13966 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 to provide assurance of prompt repayment of connect the Maricopa-Stanfield Water Dis SEc. 812. (a) The Department of Defense the loan. trict, Pinal County, Arizona, with such shall report to the Congress at the end of SEc. 3. If it Is determined from the studies Reservation for the purpose of satisfying fiscal year 1979 what efforts it has taken dur made under section 2(b) (1) (A), or at any such needs. Such plan shall be submitted to ing the fiscal year to formulate a productiv later time, that there is not a quantity of the Congress within 180 days after any such ity plan with respect to manpower needs and commercially recoverable ground water on determination. what efforts it has taken during the fiscal the Ak-Chin Indian Reservation which, when SEc. 4. There is authorized to be appropri year to gather productivity data under that added to water provided from other sources, ated an amount not to exceed $10,000,000 for plan upon which to base manpower requests is sufficient for the farming needs of the the purposes of section 2 of this Act. for subsequent fiscal year authorizations. Ak-Chins on such Reservation, the Secretary H.R. 10929 {b) The Department of Defense shall make shall report to the Congress a plan for pro By Mr. WOLFF: such plan and data available to the Con viding loans to the Ak-Chin community to -Add on page 38 after line 9 the following: gress at the end of fiscal year 1979.
EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ARMED SERVICES A multi-stage approach to investigating which our junior enlisted personnel find the situation is proposed. The first stage will themselves. involve receiving testimony from Defense With that introduction I would, on be HON. DAN DANIEL witnesses. I would hope to evoke from the half of the subcommittee, welcome Dr. White OF VmGINIA Defense witnesses their perception of the and General Umstead.e present problems experienced by junior serv IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ice members stationed overseas, a discussion Monday, May 15, 1978 of administrative actions that they have SEVENTH SESSION OF THE THIRD taken or are considering that would allevi UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE • Mr. DAN DANIEL. Mr. Speaker, on last ate these problems, and a setting of priorities Wednesday, Congressman BILL NicHoLs, on potential legislative approaches to the ON THE LAW OF THE SEA chairman, Armed Services Subcommittee problems. This first phase should provide the on Military Compensation, began hear subcommittee with a fairly broad, yet de tailed framework, together with a "menu" of HON. PHILIP E. RUPPE ings on the problems-primarily finan OF MICHIGAN cial-confronting junior enlisted person possible actions to evaluate and to coalesce nel and their dependents. into a workable solution. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES This is a matter of very real concern, The second stage would involve hearing Monday, May 15, 1978 the testimony of junior enlisted personnel for it is beginning to be apparent that who have been stationed over.seas in high • Mr. RUPPE. Mr. Speaker, the Seventh young men and women who enlist in our cost areas. In order to formulate preliminary Session of the Third United Nations armed services spend their first tour of findings and at the same time to minimize Conference on the Law of the Sea has duty falling deeper and deeper into debt, the cost and disruption of stage two, I pro been meeting in Geneva since March 28. a circumstance which affects their pose that witnesses be "randomly" selected After 3 weeks of debate over organiza morale, their effectiveness, and their from service members presently stationed tion and procedure, the delegates got family relationships. in the Washington, D.C., area who have re down to detailed negotiations with the cently ret~rned from an overseas assignment. The information being developed by We will select members from junior and goal of producing a proposed treaty. Mr. NicHoLs' subcommittee apparently senior grades, from those with and without Those negotiations have been completed lays to rest the myth that armed services dependents, from those receiving travel and and we are now waiting to see if the personnel live off the fat of the land, transportation for dependents and those not, amendments to the existing text will be supported in a life of luxury by the Amer from those stationed in areas where the dol accepted by the conference. ican taxpayer. Not only have the men lar was rapidly devaluing and where it was During the last week, a member of the and women we ask to defend us seen not, and from those residing in government minority staff of the Merchant Marine their benefits eroded, they have also seen quarters and those not. By comparing the and Fisheries Committee attended the their standards of living