Fukushima: A Call for Women’s Leadership
Ariel Salleh
On 11 March 2011, the Fukushima nuclear in 1976 after hearing a talk by the Australian electricity plant in Japan was hit by a powerful pediatrician Dr Helen Caldicott. A mother myself, earthquake and tsunami. An undetermined land and worker in Aboriginal communities at the time, area remains uninhabitable; thousands of people within days I was helping set up a Sydney branch of are trying not to breathe, touch, eat or drink, the the Movement Against Uranium Mining and within toxic levels of radiation in their environment. It is months we had 100,000 people marching down believed that BHP Billiton’s Olympic Dam and Rio George Street. For a while, the Australian Labor Tinto’s Ranger mine exported uranium from Party spoke with the people’s voice, but its political Australia to this reactor. Now, confusion and anger, will gave way eventually to the mining lobby. In the sickness, and disability, will mark many Japanese US, Caldicott’s efforts at public education were also lives for years to come.1 targetted through the energy cartel’s media outlets. As she points out in a recent letter to the New York Over 80,000 people have been forced to abandon Times, the nuclear industry can only survive by their homes. Thousands of people are now misleading the public. 4 Physicists talk of a without a livelihood or the hope, in the near ‘permissible dose’ of radiation, but biologists know future, of rescuing one. Compensation claims are there is no such thing. The fact is that radiation certain to be well over $100 billion; rebuilding of damage in the body takes time to reveal itself. infrastructure and housing will cost at least $200 Nuclear denial takes place in private and public billion. Then there’s the cost of clearing over 20 sectors. Installation accidents at Windscale in million tonnes of rubbish, some of it radioactive, Cumberland, UK, 1957, and at Three Mile Island in and the cost of securing and decommissioning Pennsylvania, US, 1979, were largely ‘contained’ by the stricken reactors over the coming decades. public relations expertise. Following the meltdown Add to this the relocation of people and factories at Chernobyl, USSR, 1986, an embarrassed Soviet and the settling of injury and health issues, and government failed to guide its citizens with health the cost of this disaster will be in the advice. Caldicott observes that today, both Belarus neighbourhood of $450 billion, just a little under and the Ukraine have group homes full of deformed 10% of Japan’s GDP. There are an estimated children. After the Chernobyl cloud crossed Turkey, 1,000 corpses too radioactive to retrieve. Even leaders were so determined not to panic ‘the people’ when they are, who will cremate or bury them, that relevant information was censored. Doctors and where?2 who helped mothers terminate pregnancies were jailed, and journalists who tried to report this, were Fukushima was a civilian incident, but nuclear jailed too. power and military weapons are joined in the global In terms of cancer outcomes, Peter Karamoskos, production system. After World War II, occupied a nuclear radiologist, and medical doctor Jim Green, Japan would enter an economic boom as chemical offer the following assessment of Chernobyl. weapons were converted into pesticides for farms and nuclear know-how turned into power for cities.3 The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates a total collective dose of 600,000 Who is served by denial? Sieverts over 50 years from Chernobyl fallout. A standard risk assessment from the International I started thinking seriously about nuclear radiation Commission on Radiological Protection is 0.05
45 fatal cancers per Sievert. Multiply those figures have eaten contaminated straw. It has been and we get an estimated 30,000 fatal cancers. shown that the feed itself contained up to 57,000 becquerels of radioactive material per kilogram.9 But they go on to add that: Oppression is economic and cultural In circumstances where people are exposed to low-level radiation, studies are unlikely to be The self-interest of those who deny nuclear risk is able to demonstrate a statistically significant both capitalist (economic) and patriarchal increase in cancer rates. This is because of the (cultural). 10 Pychological denial protects a ‘statistical noise’ in the form of widespread structural hierarchy of wealth, power, and bonding cancer incidence from many causes, the longer opportunities between men. But near the lower latency period for some cancers, limited data on rungs of this narrow ladder of rewards stand youth, disease incidence, and various other data gaps indigenous peoples, and housewives - the ‘others’ of and methodological difficulties.5 neoliberalism and its hegemonic masculinity. These ‘others’ exist in direct contradiction to the Formulae for calculating nuclear casualties vary, military-industrial complex, and they each bring but the problem of denial is a constant.6 Since the complementary insights and skills to its political Fukushima meltdown, Japanese citizens have transformation. However, my focus in this essay is become increasingly disturbed by an absence