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Puni Tekst: Hrvatski INVENTAR NALAZA I VIŠEFAZNO GROBLJE UZ UTVRDU SOKOL U KONAVLIMA INVENTORY OF FINDS AND MULTIPHASE CEMETERY BY FORT SOKOL IN KONAVLE NIKOLINA TOPIĆ Ante Kovačića 5 Bijenička 54 HR-Zagreb HR-10000 Zagreb HR-10000 Zagreb [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] JADRANKA BAREŠIĆ MATO ILKIĆ ŽELJKA BEDIĆ Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zavod za Sveučilište u Zadru, Odjel za eksperimentalnu fiziku arheologiju Antropološki centar HAZU Laboratorij za mjerenje niskih University of Zadar, Department of Anthropological Center of Croatian radioaktivnosti Archaeology Academy of Sciences and Arts Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Obala kralja P. Krešimira IV., 2. Ante Kovačića 5 Experimental Physics HR-23000 Zadar HR-10000 Zagreb Laboratory for Low-level [email protected] [email protected] Radioactivities ANDREW M. T. MOORE VLASTA VYROUBAL Bijenička 54 HR-10000 Zagreb Rochester Institute of Technology Antropološki centar HAZU [email protected] 12 Walbach Street, P.O. Box 902, Anthropological Center of Croatian New Castle Academy of Sciences and Arts ANDREJA SIRONIĆ USA-NH 03854 Ante Kovačića 5 Institut Ruđer Bošković, Zavod za [email protected] HR-10000 Zagreb eksperimentalnu fiziku [email protected] [email protected] Laboratorij za mjerenje niskih NIKOLINA DRAŠKOVIĆ MARIO ŠLAUS radioaktivnosti Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of VLAŠIĆ Antropološki centar HAZU Experimental Physics HR-Zagreb Anthropological Center of Croatian Laboratory for Low-level [email protected] Academy of Sciences and Arts Radioactivities UDK: 904:726.8(497.58Konavle)“652/654“ DOI: 10.15291/archeo.3302 Izvorni znanstveni članak / Original scientific paper Primljeno / Received: 2019-05-29 Ključne riječi: Izneseni su rezultati arheoloških istraživanja provedenih uz utvrdu Sokol u Konavli- analiza radioaktivnim ma 2012. i 2013. godine, te rezultati antropološke analize i analize radioaktivnim ugljikom 14C, antika, ugljikom 14C. Lokalitet Sokol ima dugi kontinuitet u naseljavanju počevši od prapo- antropološka analiza, vijesti do ranog novog vijeka. Istraživanje prostora uz utvrdu podijeljeno je na četiri arheološki nalazi, arheo- velike sonde od kojih je najkompleksnija ona uz njezinu južnu stranu. Višefazno gro- loško istraživanje, Duna- blje smješteno je uz južnu i istočnu stranu utvrde s manjim brojem grobova uz njezinu ve, Konavle, novi vijek, sjevernu stranu. U svim sondama pronađeni su duboki slojevi formirani potresima koji prapovijest, srednji vijek, su bili česti na dubrovačkom području. Ti slojevi su osim grobova i ostataka arhitektu- utvrda Sokol, višefazno re sadržavali i kamene gromade koje su se urušile s utvrde tijekom potresa te mnoštvo groblje raznovrsnih nalaza širokog vremenskog raspona, od prapovijesti do novog vijeka. Utvr- da je napuštena 1672. godine. Antropološkom analizom obuhvaćeni su svi pronađeni N. Topić, Ž. Bedić, V. Vyroubal, M. Šlaus, J. barešić, A. Sironić, M. Ilkić, A. M. T. Moore, N. Drašković Vlašić: Inventar nalaza i višefazno groblje uz... 13 (2019), 107-251 kosturni ostaci iz bolje i slabije sačuvanih grobnih cjelina, čime su definirani ostaci 92 osobe, od čega 57 odraslih i 35 djece. Pregledom osteološkog materijala također su dokumentirane patološke promjene nastale za života osoba. Određivanje starosti kosturnih