cut to the bone. experiences of members from these different categories, we should be able, on a tentative conference. Although a final assessment Recently I obtained a copy of Mr. basis, to specify the major causes of the of the work of the conference is pre NICHOLs' opening statement. It is a fine financial plight of the service members. mature at this time, his report of the one and I respectfully request that it be Upon the conclusion of the second stage, state of play as of the last week is a reprinted at this point in the RECORD: we should have available to us sufficient in helpful background document which FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF JUNIOR ENLISTED formation to decide whether the subcommit can be used to evaluate the progress STATIONED OVERSEAS tee, a panel thereof, or the staff needs to visit which may be achieved this year at the Today the subcommittee will initiate a overseas locations or if a survey would pro Conference. Therefore, I would like to series of hearings addressing the general sub vide us with the requisite data needed to insert his report in the RECORD at this ject of the financial problems experienced by refine the preliminary findings of the sub point: our junior enlisted personnel stationed over committee. seas. SEVENTH SESSION OF THE LAW OF THE SEA To initiate this schedule, Dr. John P. CONFERENCE, MAY 12 STATUS REPORT The reasons for these hearings at this time White, Assistant Secretary for Manpower, are several. The plight of our junior per Reserve Affairs, and Logistics and Major Gen With one week remaining, Ambassador sonnel has received a considerable amount eral Stanley M. Umstead, Jr., Deputy Assist Richardson is optimistic that a "package" of media coverage and has been the source ant Secretary of Defense for Military Person of amendments to the Informal Composite of numerous complaints by concerned citi nel Policy wm be the lead-off witnesses to Negotiating Text (ICNT) will be put before zens, government officials, and parents, and day. I have also asked their counterparts the Conference for debate on Wednesday, May 17. by service members themselves. During the from each of the services to testify. Antonia recent posture hearings, the Department of The purpose of this debate will be to as H. Chaves, Assistant Secretary for Manpower, certain if the proposals- Statements or insertions which are not spoken by the Member on the floor will be identified by the use of a "bullet" symbol, i.e., • May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13967 to the Plenary by each Committee Chair Rooster Day has come to be one of the of a century. He knows that no one reporter man. Furthermore, no changes can be made largest celebrations in Oklahoma, at can cover all of Washington, so he covers to the ICNT unless the proposals have been those things most likely to be of interest tracting visitors from throughout the and importance to his newspapers. He re "presented to the Plenary and found, from region. By way of history, Rocster Day the widespread and substantial support pre ports on such routine but important things vailing in the Plenary, to offer a substan began in the midst of the depression as voting records. how Congressmen spend tially improved prospect of a consensus". with local businessmen seeking ways to their time, what their income is, and who These procedural rules were developed to attract the area's farmers to town on a makes donations to their campaign funds. prevent another unilateral insertion of new, spring day during the time when the Additionally, he writes a well-read weekly unnegotiated articles, in the text by a Com local chicken flocks were culled. Chicken column and, in his spare time, is a leading mittee Chairman. Although this possibility farmers had to destroy many of their light of the annual Gridiron Club show of is foreclosed, each Committee Chairman has roosters in order to insure that hens which he is an understandably proud discretionary authority to prevent the work member. of the Negotiating Groups from being dis would lay only infertile eggs which had a He covers White House press conferences, cussed in Plenary and therefore inserted Into longer shelf life. too, but, like many of his cohorts, is not so the ICNT, by referring the issue back to his Prizes were given for the "scrubbiest" sure they're all that newsworthy because of Committee. and "puriest" roosters, and a parade and the increased formality and lack of ability Further complicating the possibility of carnival were held to attract celebrants. of follow up on questions. revising the ICNT is the fact that the Group A beauty contest was also begun to se It's an important job. If he were not there, of 77 (G-77) has not caucused on the pro lect a queen, dubbed "Miss Chick." the constituents of the many Congressmen posals of the Negotiating Groups, and has he covers would know