of on women, mothers, housewives, many of whom are transparency from both the Tokyo Electric Power also indigenous, giving double-strength to their Company (TEPCO) and government officials. And political work. People whose labour sustains human neither the World Health Organisation, nor bodies and links to natural habitat prioritise social International Atomic Energy Agency, has provided reproduction over economic production. This women with information about radiation exposure observation gives rise to a distinct political analysis effects on their reproductive function.7 If anything, known as ecofeminism. It emerged fifty years ago, dis-information is order of the day. A Wall Street from thinkers and activists on every continent, and Journal article quotes Genichiro Wakabayashi from the nuclear question was central to it.11 Kinki University’s atomic-energy research institute, What is unique about women’s resurgence in claiming that wearing masks or staying indoors ecological struggle is how they combined it with during summer will harm children more than their self-understanding as ‘women’. Their focus on radiation will.8 pollution was both inner and outer, personal and So too, Japanese people have been encouraged political. Women demeaned by men’s objectification to support their country by eating local produce. Yet of their ‘femininity’ felt a need to purify and rebuild as Roger Pulvers tells us: a self-identity on their own terms. Ecofeminists rejected what they saw as 3,000 thousand years of No one knows how badly the sea around mal-development in the social construction of Fukushima has been contaminated, and we are sex-gender relations. Their political activity went only beginning to assess the effect that radiation hand-in-hand with attention to psychological growth has had on the land. Several hundred kilograms in mutually supportive consciousness-raising of tainted beef from Fukushima have been sold sessions. This revolutionary strategy is a profound to markets as far away as Kagoshima on the existential commitment. And women would come to southern island of Kyushu. This beef has be disappointed to find so few environmentalist registered up to 2,300 becquerels of radioactive brothers entering into a parallel reflection on caesium per kilo, more than five times the selfhood under the predatory model. government-set safety limit. 648 head of cattle in After a short review of the formative years of Fukushima, Yamagata and Niigata Prefectures this radical resistance, I will touch on the rise of
46 ‘management’ environmentalism and its cultivation weapons tests, aborted and deformed babies, of liberal feminists, before coming home again to the leukaemia and involuntary sterilisation among their urgent situation in Japan. people.14 Women circulated articles on artificial needs The birth of ecological feminism and consumerism, animal exploitation for cosmetic manufacture, recycling, indigenous health, and of In the US, as far back as 1962, law suits against the course, uranium. 15 Separatist anti-nuclear groups corporate world were coming out of the kitchens of were established in Australia - Women Against mothers and grandmothers - Mary Hays v Nuclear Energy (WANE) in the eastern states, and a Consolidated Edison, Rose Gaffney v Pacific Gas, Feminist Anti Nuclear Group (FANG) in the west. Jeannie Honicker v Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Women’s ecology collectives started up in Paris, Kay Drey v Dresden Nuclear Power Plant, Dolly Hamburg and Copenhagen, and ads for feminist Weinhold v Nuclear Regulatory Commission at organic farming communes appeared on every Seabrook.12 Japanese women were also foot soldiers noticeboard. Susan Griffin’s Woman and Nature: the in campaigns against local pollution. One, Ishimure Roaring Inside Her was published in 1978. Michiko founded the Citizens’ Congress on Elizabeth Dodson Gray’s Green Paradise Lost Minamata Disease Countermeasures in 1968. followed in 1979. Each author in her own way Others set up the path-breaking producer-consumer described the self-alienation of the andro-centric cooperative known as the Seikatsu Club - which ego-construct; the obsession with control of ‘other’ economic model would grow to some 200,000 or peoples, the fascination with militarism, and its more members. 13 Parisian writer Francoise counterpart in instrumental logic and scientific d’Eaubonne’s book, Le feminisme ou la mort, and calculation. Women wanted nothing less than a new US Democratic Socialist Rosemary Ruether’s New language, reintegrating reason and passion.16 Woman: New Earth gave early intellectual impetus In the late 70s, the US League of Women Voters to ecofeminism. A conjectural history of the began lobbying for a moratorium on nuclear plant self-deforming practices of western mastery was construction licences; the YWCA initiated an drawn. If the Greek word ‘oikos’ was etymological anti-nuclear education campaign; while the root of both ecology and economics - the latter had National Organisation of Women (NOW) instituted lost its way. a National Day of Mourning for Silkwood. A further In 1974, the unquiet death occurred of group - Dykes Opposed to