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Teadusmõte Eestis (Vi) TEADUSMÕTE EESTIS (VI) ELU- JA MAATEADUSED TALLINN 2011 TEADUSMÕTE EESTIS (VI) ELU- JA MAATEADUSED Erast Parmasto, Agu Laisk, Dimitri Kaljo (vastutavad toimetajad) Helle-Liis Help, Siiri Jakobson, Ülle Rebo, Galina Varlamova ISSN 1736-5015 ISBN 978-9949-21-823-3 (pdf) © EESTI TEADUSTE AKADEEMIA Facta non solum verba SISUKORD ELUTEADUSED Saateks Erast Parmasto . 6 Looduskaitsebioloogia – aimu ja otsuse vahel Asko Lõhmus . 9 Elurikkuse informaatika Urmas Kõljalg, Kessy Abarenkov . 17 Taimekoosluste mitmekesisus – mustrid ja mehhanismid Martin Zobel, Meelis Pärtel . 27 Mükoriisaseente elurikkuse uuringud Eestis Leho Tedersoo, Triin Naadel, Maarja Öpik, Ivika Ostonen . .. 35 Seenesüstemaatika aastatuhandete vahetuse eel ja järel Kadri Põldmaa . 43 Evolutsiooniline putukaökoloogia fülogeneetiliseks lähenemiseks valmis Toomas Tammaru . 49 Usun, et mõistan Agu Laisk . 57 Klorofüll – füüsikat ja bioloogiat ühendav molekul Arvi Freiberg . 73 Koolipoisist ökofüsioloogiks Ülo Niinemets . 85 4 MAATEADUSED Saateks Dimitri Kaljo . 94 Mikropaleontoloogia ja biostratigraafia rollist ning ühest tähendusrikkast leiust Eestis Tõnu Meidla, Jaak Nõlvak, Oive Tinn . 97 Siluri selgroogsed – ühe rühma arengulugu Tiiu Märss . 117 Selgroogsete evolutsiooni kivistunud tõendeid Devoni ladestust Elga Mark-Kurik . 125 Isotoobid Eesti aluspõhja uurimisel: kemostratigraafia ja keskkond Dimitri Kaljo, Tõnu Martma . 133 Vulkaanilised kihid Eesti aluspõhjas ja nende kasutamine stratigraafias Tarmo Kiipli, Toivo Kallaste . 141 Hoovused ja settekivimid Ordoviitsiumi ja Vara-Siluri Balti basseinis Enli Kiipli, Toivo Kallaste, Tarmo Kiipli . 145 Seismo-akustiline pidevsondeerimine – meetod, mis tõi murrangu Eestit naabermaadest lahutava Läänemere alade geoloogilistesse uuringutesse Igor Tuuling . 151 Viimase Skandinaavia jäätumise dünaamika Läänemerest kagus Volli Kalm, Aleksandr Gorlach, Katrin Lasberg, Katrin Kalla . 161 Mulla orgaaniline süsinik Raimo Kõlli . 169 Isotoop-paleoklimatoloogia Rein Vaikmäe, Enn Kaup, Tõnu Martma . 177 Geograafia: kirjeldavatest uurimistest analüüsiva teaduseni. Ülevaade geograafia-alastest uurimistöödest Eestis Ülo Mander, Rein Ahas . 185 Autoritest . 196 5 SAATEKS Eesti Teaduste Akadeemia ülevaadete sari TEA- tegemine oli nõrgal aluspõhjal. Kõik kolm teise DUSMÕTE EESTIS on ilmumas juba üheteist- osa ülevaadet näitavad, kuidas molekulaartasemel kümnendat kalendriaastat. Üllitatud köited pole füsioloogiaalased laboritöö tulemused jõuavad ühesugused, nagu pole ka nendes trükitud kirjutis- makrorakendusteni elukooslustes – kas või põllul te autorid. Käesolevas väljaandes ei taha me tea- ja metsas. Raamatu esimeses osas näeme aga, et dusasutuste või ülikoolide kaupa lihtsalt aru anda, liigilise ja koosluse taseme uurimistes on endast- mida viimasel ajal on uuritud, mida teadlased on mõistetavaks muutunud uurimismeetodid, mida oma ametlikesse aruannetesse kirja pannud. Kut- varem peeti eksperimentaalbioloogide monopo- susime ja palusime kirjutama mitmeid neid, nii liks. Lisaks muidugi veel puutepunktid filosoofia- vanemaid kui ka nooremaid, kellel on näidata elu- ga, millest tänapäeval ükski teadusharu päris ja maateadusi