little about their not taken a position on the amendments. Over the years, chicken farming has actions except that which their press secre The G-77 is scheduled to meet to discuss the given way to the breeding of thorough tries sent out. Even the massive and expen proposals on Monday and Tuesday, May 15 breds and champion quarterhorses. sive Congressional Record is no longer an and 16. Broken Arrow has grown from a sleepy accurate report of Congressional debate or Although there are a number of events farming community to a city bursting floor action. which could prevent the package of amend with industry. Ingenuity has been the Some may consider it a chauvinist opin ments from going to the floor or limit the mainstay of the city's history. At one ion, but the firm belief here is that only scope of the package, Richardson is optimis newspaper reporters like Ben Cole tell it like tic because most of the Negotiating Groups time, when the city failed to convince it is as far as the Congress is concerned.e were headed by moderates from the G-77. the Katy railroad to come through These Delegates have an interest in en'luring Broken Arrow, the entire city was moved that the amendments formulated by them a distance of 4 miles to the rail line THE CRUSillNG BURDEN OF FED are supported by the G-77 and are referred location. This activity is typical of the ERAL AND NEW YORK STATE by the Committee Chairman to the Plenary. spirit of Broken Arrow, and their strong Richardson also believes that the G-77 can TAXES be controlled by the moderates who support traditions remain. the amendments. Broken Arrow residents can be proud HON. JACK F. KEMP The scope of the package which will be of their 25 years of accomplishments. I presented to the Plenary is uncertain. am proud to be their Representative in OF NEW YORK Although it is generally assumed that it will the U.S. Congress, and I look forward IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES contain only those provisions specifically to once again being present at this Monday, May 15, 1978 debated during the session and previously annual celebration.• promulgated by the Negotiating Groups, the • Mr. KEMP. Mr. Speaker, earlier this Conference rules do not preclude a Plenary year Newsday ran a series of articles discussion of other amendments which may OUR MAN IN WASHINGTON about the economic situation in New have only received limited attention. Un derstanding that the Conference decided BEN COLE York State and on Long Island. I found that "The Plenary should aim at the com the section on taxes to be especially en pletion of all substantive discussions for the HON. ANDREW JACOBS, JR. lightening because it points out once production of a draft convention at the again the crushing burden of taxes in seventh session" it is possible that a draft OF INDIANA New York and the tremendously de convention will be laid on the table on a IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES pressing effect this is having on the "take it or leave it" basis on Wednesday. economy. One lady is quoted as saying There is precedent for such a package deal. Monday, May 15, 1978 During the last session, the Chairmen of the • Mr. JACOBS. Mr. Speaker, for the she's frightened, because she and her Second and Third Committees agreed to a husband work just to pay taxes. record, Ben Cole has compiled a whole The New York situation is important, I proposal of the Castenada Group and put it some record of journalistic accuracy. Mr. into the ICNT. This compromise regardi!lg think, because it is a microcosm of the the status of the Economic Zone and the Cole is the classic journalist, profes United States as a whole. As taxes rise rights and duties of coastal states therein sionally 'Prepared to recognize a wrong throughout the United States we can ex was moved quickly through the two Com~ that needs a writtin'. pect the same depressing effects to hap mittees, and has held together.e The article follows: pen on a nationwide basis that are now [From the Indianapolis Star, May 14, 1978] evident in New York, where the tax BROKEN ARROW CELEBRATES OUR MAN IN WASHINGTON burden is so much higher than in the PAST HISTORY; PLANS FUTURE (By Eugene S. Pullman) rest of the country. GROWTH Our man in Washington, Ben Cole, re I offer this Newsday article to my col ceived a surprising compliment this week. leagues in the hopes that we can learn It was surprising not because it wasn't from the New York experience and re HON. JAMES R. JONES well deserved and overdue but because of the verse this process by lowering the source. It appeared in the Columbia Jour OF OKLAHOMA nalism Review, which often is disdainful of rates and restoring hope and incentive IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Midwest, and was contained in a piece by in America again: Monday, May 15, 1978 two Washington-based correspondents. TAXES-AN