Nuclear Technology whistleblower Karen Silkwood, a unionist at (DONT), organised a New York conference on the Kerr-McGee’s Oklahoma plutonium processing energy crisis a patriarchally generated factory. In 1975, women blockaded land clearing for pseudo-problem, and a Women and Technology construction of a nuclear reactor at Wyhl in Conference was held in Montana the same year. Germany. More than economic loss of vineyards, Delphine Brox-Brochot of the Bremen Greens called they said, it was a matter of ‘our for an end to high-tech aggrandisment while human-being-in-nature’. By 1976, in Australia, millions around the world still starve. Everywhere women Friends of the Earth in Brisbane were in the so called ‘developed world’, women’s political conferencing on women and ecology, and some lobbies and protests over effects on workers and taking a co-ordinating role in the new Movement children of pesticides and herbicides, of Against Uranium Mining. Even the mainstream formaldehyde in furniture covers and insulation, of women’s magazines were printing pieces on women carcinogenic nitrate preservatives in foods, of lead and the anti-nuclear issue. In 1977, a glazes on china, were gaining momentum. But there consciousness-raising group Women of All Red was a weary road ahead - to quote Joyce Cheney: Nations (WARN) emerged among tribal Indians in South Dakota. They were especially worried about I am annoyed that I feel forced to deal with the
47 mess the boys have made of the earth. It is a grown into a string of non-violent direct action cells hard enough struggle to survive and to build and around the UK; many began what would become the maintain a life-affirming culture...17 perennial encirclement of Greenham Common missile base; and in Germany 3,000 women were In 1980, a collective called Women Opposed to demonstrating at Ramstein NATO base. In Nuclear Technology (WONT) organised a Women Australia, Margaret Morgan drew together a rural and Anti-Nuclear Conference in Nottingham, UK. anti-nuclear organisation at Albury, and the Sun Women in Solar Energy (WISE) began meeting in Herald newspaper was reporting on Labor Party Amherst, Massachusetts, and Ynestra King and Democrat women’s decisive inter-party policy mounted the first Women and Life on Earth stand against lifting bans on uranium-mining. Conference. By November 1981 a 2,000 strong body In 1983, a new collective, Women’s Action of women marched on the US capital, symbolically Against Global Violence was encamped at Lucas encircling the Pentagon. By now, Helen Caldicott, Heights Atomic Energy Establishment near Sydney. president of Physicians for Social Responsibility, This was followed by a protest in the desert with had started a Women’s Party for Survival in the US, Aboriginal men and women outside the secret US with some 50 state and local chapters. This was reconnaissance station at Pine Gap. A first subsequently broadened to become Americans for ecofeminist anthology, Reclaim the Earth, was Nuclear Disarmament. 18 In India, the Manushi brought out by Leonie Caldecott and Stephanie collective published their influential piece ‘Drought: Leland. 22 An Environment, Ethics and Ecology God Sent or Man Made Disaster?’19 Conference in Canberra opened up debate between Historian of science Carolyn Merchant’s classic women ecofeminists and not so gender aware deep The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the ecologists. 23 British elections saw a combined Scientific Revolution began to make itself felt in Women for Life on Earth & Ecology Party ticket; academic circles from this time on.20 By the mid 80s, and a year later, ecofeminist Petra Kelly led Die the following networks were operating in the US: Grunen into the Bundestag. Kelly’s passionate Lesbians United in Non-Nuclear Action (LUNA) v biography, translated as Fighting for Hope, told how Seabrook Reactor; Church Women United; her anti-nuclear politics began as she watched her Feminists to Save the Earth; Feminist Resources on young sister die of leukaemia.24 Energy and Ecology; Dykes Opposed to Nuclear The soviet reactor accident at Chernobyl in Technology (DONT) v Three Mile Island and 1986 alerted women to the lack of accountability in Columbia’s TRIGA Reactor; Women for capitalism and socialism alike. Across Germany and Environmental Health demonstrating in Wall street; Eastern Europe, a ‘birth strike’ expressed outrage, Mothers and Future Mothers Against Radiation v as governments from Turkey to France suppressed Pacific Gas and Electricity; Women Against Nuclear vital facts about environmental radiation levels for Development (WAND); Spinsters Opposed to fear of damaging national economies. Sami people to Nuclear Genocide (SONG), and Dykes Against the north of Scandinavia met official lies about Nukes Concerned with Energy (DANCE) v United post-Chernobyl radiation with a firm resolve for Technology. Women’s environmental conferences land rights. From the other side of the earth, Joan were held at Somona and San Diego State Wingfield of the Kokatha tribe flew from the universities. Maralinga site of 1950s British bomb tests to In Japan, a kamakazi encampment of address an International Atomic Energy Agency grandmothers known as the Shibokusa women were conference in Vienna. German sociologist Maria running continual guerilla disruptions on a military Mies published Patriarchy and Accumulation on a arsenal near Mt Fuji, while a further 2,500 women World Scale, the first substantial socialist marched on Tokyo in the cause of world peace.21 By ecofeminist statement.25 A more New Age rejection 1981, Women Opposed to Nuclear Technology had of high-tech ‘progress’ was US bioregionalist Chellis