ostataka provedeno je metodom 14C. Određena je starost kostura u rasponu od 5. do 19. stoljeća. Istom metodom provedeno je i mjerenje starosti karboniziranih badema koji su datirani u starije željezno doba (750. – 400. cal BC). KEY WORDS: This paper presents the results of the archaeological excavations conducted next to Fort radiocarbon (14C) dat- Sokol in Konavle in 2012 and 2013, as well as the results of the anthropological anal- 14 ing, antiquity, anthropo- ysis and radiocarbon ( C) dating. The site of Sokol has a long occupation continuity logical analysis, archae- starting from prehistory until the Early Modern Period. The excavation of the area ological finds, archaeo- adjoining the fort was divided into four big probes, the one next to its southern side logical research, Dunave, being the most complex. Multiphase cemetery is located along the southern and eastern Konavle, Modern Period, side of the fort, with a smaller number of graves along its northern side. All probes re- prehistory, Middle Ages, vealed deep layers formed in earthquakes that were common in the Dubrovnik region. Fort Sokol, multiphase In addition to graves and architecture remains, these layers contained stone boulders cemetery that fell off the fort in earthquakes and an abundance of diverse finds dating to a broad time span, from prehistory to the Modern Period. The fort was deserted in 1672. An- thropological analysis encompassed all recovered skeletal remains from preserved grave units regardless of the state of preservation, whereby the remains of 92 individuals were identified, of which 57 adults and 35 children. Analysis of osteological material also documented pathological changes developed antemortem. Radiocarbon (14C) dating was applied on skeletal remains resulting in chronological range from the 5th to the 19th century. The same method was used for dating carbonized almonds that were dated to the Early Iron Age (750 – 400 cal BC). 108 N. Topić, Ž. Bedić, V. Vyroubal, M. Šlaus, J. barešić, A. Sironić, M. Ilkić, 13 (2019), 107-251 A. M. T. Moore, N. Drašković Vlašić: Inventory of Finds and Multiphase... UVOD I POVIJESNI OKVIR INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK Utvrda Sokol ili Soko-grad nalazi se u selu Dunavama u Konavlima (Sl. 1-3). Strateška Fort Sokol or Soko-grad is situated in the vil- važnost tog položaja poznata je još iz prapo- lage of Dunave in Konavle (Fig. 1-3). Strategic vijesnog razdoblja, kada je tu postojala gradi- importance of this position has been known na i podgrađe s naseljem.1 Vjerojatno je riječ back from prehistoric time, when a hillfort and o gradini sa suhozidnim bedemima, uobiča- a suburbium with a settlement were located jenoj za taj period. Ta prirodna klisura služila here.1 Probably it was a hillfort with drystone je kao utvrđenje Ilira (plemena Plereja), Grka walls, common for the period. This natural cliff i Rimljana. U ranijem rekognosciranju terena was used as a fortification of the Illyrians (the pronađeni su nalazi koji svjedoče o životu na tribe of Plerei), Greeks and Romans. Finds tes- Sokolu. Tada su pronađeni ulomci prapovije- tifying to settling of Sokol have been recovered sne keramike (eneolitičke, brončanodobne, in the earlier field survey, such as prehistoric željeznodobne).2 Prvo naselje uz prirodnu kli- pottery sherds (dating to the Eneolithic, Bronze suru može se prema keramičkim nalazima