ALMOST-CRUSHING BURDEN Discussing coverage of Washington by "re Because of taxes Pat Fahey of Bayport • Mr. JONES of Oklahoma. Mr. Speak gional" correspondents, they listed The In plans to sell his house; Rose McLaughlin of er, this Saturday, May 20, 1978, marks a dianapolis Star as one of six newspapers Seaford can't find a buyer for hers; and milestone in history for one of the com which carried "enterprise accounts and de Margaret Darvassy of Lindenhurst, an out munities in my district. I am referring tailed stories using local angles'• on the un wardly tough 63-year-old widow, says she to the celebration of the 47th annual successful attempt in June of 1975 to over often wakes up in the middle of the night Rooster Day festivities as well as the dia ride President Ford's veto of the strip "terrified that I will lose my house and be mond jubilee of Broken Arrow, Okla. mining bill. forced out on the street." Broken Arrow is one of the fastest One story, as the article pointed out, is "not These people are among the Long a complete measure of performance" but this Islanders who are being ground down by a growing communities in our Nation. With one did highlight the day-in and day-out tax bill that is among the highest in the an annual growth rate of 14 percent, solid job of reporting done by Ben Cole for nation. To compound the problem, the blll Broken Arrow now has a population of The Star, the Muncie Star, Vincennes Sun shows every sign of increasing, according to 32,800 people, making it the serond larg Commercial and the Arizona Republic. many planners and economists. est city in the First Congressional Ben knows his way around in Washington, The total tax burden, layer by crushing District. having been there for more than a quarter layer, is made up of federal, state and local 13968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 taxes, but most people focus first on the per capita federal tax in Nassau and Suffolk ments that tax the average homeowner. Take local property tax, because that ts the one counties in 1975 was $1,707. The only major the house the McLaughlins have been trying that most immediately determines whether statistical areas in the United States whose to sell. Included in their property tax b111 they can keep their homes. federal tax load exceeded Long Island's were are 15 different local taxes, each of which For example, Mrs. Darvassy, whose hus West Palm Beach-Boca Raton at $1,876 has increased between 1970 and 1978. The band died two years ago, must pay $1,168 a and Washington, D.C.-Maryland-Virginia at McLaughlins' tax blll would have been even year in property taxes on her two-bedroom $1,808. greater had the county not agreed in 1976 Cape Cod house. She is not sure how much By the standard economists use to compare that their house was overassessed, thus re longer she can continue to do so, because the property taxes, many of thetr think the ducing their tax blll by several hundred dol payment has to be squeezed from the $2,748 Island's burden is approaching that seen only lars a year. a year she receives from Social Security, in pl~es severely declining, such as Newark, It's frightening-my husband and I work the few thousand dollars she has in the N.J. That standard, called the effective prop Just to pay taxes," said Mrs. McLaughlin. "I bank, and the few dollars a week she earns erty tax, is the ratio of the property tax in haven't had a vacation in eight years." as an aide in a senior citizens center. "I dollars divided by the actual value of the By most measures, Mrs. McLaughlin wlll don't feel I have anything coming," said house. The actual value is determined by the continue to be frightened, as wlll many other Mrs. Darvassy, who suffers from a heart con sale price of comparable houses in the area. Long Islanders. dition and severe arthritis, "but I should be Across the country the average effective The taxes that could be levied in Suffolk's able to keep my home." property tax is between 1 per cent and 2 per Southwest Sewer District are such that Rose McLaughlin, 53, and her husband, cent. Though there is no agreement, many Babylon Supervisor Raymond Allmendinger James, 55, on the other hand, have been economists estimate that at 5 per cent the said, "If help from the county is not forth trying, without luck, to sell their $63,000, effective property tax becomes confiscatory, coming, two ~ventualities are likely: One, 11-room ranch house in Seaford for two forcing people and industry to leave an area the district wlll go bankrupt. Two, Babylon years. The $3,393 a year they pay in prop and driving down the value of property. and Islip will turn into ghost towns." erty taxes hasn't encouraged potential buy In theory, people are "not supposed to A variety of factors will prevent any de ers. "When we tell people the taxes, they make decisions on life-style because of cline in taxes and could