48 Glendinning’s Waking Up in the Nuclear Age. In reach from epistemology to economics. My sense is 1987, Darlene Keju Johnson from the Marshall that the establishment had become uneasy about Islands and Lorena Pedro from Belau, both Women this radicalism quite early on, because as women Working for a Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific, were writing their herstory, transnational went public about the jelly fish babies born to corporations stepped up proactive measures - islander women and cancers in ocean communities structural and ideological - for taking global control following US atom tests.26 of the environmental agenda. The First International Ecofeminist Conference In the structural domain, the principle of was held in 1987 on campus at the University of neoliberal competitiveness would be legally Southern California. North, south, east, and west, embedded in international treaties and bureaucratic women’s commitment to life on earth now spanned agencies like the UN. First the 1982 Brundtland the nuclear threat, reproductive technologies, toxic Commission routinised a materially contradictory chemicals, indigenous autonomy, genetic policy of growth with ‘trickle down benefits’ for engineering, water conservation, and animal sustainability. Then the 1992 Rio Earth Summit exploitation. Depleted uranium would become a leveraged this up, setting the politics of focus with the Balkan and Middle East wars. Bio-Diversity and Climate Change Conventions in Women’s International League for Peace and motion. 30 Soon the Kyoto Protocol and a rolling Freedom (WILPF), Code Pink, Madre, and the agenda of international COP meetings would have World Women’s March continue to pursue many of movement activists running to keep up with the these concerns.27 It is now two generations since newly institutionalised discourse of environmental ecofeminists came to politics, the movement management, and the public was carefully continues to grow in experience, cross-cultural marginalised and disempowered by the academic networks, and theoretical sophistication. Debates complexities of ‘risk analysis’ and ‘biosecurity’. over gender literacy in environmental ethics or The globally orchestrated politics of liberal eco-socialist formulations have become standard environmentalism enlisted UN, private foundation, fare for university courses, academic journals, and and government sponsorship of special women’s publishing houses. International initiatives by ecology organisations to ‘mainstream’ women’s views Vandana Shiva have even been recognised with an in international policy. Women’s ‘citizenship’ became Alternative Nobel Prize.28 the new liberal mantra. Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) founded by the The liberal backlash late US Congresswoman Bella Abzug in the early 90s, played a big role in this. Thus, at the UN Ecofeminism is at once an autonomist socialism, an Framework Convention on Climate Change COP13 ecology, a postcolonial movement, and a case for in Bali, December 2007, Women in Europe for a respecting women’s initiatives in designing ‘another Common Future are found hard pressed keeping world’. This said: ecofeminist work has been affected nuclear power out the Clean Development by changes in the political character of both Mechanism. The depth analysis of hegemonic feminism and environmentalism. Occasionally, one- masculinity gives way to ironing out its dimensional thinkers unaware of the depth and incoherencies. complexity of women’s eco-political renaissance, Interminable international environmental judged it to be little more than a public extension of meetings focus on women as ‘victims’ or objects of the housewife role. Articles from liberal feminists natural disaster and women who play the liberal used patronising and demeaning titles like ‘Still feminist card to this policy are rewarded as Fooling with Mother Nature’ and ‘Calling ‘professionals’ for not rocking the androcentric boat Ecofeminism Back to Politics’.29 But a glance at the to much. There is no place for an ecofeminist now extensive literature of ecofeminism shows its diagnosis of the cultural context of such ‘crises’. Nor
