vibrant v. 12, n. 2 | July – December 2015 Editorial board Alba Zaluar (UERJ) [email protected] Antonio Arantes (UNICAMP) [email protected] Bela Feldman Bianco (UNICAMP) [email protected] Claudia Fonseca (UFRGS) [email protected] Cornélia Eckert (UFRGS) [email protected] Jane Beltrão (UFPA) [email protected] João Pacheco de Oliveira Filho (UFRJ/MN) [email protected] Karina Kuschnir (UFRJ) [email protected] Lux Vidal (USP) [email protected] Manuela C. da Cunha (Universidade de Chicago) [email protected] Mariza Peirano (UNB) [email protected] Omar Thomas (UNICAMP) [email protected] Paul Elliott Little (UNB) [email protected] Rafael M. Bastos (UFSC) [email protected] Ruben Oliven (UFRGS) [email protected] Simoni Lahud Guedes (UFF) [email protected] ii vibrant v.12 n.2 vibrant v. 12, n. 2 07 – 12 / 2015 Editor: Peter Fry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Co-editor: Carmen Rial, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Reviews Editor: Lilia Moritz Schwarcz, Universidade de São Paulo International relations: Gustavo Lins Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília Design & typesetting: Tarcisio O Ferreira [email protected] Cover image: Caroline Valansi e Domingos Guimaraens Sponsors V626 Vibrant : Virtual Brazilian Anthropology / Associação Brasileira de Antropologia. Vol. 1, n. 1/2 (jan./dez. 2004) – . Brasília : Associação Brasileira de Antropologia, 2004 - v. Semestral ISSN 1809-4341 1. Antropologia - Periódicos. I. Associação Brasileira de Antropologia. CDD : 301 iv vibrant v.12 n.2 v. 12, n. 2 vibrant 07 – 12 / 2015 Articles 1 Antiracism and the uses of science in the post-World War II: An analysis of UNESCO’s first statements on race (1950 and 1951) Marcos Chor Maio, Ricardo Ventura Santos 27 Biosocial Activism, Identities and Citizenship: Making up ‘people living with HIV and AIDS’ in Brazil Carlos Guilherme do Valle Dossier “Anthropology and education” 71 Introduction Yvonne Maggie, Helena Sampaio, Ana Pires do Prado A-Education policy and its impact on schools 79 Developing subalternity: side effects of the expansion of formal education and mass media in Guaribas Marcello Sorrentino 118 Old and new visions of Brazilianness: the vagaries of equality, difference and ‘race’ in history textbooks Fabiano Dias Monteiro 163 Socialization among peers: a study on racial relations among brazilian children Rita de Cássia Fazzi 193 Sobre a vida institucional das normas: Uma reflexão a partir dos dez anos do sistema de cotas na UFPR Ciméa Barbato Bevilaqua vibrant v.12 n.2 v 233 Informational Capital and sens du jeu: Identifying the Quality of Higher Education Clarissa Tagliari Santos 273 The school as a project for the future: A case study of a new pataxó village school in Minas Gerais Karla Cunha Pádua Karla B – School ethos: case studies 310 Challenges and limits of an education for all Ana Pires do Prado and Giselle Carino Lage 350 Classifications and moral values in student evaluation boards Maíra Mascarenhas 380 Choice and access to the best schools of Rio de Janeiro: A rite of passage Rodrigo Rosistolato 417 Clocks, calendars and cell phones: An ethnography on time in a high school Mónica Franch and Josilene Pequeno de Souza C – A experiment in graduate studies in anthropology and education 451 An interdisciplinary experience in anthropology and education: Memory, academic project and political background Tânia Dauster DÉJÀ LU 497 Prejudice of Mark in the Middle Classes: Text and Context of Oracy Nogueira’s “Pretos and Mulatos” Maria Laura Viveiros de Castro Cavalcanti 513 Pretos and mulatos among the middle classes São Paulo 1983-1984 Oracy Nogueira vi vibrant v.12 n.2 572 Reflection and activism: Aracy Lopes da Silva and the National Education Plan Luís Donisete Benzi Grupioni 579 The national education plan. Indigenous School Education Aracy Lopes da Silva (1949-2000) Reviews 588 Rita de Cássia Fazzi, O drama racial de crianças brasileiras: socialização entre pares e preconceito. Belo Horizonte: Autêntico, 2004 (new ed. 2012), 224 p. John Burdick 591 Lorenzo Macagno, O Dilema Multicultural. Curitiba : Editora UFPR/ Rio de Janeiro: GRAPHIA, 2014, 303 p. Jean-Philippe Belleau 594 Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, .Metafísicas canibais. São Paulo: Cosac Naify, 2015, 280 p. Ananya Chakravarti 597 Mauricio Acuña, A Ginga da Nação: Intelectuais na Capoeira e Capoeiristas Intelectuais (1930-1969). São Paulo: Editora Alameda, 2015, 280 p. Falina Enriquez vibrant v.12 n.2 vii Antiracism and the uses of science in the post- World War II: An analysis of UNESCO’s first statements on race (1950 and 1951) Marcos Chor Maio DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43412015v12n2p001 Graduate Program in History of Science and Health at the Casa de Os- waldo Cruz/Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Ricardo Ventura Santos National Museum, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Abstract As part of its antiracist