insure an increase almost fall through the floor," Mrs. Mc taxes," said Lee Koppelman, executive direc not only in the sewer district but in areas Laughlin said. tor of the Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning all across the Island, according to economists, For the moment, the McLaughlins can Board, but he added "property taxes are no politicians and planners. afford their house on their combined sal longer neutral." Among these fa.ctors are: expenses man aries as a secretary and a postal worker. Phil Henry Schreiber, the senior executive pres dated by state and federal governments, court Fahey, however, can't afford his. ident of the Central Federal Savings and decisions, the continuing demands both by Fahey, 45, is a volunteer fireman and a Loans, says bank records indicate that the residents for services and government em former president of the Bayport Little effective tax on Long Island is between 5 and ployees for salary hikes, fixed costs and in League. He has been working since he was 7 per cent on a new house and between 4 and flationary pressures. 10 years old and has struggled all his adult 5 per cent on a resale. Between 1971 and 1977, for example, the life to own a home. After 25 years in an ad Between 1966 and 1975 the average prop budget of the Commack school district in ministrative Job at RCA in New York, he erty tax for Long Islanders increased 137 per creased from $27.6 million to $36.2 milllon, was laid off last year. That was enough to cent, from $228.37 to $542.95. The increase despite a decline in enrollment of 3,000 make him think of giving up the seven was sharper than the rise in salary, eating up students and the firing last year of 50 room ranch house in Bayport in which he, more of a homeowner's income. While teachers. his wife, Carol, and their two children have property taxes were going up 137 per cent, "This is very difficult for residents to lived for 12 years. average income was only rising 86.08 per accept," said district superintendent John Fahey says he can no longer afford to pe.y cent, from $4,053 to $7,543, according to the Battles. "The simple answer would say less the $1,800-a-year property tax bill from his U.S. Census Bureau. teachers, and less teachers should cost less." salary as a maintenance man in the Com In 1962 Long Islanders paid an average 5.75 The teacher dismissals, he said, saved $1 mack school district. The Job, which he got per cent of their income for all local taxes. milllon-only about 3 percent of the district recently under the CETA program, pays This rose to 9.39 per cent in 1975, according budget at a time when inflation is over 6 about half his previous $18,000-a-year to Matthew Drennan, an associate professor per cent a year. For the six-year period from salary. of economics at the Graduate School of 1971 to 1977 the cost of fuel oil doubled in Combine the Faheys, the McLaughlins, Public Administration at New York Univer the district, and the Social Security tax went Mrs. Darvassy and other Long Islanders and sity. up 50 per cent. you have a population that pays more prop Drennan projected that if local taxes kept The same problems would hamper at erty taxes per person than residents in any of mounting at their present rate, by the year tempts to reduce costs sharply in almost all the nation's other 71 major statistical areas. 2000, a person would be spending 21 per government agencies, says Alan Campbell, According to the U.S. Census Bureau, which cent of his or her income for local taxes, head of the federal Civil Service Commission is studying local taxes in those areas, the per and by the year 2042 the entire income would and a former chairman of the political sci capita property tax in 1976 for the Long be needed to pay local taxes. Adding that the ence department at Hofstra University. Even Island standard metropolitan statistical area figure for the year 2042 was an academic with reduced services, fixed expenses such as was $608.74, which is 129 per cent higher illustration, he said, "I don't believe that's the bonded indebtedness on buildings must than the U.S. average, of $265.54. going to happen. The voters simply won't let still be met, he said. There is also the Tbat, however, is only the beginning of the it happen." seniority system, by which the newest, and LI tax bite. Residents of the Island also have The sales tax will go up, probably to 9 generally lowest-paid, civil service workers a heavy state tax burden. New York, along per cent by 1981, according to Samuel are laid off first. Their pay and benefits are with its local governments, takes the highest Thomas of Garden City, dean of the gradu usually only a fraction of those received by percentage of its residents' income in taxes. ate school of business and public administra more senior employees, Campbell said. In sales tax alone, Long Islanders paid an tion at the City