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Hugo Luís Da Silva Paiva De Carvalho Hugo Luís da Silva Paiva de Carvalho BIODETERIORATION IN CULTURAL ASSETS – FUNGAL CONTAMINATION ASSESSMENT IN ART OBJECTS AND DOCUMENTS. Tese de Doutoramento em Biociências, especialização em Microbiologia, orientada pelo Professor Doutor António Manuel Santos Carriço Portugal e co- orientada pela Professora Doutora Maria Filomena Meireles Abrantes de Macedo Dinis, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Julho de 2018 Biodeterioration in cultural assets - fungal contamination assessment in art objects and documents Hugo Luís da Silva Paiva de Carvalho Tese de Doutoramento apresentada à Universidade de Coimbra para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biociências, especialização em Microbiologia, realizada sob a orientação científica do Professor Doutor António Manuel Santos Carriço Portugal do Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra e co-orientação da Professora Doutora Maria Filomena Meireles Abrantes de Macedo Dinis do Departamento de Conservação e Restauro da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Julho de 2018 This research was funded by FCT/MEC through national funds and the co-funding by the FEDER, within the PT2020 Partnership Agreement, and COMPETE 2020, within the project UID/BIA/04004/2013. This work was also funded by Portuguese Funds through FCT- Fundação Ciência e Tecnologia in the framework of the project CleanArt – PTDC/EPH-PAT/0224/2014. “O artista de agora, se quiser persistir, tem de ser um homem de acção. - Mas que acção? Ajudar a construir um mundo que o nega? Ajudar a destruir um mundo onde ele próprio já não vive? A acção dum artista é fazer a sua obra.” Miguel Torga in Diário (1948) Acknowledgments Esta Tese de Doutoramento e todo o trabalho nela desenvolvido, só foi possível pelo contributo de várias pessoas. Desta forma quero por isso agradecer a todos o que para ela contribuíram. Ao Professor Doutor António Portugal, pela orientação desta tese e por todo o apoio incondicional para a realização destes trabalhos. Saliento ainda que sem o seu maior contributo nada da minha vida científica poderia ser imaginável e realizável, e por ter sempre acreditado em mim. À Professora Doutora Maria Filomena Macedo, por ter aceitado a co-orientação desta tese e por todo o tipo de conselhos na área da conservação e restauro. Quero agradecer ainda ter sido possível trabalhar em conjunto com a equipa do Departamento de Conservação e Restauro da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa. À Professora Doutora Helena Freitas, Diretora do centro de investigação Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People & the Planet, por ter disponibilizado todos os espaços para a elaboração deste trabalho e por todo o apoio prestado. Ao Professor Doutor Jorge Canhoto, Diretor do Departamento de Ciências da Vida, pelo apoio prestado neste trabalho. À Professora Doutora Maria Teresa Gonçalves, agradeço o apoio sempre presente e constante mas sobretudo a partilha do gabinete. À Dra. Ana Maria Bandeira, Técnica Superior do Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra, e ao Professor Doutor José Pedro Paiva, Diretor do Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra, agradeço o apoio neste trabalho, sobretudo pela possibilidade em trabalhar com os pergaminhos históricos do Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra. À Dra. Virgínia Gomes, responsável pelas reservas de obras de arte do Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro, e à Dra. Ana Alcoforado, Diretora do MNMC, agradeço todo o apoio prestado ao estudo feito na reserva de pintura deste magnífico museu. Ao Professor Doutor Jorge Paiva, grande referência da Botânica desta casa, ao Professor Doutor Leonel Pereira, ao Professor Doutor António Xavier Coutinho e ao Professor Doutor João Ramalho Santos quero agradecer a preocupação e a motivação que me transmitida para realização desta Tese. Ao colega Santiago Fernández Rodríguez, pelo apoio e contributo nalgumas tarefas deste trabalho. À Catarina Pinheiro e à Sílvia Sequeira, colegas da FCTUNL, pela participação, colaboração e apoio conjunto nalguns dos trabalhos desta tese. Ao colega de laboratório de Biologia Molecular Nuno Mesquita, pelo apoio importante e indispensável neste trabalho. Ao meu grande amigo e colega João Trovão e à Fabiana Soares pela paciência e disponibilidade na ajuda importante para esta tarefa da minha vida. Ao meu grande amigo Adriano Miranda por ter estado sempre presente e me ter apoiado nesta caminhada. Ao meus grandes amigos do nosso grupo de Fados e Guitarradas Minerva, Alexis Simões e Carlos Matos pelo constante apoio moral e incondicional nesta fase e sempre! Ao meu grande amigo Miguel Luís, músico e companheiro de concertos, agradeço todo o apoio e paciência com que sempre me acompanhou. Aos meus amigos Daniel Miranda, José Pedro Melo e Rui Martins pelo apoio e pela ajuda a atravessar esta fase da minha vida. À Joana, por todo o carinho, compreensão e apoio nesta fase da minha vida e por estar presente a meu lado. Finalmente um agradecimento muito grande a toda a minha família. Em especial aos meus pais, por sempre acreditarem em mim e por me terem possibilitado estudar e continuar com a minha vida artística. Sobretudo quero agradecer-lhes para sempre aquilo que hoje sou. Também agradeço aos meus irmãos e à minha cunhada pela constante preocupação e apoio, sobretudo pela preocupação relativa ao futuro da minha vida pessoal e profissional. Às minhas sobrinhas pelo constante ânimo e diversão! Table of Contents ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................. 1 RESUMO..................................................................................................................... 5 THESIS OUTLINE......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATORS.............................................................................................. 12 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Biodeterioration - concept and major considerations................................... 15 Fungi: contribution for biodeterioration........................................................ 17 Fungi: Museum/Archive environments.......................................................... 18 Fungi: indoor ecological succession............................................................... 20 Types of studied objects: Parchment........................................................................................... 22 Paper................................................................................................... 23 Painting canvas, wood board canvas and wooden sculptures............ 25 Fungi: identification techniques..................................................................... 27 Places of study: Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra (AUC)....................................... 30 Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro (MNMC)............................... 31 Casa das Histórias Paula Rego............................................................. 32 GENERAL OBJECTIVES................................................................................................ 33 Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 - Diversity of fungal species in ancient parchments collections of the 37 Archive of the University of Coimbra. 1.1- Introduction............................................................................................ 39 1.2- Materials and Methods........................................................................... 41 1.3- Results..................................................................................................... 43 1.4 - Discussion............................................................................................... 51 1.5 - Conclusions............................................................................................ 57 1.6 - Acknowledgements................................................................................ 57 CHAPTER 2 - Fungal contamination of paintings and wooden sculptures inside the 61 storage room of a museum: are current norms and reference values adequate? 2.1- Introduction and Research Aims............................................................. 63 2.2- Materials and Methods........................................................................... 65 2.3- Results..................................................................................................... 68 2.4 - Discussion............................................................................................... 71 2.5 - Conclusions............................................................................................ 80 2.6 - Acknowledgements................................................................................ 81 2.7- Supplementary Material......................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 3 - Fungal stains on paper: Is what you see what you get? 89 3.1- Introduction............................................................................................ 91 3.2- Materials and Methods........................................................................... 91 3.3- Results and Discussion...........................................................................
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