nende muutumises. Nagu kogu mööda ei pääse. maailmas, nii ka Eestis peavad teadlased kätt Väärib tähelepanu, et artiklite lõpus toodud kirjan- teaduse pulsil. Nad tabavad, mis on teaduses päris duse viidetel on sageli autoreid rohkem kui üks – uut – nii suurtes kui ka pisiprobleemides. Nad isegi kuni 67. Paarkümmend aastat tagasi, Eesti osalevad ka ise selle uue tegemises – mitte ainult iseseisvuse taastamise alguses, tähendas see sageli importijatena, maaletoojatena, vaid uue loojatena. meie nooremate teadlaste saamist maailma pare- Käesoleval raamatul on kolm osa, mille kirjutisi mate teadlaskollektiivide noorliikmeteks. Mõni- päris meelega pole püütud ühtse skeemi järgi kord tähendas see oma ideede ja teotahte rakenda- koostada. Esimeses osas trükituis käsitletakse elu mist meil veel puuduval, aga mujal olemasoleval alates organismilisest kuni populatsioonide, liiki- heal teadusaparatuuril. Praeguseks oleme jõudnud de, koosluste tasemeni. Just neis erialades ja uuri- targa tasakaalu suhetesse. Kujunenud on rahvus- mistes on uudset lähenemist ja uusi meetodeid nii vahelisi teadlasrühmi, kus oleme võrdväärsed osa- palju, et nende artiklite ülesehitus on raamatu tei- lejad, mõnigi kord ka juhtgrupis. Märkimist väärib sest osast mõnevõrra erinev. tunnustatud mükoriisauurijate koondi moodustu- Teises kolmandikus on kolm tööd, mis jälgivad mine, mille tegevusväli ulatub Eestist Seišellide ja kolme teadussuuna kujunemist Eestis esimestest Austraaliani. Samuti on laia rahvusvahelist haaret siinsetest sammudest maailmatasemele. Need kir- tunda ökofüsioloogilistes uuringutes. Teiselt poolt jutised tuginevad eluteaduste n-ö fundamentaalse- on suhteliselt isoleeritud nõukogude Eesti tingi- male osale, mis käsitleb eluprotsesse alates mole- mustes pandud alus maailmas eesrindlikele taime- lehe fotosünteesi uuringutele. kulaarsest tasemest. Veel mõnikümmend aastat ta- gasi eristasid mitmed teadusloolased, teadusadmi- Viidatud uuemates kirjutistes on ülekaalus projek- nistraatorid ja end rahastamistarkadeks pidavad tipõhiste uurimiste tulemused, vähe on seal üldis- teaduspoliitikud “eesrindlikku” eksperimentaal- tavaid (elutöö) kokkuvõtteid. Ilmselt on õigus bioloogiat ja “iganenud”, nn kirjeldavat bioloo- Kadri Põldmaal, kes viitab projektilaadsete kõrval giat. Siin raamatus toodust on näha, et see vahe- just püsitemaatiliste uurimiste tähtsusele – nii tea- 6 dusele üldse kui ka teadlaste individuaalse arengu dusajakirjades või muul viisil jõuab. Samadest suhtes. Tähelepanelik lugeja märkab sedagi, et probleemidest ja laiemaltki kirjutavad meie Eesti teadus on osanud hoida kinni oma tulemus- teadlased ka emakeeles, küll Eesti Looduses, Loo- likust eelisstrateegiast: leida ja arendada mujal dusesõbras, Horisondis, Eesti Metsas, Akadee- tähelepanuta jäänud temaatikat. Sageli on see mias, küll populaarteaduslike raamatutena. Nad olnud eri teadusharude või -suundade kokkupuu- pole põlanud ka tõlkida ja kriitiliselt täiendada või tealal, eriti süstemaatika (taksonoomia) ja öko- toimetada valitud, tuntud autorite tõlketeoseid. loogia, samuti bioloogia ja füüsika piiripiirkonnas. Eesti elurikkust moodustavate liikide kohta käiv Viitame, et mitmete väiksemate või suuremategi info on kõigile kättesaadavaks