49 is the knowledge of indigenous women from say Peru produced a Manifesto in the cause of all life. Oceania, acceptable as an existing model of low The preamble to the document shows the women carbon provisioning. Instead, the German Federal weaving together a seamless politics of sex, class, Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, ethnicity, and species justice. and Nuclear Safety (?) will draft women from the global South into ‘capacity building’ workshops for We are the carriers, conduits of our cultural and ‘climate adaptation and mitigation’. While such genetic make-up; we gestate and brood life; neoliberal operations are ostensibly about ‘justice together with men, we are the axis of the family and sustainability’, the orientation is always framed unit and society. We join our wombs to our by business as usual. mother earth’s womb to give birth to new times In the ideological domain, management in this Latin American continent where in many environmentalism relies on several techniques for countries millions of people, impoverished by the the pacification of citizens and governments. Public neo-liberal system, raise their voices to say relations firms are employed to ‘greenwash’ or ENOUGH to oppression, exploitation and the minimise local damage from capitalist industrial looting of our wealth. We therefore join in the enterprises.31 Again, the packaging of ecology as a liberation struggles taking place throughout our media commodity thins out the reporting of continent. 33 grassroots voices in favour of a few colourful and iconic feminist ‘personalities’. A further silencing of In short, from the Mujeres Creando of La Paz: ‘You ecofeminist politics has occurred as a result of cannot decolonize without de-patriarchalizing’.34 In public reliance on the internet as chief recorder of Bolivia, this deeply integrative indigenous politics radical movements - since 90 per cent of web based opened into The Peoples Alternative Climate material is selected and posted men - radical youth Summit at Cochabamba, April 2010, advancing a notwithstanding. A final ideological assault on substantive economy based on the principle of ‘living women’s ecological struggles has come through the well’, to replace the death risking formal economy of universities. In the 90s, as Left analysis was the mega-machine.35 In 2011, the circle closes with overtaken by a new field of cultural studies, many Vandana Shiva and Maude Barlow seeking UN women students took to the deconstructive study of ratification of a Declaration of the Rights of Mother political texts, an innocent but elitist move, leaving Earth: the concerns of threatened communities far behind.32 affirming that to guarantee human rights it is necessary to recognize and defend the rights of The indigenous turn Mother Earth and all beings in her and that there are existing cultures, practices and laws While the institutions of eurocentric globalisation that do so ...36 insured themselves against critique from within, peoples at the geographic periphery began Putting life before profit celebrating the 500th year of Columbus. Then, at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, In the current crisis of global warming, the grassroots environmental politics would implode, international nuclear industry presents itself as ‘a taking a distinctly postcolonial turn. The clean, green, alternative’ to fossil fuel based power articulation of this perspective by South American generation. But not only is it a threat to all natural activists is very rich. In 2009, as anti-nuclear processes, the engineering of installation activists from the Arrernte, Tuareg nomads, and components and their daily operation draws Acoma Pueblo, spoke truth to power in Washington, massive amounts of electric power. Nevertheless, a First Continental Summit of Indigenous Women in Japan’s ruling class with US corporate partners
50 aims to put nuclear power back on track with more Workers are looking into the possibility of science and better ‘technocratic management’, even bioaccumulation of radioactive cesium from Japan as Silvia Federici and George Caffentzis point out: in California cows milk.41 In Australia, indigenous women continue fighting the government’s proposed ... the damaged nuclear reactors can hardly be nuclear waste site on their land at Muckaty, blamed on the lack of capitalist development. On Northern Territory.42 the contrary, they are the clearest evidence that The Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and high tech capitalism does not protect us against Development, an NGO with consultative status to catastrophes, and it only intensifies their threat the UN, recently wrote to the Prime Minister of to human life while blocking any escape route.37 Japan, observing the unique vulnerability of women in post-disaster situations - as objects of violence, as It is not rational to pursue a fantasy of ‘ecological part-time employed, and as those doing most of the modernisation’ by means of this arsenal. The country’s care work. They noted only one woman Fukushima meltdown may be a bonanza for among the 16 members of the Reconstruction reconstruction companies like Haliburton once Design Council. They referred the Prime Minister to they’re done in Iraq, but the revolving door of men Japan’s obligations under the United Nation’s in suits know well that ‘business is merely war by Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination other means’. Against Women (CEDAW). They urged that gender Can the crisis of Fukushima become a political disaggregated statistics be collected to prepare turning point? Japanese women and men have gender specific budgets. And the letter requests the pioneered nuclear resistance. I think of the late Japanese government to exercise accountability by Women and Life on Earth activist, Satomi Oba, consulting with local women’s organisations and president of Plutonium Action, Hiroshima. 