agenda under the impact of the World War II, UNESCO tried to negate the scientific value of the race concept based on meetings and statements engaging natural and social scientists. It is our interpretation that, contrary to what UNESCO had expected, the Nazi Genocide had not led scientists to a meeting of the minds about a scientific corpus that radically questioned the concept of race. A range of positions could be heard in the discussions by the panel of experts (1949) who produced the First Statement on Race (1950). Our argument is that UNESCO was influenced by a perspective centered on the assumption that amassing scientific data would be the best way to sustain a political agenda that sought to negate the concept of race as well as to fight racism. Reactions to the First Statement were quick in coming and UNESCO called another meeting to debate race in 1951. Keywords: race; racism; Unesco; anthropology; history of science; Statement on race. Marcos C. Maio e Ricardo V. Santos vibrant v.12 n.2 1 Resumo Como parte de sua agenda antirracista e sob o impacto da Segunda Guerra Mundial, a UNESCO buscou negar o valor científico do conceito de raça a partir de reuniões e declarações envolvendo cientistas sociais e naturais. Consideramos que, ao contrário da expectativa da UNESCO, o genocídio nazista não levou os cientistas a um consenso sobre um conhecimento cientí- fico que questionasse radicalmente o conceito de raça. Um leque de posições foi observado nas discussões do painel de especialistas (1949) produzindo a primeira Declaração sobre Raça (1950). Nosso argumento é que a UNESCO foi influenciada por uma perspectiva centrada no pressuposto de que a acumulação de dados científicos seria o melhor caminho para sustentar uma agenda política que procurasse negar o conceito de raça bem como combater o racismo. Reações à Primeira Declaração surgiram de imediato levando a UNESCO a convocar uma nova reunião para debater o conceito de raça em 1951. Palavras-chaves: raça; racismo; Unesco; Antropologia; História da Ciência; Declaração sobre Raça. 2 vibrant v.12 n.2 Marcos C. Maio e Ricardo V. Santos Antiracism and the uses of science in the post- World War II: An analysis of UNESCO’s first statements on race (1950 and 1951) Marcos Chor Maio Ricardo Ventura Santos Introduction In September 1949, the Fourth Session of the General Conference of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) approved an anti-racist agenda in response to a request by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), through itsSubcommis- sion on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities. Organized by UNESCO’s Department of Social Sciences, then headed by Brazilian anthropologist Arthur Ramos (1903-1949), the agenda called for convening an international meeting of scientists to debate the scientific status of the concept of race. In the invitation to the event, Ramos informed potential participants that their goal was to “form a committee of experts in physical anthropology, sociology, social psychology, and ethnology to draw up a preliminary definition of race from an interdisciplinary perspec- tive. This [would be] the indispensible starting point for future action by UNESCO in 1950.” 1 Entitled “Meeting of experts on race problems,” the event took place in Paris in December 1949 and was attended by eight participants. The document they produced was circulated among some experts and was the object of criticism during the first half of 1950. Released in July 1950, 1 Letter of invitation from Arthur Ramos to Costa Pinto, Oct. 14, 1949, p. 1, in Reg File 323.12 A 102. Part I (Box Reg 146). UNESCO Archives. Marcos C. Maio e Ricardo V. Santos vibrant v.12 n.2 3 UNESCO’s first Statement on Race included this incisive affirmation: “Race is less a biological fact than a social myth and as a myth it has in recent years taken a heavy toll in human lives and suffering.” 2 UNESCO’s 1950 Statement on Race has been analyzed as a radically anti-racist manifesto, that is, as an expression of criticism toward the racial thought born in the post-World War II period, still under the impact of Nazism. When it was made public, the UNESCO document met with harsh criticism from biologists, geneticists, and physical anthropologists, who pointed out what they felt were a series of inconsistencies regarding the scientific construct of race. In light of these criticisms, UNESCO convened a second meeting of experts, this time comprising mostly geneticists and physical anthropologists, who were charged with revising the alleged con- ceptual weaknesses found in the First Statement. In this analysis of UNESCO’s First Statement on Race and its repercus- sions, based on meeting minutes, correspondence, and other records from UNESCO’s archives,we aim to show that the substance of controversies that followed its publication had already been debated during the December 1949 forum on the scientific status of the concept of race.