dati- and Iron Ages). The first settlement next to the rati u kasni eneolitik/rano brončano doba. Naj- natural cliff can be dated to the Late Eneolithic/ brojnija je keramika karakteristična za nositelje Early Bronze Age on the basis of pottery finds.2 cetinske kulture, koji su se nastanili na širem The most abundant pottery is characteristic of području istočnog Jadrana.3 the Cetina culture population, which occupied Tijekom prve polovice 1. tisućljeća pr. Kr. the wider eastern Adriatic region.3 ilirska plemena dominirala su nad pomorskom In the first half of the 1st millennium BC, Il- trgovinom na Jadranu, a osobitu ulogu u tala- lyrian tribes dominated the maritime trade in sokraciji imali su Liburni. Oni se sukobljavaju the Adriatic, and the Liburnians were especially s Grcima koji su težili osigurati pravo plovidbe important in the thalassocracy. Their opponents prema sjevernom Jadranu ploveći uz istočnoja- were the Greeks who tried to ensure naval route dransku obalu. Grcima je plovidba Jadranom towards the northern Adriatic sailing along the značila i otvoren put prema srednjoj Europi i eastern Adriatic coast. The Greeks could reach Panoniji. Zbog sukoba s ratobornim Ilirima, central Europe and Pannonia via Adriatic naval Grci nisu bili u prilici odmah osnivati svoje routes. Due to conflicts with belligerent Illyrians, naseobine i emporije na Jadranu, nego to čine the Greeks could not found their settlements kad opada vojna moć Liburna nakon 5. st. pr. and emporia in the Adriatic, but they only did it Kr.4 Iliri su se pokušavali obraniti od grčkih ko- when the military power of the Liburnians start- lonista početkom 4. st. pr. Kr., no bili su od- ed to decrease in the 5th century BC.4 The Illy- bijeni.5 Ardijejci su tijekom 4. st. pr. Kr. bili rians tried unsuccessfully to fight off the Greek jedno od najmoćnijih ilirskih plemena koji su colonists at the beginning of the 4th century naseljavali područje južnog Jadrana (od nere- BC.5 The Ardiaei, who occupied the southern tvanskog područja do središnje Albanije). Šire Adriatic area (from the Neretva region to central se iz donjeg toka Neretve, a koristeći se malim Albania), were one of the most powerful Illyr- 1 Š. BATOVIĆ, 1988a, 56; Š. BATOVIĆ, 1988b, 37; I. BOJA- 1 Š. BATOVIĆ, 1988a, 56; Š. BATOVIĆ, 1988b, 37; I. BOJA- NOVSKI, 1992, 176. NOVSKI, 1992, 176. 2 L. BERITIĆ, 1966, 104; Š. BATOVIĆ, 1988b, 37, 64, 67; I. 2 L. BERITIĆ, 1966, 104; Š. BATOVIĆ, 1988b, 37, 64, 67; I. BOJANOVSKI, 1992, 176. BOJANOVSKI, 1992, 176. 3 S. DIMITRIJEVIĆ, T. TEŽAK-GREGL, N. MAJNARIĆ- 3 S. DIMITRIJEVIĆ, T. TEŽAK-GREGL, N. MAJNARIĆ- PANDŽIĆ, 1998, 175. PANDŽIĆ, 1998, 175. 4 A. STIPČEVIĆ, 1991, 31–32. 4 A. STIPČEVIĆ, 1991, 31-32. 5 A. STIPČEVIĆ, 1991, 34. 5 A. STIPČEVIĆ, 1991, 34. 109 N. Topić, Ž. Bedić, V. Vyroubal, M. Šlaus, J. barešić, A. Sironić, M. Ilkić, A. M. T. Moore, N. Drašković Vlašić: Inventar nalaza i višefazno groblje uz... 13 (2019), 107-251 Slika 1. Pogled na utvrdu Sokol u Dunavama u Konavlima (JZ-SI), 2013. (foto: N. Topić). Figure 1 View of the fort Sokol in Dunave in Konavle (SW-NI), 2013 (photo: N. Topić). Slika 2. Pogled s utvrde Sokol u Konavlima, 2013. (foto: N. Topić). Figure 2 View from the fort Sokol in Konavle, 2013 (photo: N. Topić). 110 N. Topić, Ž. Bedić, V. Vyroubal, M. Šlaus, J. barešić, A. Sironić, M. Ilkić, 13 (2019), 107-251 A.
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