on the Deoband ‘Ulama and for her generous insights and critique. There were many other inspiring teachers and guides that shaped my trajectory while at the University of Michigan; Dr. Mustansir Mir for opening the doors to graduate school, for accepting me as his student to begin with, and for his critical support at the outset of a life-long graduate career. To visiting scholars Gyan Pandey and Partha Chatterjee for some of the best seminars I had at Michigan. To Fernando Coronil and Ann Stoler for the iii Aftermath of Empire Seminars; Lee Schlesinger for being a genuine model of scholastic passion and inquiry and Jonathan Marwil for inspiring me, through his superb Twentieth Century American Wars course, to teach. I would like to thank the Department of History and its incredible staff for all the extended years of support, and to the History/Anthropology programme for providing a unique and incredible intellectual milieu. Without the critical financial support from the Social Science Research Council and the American Institute of Pakistan Studies, my two years of dissertation research would not have been possible. A special thanks also to David Gilmartin and Kathy Ewing. The past three years at the University of Colorado have also been formative of this work. While I was running out of time at Michigan, CU and the Department of Geography provided me with the space to truly think. I am indebted to Denis McGilvary and Tim Oakes for bringing me here and for the crucial role in turning a two year fellowship into a tenure track job. While at CU, the mentoring and intellectual friendship of Tim Oakes, Elizabeth Dunn, Emily Yeh, and Joe Bryan were incredibly vital. Without their encouragement and faith in me I may not have made the challenging transition from history/anthropology to geography. Also in the closing years of this work I must thank Joel Wainwright not only for some wonderful conversations but also for proving that Heidegger can work in Geography. I would be remiss if I did not mention the critical influence of my earliest teachers. At Rhodes College, my interest in philosophy and social theory was shaped by the intellectual generosity, kindness and superb mentorship of Larry Lacy. A profound thanks also to Susan Kus whose fantastic and inspiring anthropology classes, especially iv Alternative Realities, were a decisive influence. And also at Rhodes Mark Muese and Tom McGowan for their intellectual encouragement, conversations and genuine commitments to fostering a questioning disposition. Without all these exemplars the thought of graduate school would never have seemed feasible. During my wonderful years at Saint Patrick’s High School in Karachi, Mrs. Henderson meant everything. Without her encouragement and her love of learning and literature, I would probably have been an engineer. She has been a force at St. Patrick’s and I feel badly for the generations that will not know her. I would be remiss also if I did not mention my elementary school teachers. Jill Sheridan; I remember the day she placed a copy of Tolkien’s “Lord of the Rings” in the tiny hands of curious 9 year old. The experience of reading that book changed everything. To Bob Veriakin for placing me in the Boffin Group and Mrs. Cooper for her love and care. There are too many friends and family members who have been vital to me. At Ann Arbor, while serving time as a graduate student, key friendships developed which not only provided companionship but also a vital interdisciplinary intellectual environment. Tina Meltzer and Tom O’Donnell were my second home in the United States. Their love and friendship is irreplaceable. Other friends also became more like family: Sanjiv Gupta, Chandra Rahman, Joy Mazumdar, Nadeem Hussain, Rochelle Davis. Over the years Farina Mir and William Glover have been genuine friends and their support and encouragement remains indispensable. I must also thank Asad Ali and Naveeda Khan for including me in their AAA panels, sessions which were also important in shaping the direction of this work, in particular Naveeda’s Rethinking Pakistan seminar at Johns Hopkins. Rob Rozenhall, eased my transition from Karachi to Lahore, v and allowed me to use his motorcycle. Other dear friends who like everyone else mentioned have been critical interlocutors as well as great comrades; Munis Faruqi, Tom Abowd, Vazira Zamindar, Asim Khan. A special thanks to Julietta Singh for her love and friendship at a critical moment. In Karachi I developed unbreakable bonds of love and friendship with Abbas Ali, Sohail Ghazi, Noor Fakir Muhammad, Azhar Ali Patel. The sustained warmth and love of these individuals and their families has made returning to Pakistan both necessary and always vital. However to one friend in particular I owe everything, Nauman Naqvi. I do not know what I would have done without his love and presence in my life. He is a rare and incredible individual, and the inspiration behind this project. His traces are everywhere in these pages. Above all I thank him for introducing me to Heidegger and Foucault and for first making me aware of the distinction between a way of life and form- of-life. None of this of course would have been possible without the support of my extended family in Karachi, London and the United States. To all my cousins, Khalas and Mamoos, for love affection and so many wonderful memories. Also my in-laws, Shahida and Dr. Iqbal Beg, and Maheen and Saira for all your wonderful kindness, love and support, but most importantly for being there for us and of course Aneela. But like Nauman among friends, there is always someone special within ones extended family; Mansoor Ahmed. The formative role he has played in my intellectual life is incalculable. I was always mesmerized by his speech, his eloquence and his magnificent example. If I return to Karachi it is always only to speak with him and to be in his presence. vi My siblings Naveed, Aasma and Sumrah Jan. Their warmth, love and existence are incredible and they are a part of who I am. The nostalgia I have for our childhood and teen years together is often painful. I so regret the physical distance that now separates us, and I truly miss not being able to be constantly around my nieces and nephews. And finally of course to my little angels, Amr and Mishaal, two of the most beautiful and wonderful people in my world. They are truly such incredibly good children, a parent could not possibly hope for more. Their love, patience and good humor during all of this is beyond gratitude. Thank you for putting up with my endless delays, promises, missed weekends. I hope only that one of you becomes the beneficiary of my library. And Aneela, for whom no words are sufficient. She has been an integral part of my life since High School. Without her I could not have come this far, and her love, our love, is above everything else. Her labors and sacrifices are greater than mine. To her I owe an endless gratitude. All the happiness and comfort in my adult life is only because of her. And once again, to my mother and father. I could not imagine a world without their endless love, nurturing and critical support. My late father was an exemplar of honesty and integrity, and my biggest regret is that he could not be here. My mother Yasmin has inspired me, from the very beginning to think. My curiosity and wonder about the world was indelibly shaped by her example. Thank you with all the sincerity of my heart.1 1 Note: This acknowledgment was written in the few moments before the submission deadlines. They say no one ever reads a dissertation — I hope so. But I know I have left out the names of many people who I should not have, and have expressed things here in a hurried, clichéd fashion. But there is no real substitute for the word love.
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