University of New York. Kop Also contributing to the tax problem is average of $210 in 1976, according to the pelman said that if the tax goes above 8 that government on Long Island willlngly census bureau. Residents in Darien, Conn. per cent, it could encourage people to dodge provides a smorgasbord of services not avail paid $174.17; in Bucks County, Pa., $117.64, the law by going to New Jersey to save $30o able in other areas. and in Bergen County, N.J., $113.98. $400-$500-$600 on buying a car. In 1974, the total of New York state and There are those, of course, who disagree In addition, many workers belong to un local taxes amounted to 20.9 per cent of the with even pessimistic predictions. "The situ ions skilled in the politics of and bargaining per capita income, according to a study by ation is not as bad as it is painted," said Abe necessary for wage increases, and are aided the Teamsters Joint Council No. 16. In second Seldin, chairman of the Nassau County Board by laws requiring binding arbitration. Par place among the states was Vermont, which of Assessors, who pointed to a handful of ticularly effective have been the police un took 17.9 per cent of its residents' income. school districts in which taxes have been de ions in both counties, whose members are Commerce and industry are also badly creased and said that in Nassau County there among the highest paid police officers in the wounded, if not crippled, by the tax bite. has been a slowdoWIIl in the rate at which nation. Nathaniel Giffen, chairman of Suffolk school taxes have been growing. Seldin added Recent court decisions may also have a County Federal Savings and Loan Associa that "25,000 to 30,000 homes were turned sharp effect on the upward tax spiral. One tion, gives as an example the state franchise over last year . . . If it was that bad, market member of the Assembly's Real Property Tax tax h is organization had to pay on $24 mil values would not be remaining stable or Committee has said that property taxes could llon dollars in dividends. In New York, he increasing ... Despite the taxes, we have peo go up as much as 28 percent in Nassau and says, the tax was $366.000, but in New Jersey ple still wanting to live here." in the towns of Islip and Brookhaven because it would have been $250 and in Connecticut, Seldin's opinion was in the distinct mi of last year's court decision requiring full $22,800. nority in six months of interviews with Long value assessments. Some have estimated that Long Island taxpayers also pay more, on Island officials and businessmen on the tax the taxes on homes in Nassau could be in the average, to the federal government than situation. creased another 10 percent as a result of a residents of almost any other area in the Fueling the property tax rise in the past December court decision requiring that com country. Although it is mainly a reflection of has been the increasing expenses of almost mercial property be assessed at the same rate the generally higher income of t~e area, the every one of the local districts and govern- as residential property. May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13969 But the exact result ot both decisions ls and ponder the questions he raises in his out resorting to all available means to gain "impossible to determine" now, according to article which follows: its objectives. Seldin. The long-range outcome may be It is also unlikely that the NATO powers exaggerated, he said, and the Legislature MOBILIZATION FOR THE APOCALYSE would be content to blandly reestablish the could rewrite the tax laws to protect home (By Robert L. Goldich) prewar lines of contact and then let by owners. The manpower-intensive military emer gones be bygones after sustaining the Further complicating the tax picture is gency currently stressed in U.S. war-planning casualties that a Soviet attack would cause. the uncertain result of a law suit by Levit is a major war with the Soviet Union and its Even if political negotiations are opened town and 25 other school districts, which Warsaw Pact allies in Europe, the Mediter between the combatants shortly after hos may require a change in the financing of ranean and the North Atlantic, with an tilities begin, this need not mean a quick public schools. The districts claim that the cillary air and naval action worldwide. end to the fighting-as Korea and Vietnam existing financing structure is both unfair The Department of Defense has asserted have shown. and unconstitutional because it discrimi that such a confilct would begin with a Immediate military superiority by the nates against students from poorer districts. period of exceptionally intense combat re Soviet Union need not automatically pre Because those districts don't have the prop sulting in high casualties, followed by a com vent the United States from continuing or erty base to raise large sums of money, the