tehtud eElurikkuse elusolendirühmade eriteadlaste seas on eestlased aadressil Internetis, see on kättesaadav ka eesti- tuntumad või isegi ainsad autoriteedid. keelse nimega küsides. Meil suhteliselt üsna uue Mõned teadlased ja ka ajakirjanikud on nurisenud elurikkuse informaatika arendamine võimaldab Eesti teadlaste keelekasutuse üle. Liiga palju aval- teabe kättesaamist nii süvauurijale kui ka tava- datavat teadustulemusi inglise või mõnes muus lisele loodusehuvilisele, nii ema- kui ka inglise võõrkeeles, ja seda eesti keeles äratrükkimise ar- keeles. Käesolev kogumik ongi kirjutatud nende vel. Käesolev kogumik näitab autorite ja teemade jaoks, kes lisaks populaarteaduslikule tahavad valikuga veel kord: hea teadlane teeb oma tööd eesti keeles lugeda ka süvenemist nõudvat teavet parimal võimalikul moel. Mida maailma teadlastel sellest, mida Eestis tehakse tänapäevaste elu- ja teada väärib, see nendeni ka suure levikuga tea- maateaduste suundumuste vallas. Erast Parmasto 7 LOODUSKAITSEBIOLOOGIA – AIMU JA OTSUSE VAHEL Asko Lõhmus Tartu Ülikooli ökoloogia ja maateaduste instituut SISSEJUHATUS Looduskaitsebioloogia kui teaduse iseloomulik Looduskaitseteadus küsib: mida peaks inimene te- joon on lähiseos ühiskondlike protsesside ja otsus- gema, et (elus)loodus Maal piisavas ulatuses säi- tega. See tuleneb arusaamast, et loodusega seotud liks? Niisuguses küsimuses peituvad lühidalt nii olulisemad hüved on inimkonna ühiskasutuses ja selle teaduse alusküsimused kui ka tekkelugu. Esi- looduskasutusega kaasnevad keskkonnamõjud teks on tegu rakendamisele ja prognoosimisele, st puudutavad paljusid inimesi. Seepärast peab ka tulevikule suunatud teadusega. Teiseks hõlmab keskkonnaalane informatsioon olema avalik ja küsimus arusaama, et elusloodust on inimesele selle põhjal tehtud otsused jälgitavad. Kõige laie- vaja. Kolmandaks – midagi peaks tegema; sest malt mõistetuna peaks looduskaitsebioloogia nii- üht-teist on läinud või minemas valesti. Loodus- siis andma loodusväärtusi puudutavat informat- kaitseteadus ongi tekkinud sedamööda, mida ula- siooni eeskätt AMETKONDLIKESSE OTSUSTUS- tuslikumaks on muutunud inimese mõju loodusele PROTSESSIDESSE – asendama “halba-aimamise” ning mida enam on inimene teadvustanud selles teadmisega, mida teha. Praktikas on asi keeru- peituvaid kaudseid ohtusid oma elukvaliteedile. lisem, sest osa seesugusest informatsioonist ei eel- Otsesemate probleemidega, nagu loodusressurs- da teadusloomet, viimane on küllaltki aeglane ja side tööstuslik kasutamine või inimesele nuhtlu- kallis, ning ametkondlik otsustusprotsess ise on seks muutunud elusolendite tõrje, tegelevad juba paljudes riikides (ka Eestis) infopõhisuse asemel varem välja kujunenud eriomased rakendus- tugevasti politiseeritud. teadused (metsa- ja kalandusteadus, ulukibioloo- LOODUSKAITSEBIOLOOGIA PÕHIKÜSIMUSED gia, taimekaitseuuringud jt). Järgnevas tähistab LOODUSKAITSEBIOLOOGIA loo- Looduskaitsebioloogia objektiks on loodusväärtu- duskaitseteaduse bioloogilist ja ökoloogilist osa. sed – mõiste, mille sisu inimkond on ajaloos üha Ehkki ingliskeelset sõnaühendit conservation bio- ümber mõtestanud. Tööstusrevolutsioonist lähtu- logy kasutatakse ajaloolistel
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