38 And promoting women’s participation as planners and the perennial warnings of Kenji Higuchi, much decision makers at prefecture, municipal, and town sought after for the lecture circuit now. 39 Hisae council levels. 43 Ogawa and others in the international ecofeminist How can a country call itself a democracy when peace organisation Code Pink are working all over it does not give women equal seats on its Japan. Friends of the Earth is attending the special Reconstruction Design Council? Yet would the needs of women and children, demanding wider achievement of this liberal feminist objective evacuation zones, and sackings in high places. actually turn Japan around? Like the affirmative Greenpeace is encouraging the public to mobilise, action for women at big international environment and in the months since March, mass meetings, it would simply paper over an unjust and demonstrations have rolled across Japan urging the unsustainable order. An ecofeminist politics is end of nuclear power. Suddenly politicised, angry essential to expose and neutralise the deeply mothers and housewives have taken to the streets cultural androcentric interests that let Fukushima in their thousands. happen. A balanced committee is one thing, but it is This nuclear disaster has re-energised even more essential to redefine its ‘terms of international opposition to the industry and here too, reference’ - putting life before profit. Workers women’s organisations are highly focused. The responsible for the labour of social care think Asian Rural Women’s Coalition meeting in Chennai differently about ‘value’ and ‘security’ - this is why has condemned plans for nuclear power plants in women must take leadership in Japan now. India, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. The Gender_CC Network is contesting nuclear power through its regular climate change 1 Jim Green, ‘Fukushima: The Political Fallout in 40 campaigning. In the US, the National Australia’, Chain Reaction, No. 112. Organization of Women (NOW) and United Farm 2 Roger Pulvers, ‘Japan after its Triple Disaster of 2011’,
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The Science Show , ABC Radio National, 23 July 2011 22 Leonie Caldecott and Stephanie Leland (eds.), Reclaim (accessed 7 August 2011). the Earth, London: Women’s Press, 1983. 3 The military-industrial complex is the world’s foremost 23 On the deep ecology debate see th e journal environmental polluter. Michael Renner, ‘Assessing the Environmental Ethics 1984-94. military’s war on the environment’ in L. Brown et al. (eds.), 24 Petra Kelly, Fighting for Hope , London: Chatto and State of the World Report, New York: Norton, 1991. Windus, 1984. 4 Helen Caldicott, ‘Unsafe at Any Dose’, New York Times, 25 Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World 30 April 2011: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/01/opinio Scale, London: Zed Books, 1986; Chellis Glendinning, n/01caldicott.html (accessed 11 August 2011). Waking Up in the Nuclear Age, New York: Morrow, 1987. 5 Peter Karamoskos and Jim Green, ‘Do We Know the 26 Women Working for a Nuclear Free and Independent Chernobyl Death Toll?’, Chain Reaction, 2011, No. 112, Pacific (ed.), Pacific Women Speak, Oxford: Greenline, 23. 1987. 6 The Australian firms, Toro Energy, Uranium One, and 27 See WILPF and other feminist organisational websites Heathgate Resources have sponsored lecture tours by for details. scientists who dismiss public concerns about radiation . 28 Vandana Shiva, Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and Peter Karamoskos, ‘Radiating Risk and Undermining Development, London: Zed Books, 1989. Public Health’, Online Opinion, 13 December 2010: 29 Chris Cuomo, ‘Still Fooling with Mother Nature’, http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=11358 Hypatia, 2001, Vol. 16; Sherilyn MacGregor, ‘From Care to (accessed 13 August 2011). Citizenship: Calling Ecofeminism back to Politics’, Ethics 7 Whitney Graham and Elena Nicklasson, ‘Maternal and the Environment, 2004, Vol. 9. Meltdown from Chernobyl to Fukushima’, Global 30 Stephan Schmidheiny (ed.), Changing Course: A Global Movement for Children, San Francisco, 26 April 2011: Business Perspective on Development and the (accessed 11 August 2011). Environment, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992. 8 Mariko Sanchanta and Mitsuri Obe, ‘Moms Turn 31 Jed Greer and Kenny Bruno, Greenwash: The Reality Activists in Japanese Crisis’, Wall Street Journal, 17 June Behind Corporate Environmentalism , Penang: Third 2011 (accessed 11 August 2011). World Network, 1996. 9 Pulvers, op. cit. 32 For an overview, Ariel Salleh, ‘Embodied Materialism in 10 Chigaya Kinoshita, ‘The Shock Doctrine of Japanese Action’, Polygraph: special issue on Ecology and Ideology , Type: Neoliberalism and the Shadow of America’, 29 May 2010, No. 22:
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