parative diminution of fighting and the con ganized resistance after Soviet occupation students in them "don't get the advanced comitant mobilization of U.S. industry and of Europe, any more than immediate mm placement courses, the labs, the supportive manpower to continue the conflict. Such a tary superiority by Germany during the services," said Daniel Levitt, the attorney for war would require massive military and in first two years of the 1941-1945 Russo-Ger Levittown. dustrial mobilization, principally to meet man war prevented continuing Soviet or Not as unpredictable is the inability of ground-force requirements for replacements ganized resistance to Nazi Germany. local government to limit costs sharply in and force expansion. such areas as welfare and education. The DoD discussion of moblllzation re Such Soviet superiority would merely Even if they wanted to, local governments quirements for a war with the Soviet Union, mean that we would have to fight tor our have to follow payment schedules that, however, has until very recently been almost lives and eventually reverse our defeats, as largely, are mandated by the state and fed exclusively devoted to requirements through did the Soviets between June, 1941, and eral governments. In Suffolk County, wel the first 180 days after mobilization begins February, 1943. It would also mean that we fare expenditures are about 40 percent of the (M+180). References in official literature would have to forcibly reenter and reoc county budget. t.> mobilization problems after the initial cupy the Continent, an undertaking we have Local control of schools is "a myth," ac period of fighting are rare, although they successfully mounted once before in our cording to Koppelman, because of mandates have been increasing since the spring of history. covering most of a district's spending. 1976. A strategic nuclear exchange might not VVhatever the exact shape of the forces Much of this inattention results from a take place as a result of mutual restraint on operating on tax rates in the future, the natural preoccupation with short-term prob both sides, at least initially. The Soviet Union direction they are pushing in is clear. It is lems. Its underlying cause, however, appears would not wish the economic infrastructure a trend that can only harm people like 67- to be an opinion that a prolonged war with of Western Europe-so potentially useful to year-old Marie Wells, who lives alone in the Soviet Union could never take place. This its own faltering economic system-to be North Amityville in an eight-room house view apparently is based on three broad rea damaged beyond repair, and neither the that her late husband, Benjamin, built with sons, rarely stated explicitly in open sources: United States nor the Soviet Union would his own hands. If NATO successfully halts a Soviet inva benefit greatly from defeating, treating with Her income is the $263.93 a month she gets sion of Western Europe, mllltary operations or occupying radioactive slag and wasteland. from Social Security, but this year her prop will be conducted, according to the Joint While precedents for such restraint by a erty taxes went from $880 to $970. The tax Chiefs of Staff, only to "preserve or restore totalitarian power do exist (the failure of bill is more than she thinks she can handle, the territorial integrity of the Alliance," to Nazi Germany to use chemical warfare comes but she said, "If I have to go without food, be followed by some type of political settle to mind), it must be admitted that when I'll try and hold on." e ment rather than the continuation of the national survival is at stake it ls unlikely war by NATO until the Warsaw Pact is de that it would be exercised. cisively defeated. Several factors could operate to prevent MOBILIZATION FOR THE It has even been suggested-and officially mutual destruction of both the U.S. and APOCALYPSE denied-that U.S. policy now rules out con Soviet mobilization bases if a strategic nu tinued fighting to regain lost NATO ter clear exchange does take place. Some are ritory, relying instead on diplomatic means. technical. These include a breakthrough in Presumably a major rationale for seeking antiballistic missile defense technology (pos HON. LARRY McDONALD such a settlement rather than military vic OF GEORGIA sibly involving energy rather than projectile tory would be the desire to avoid a strategic weapons); the ability of passive civil defense IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES nuclear exchange. measures to limit both human and material Monday, May ·15, 1978 If Soviet-Warsaw Pact forces successfully damage from a nuclear attack; the use of invade Western Europe and force NATO off "cleaner" nuclear weapons causing fewer • Mr. McDONALD. Mr. Speaker, cur the Continent, and perhaps secure the human casualties (regular nuclear devices rently all too much of the debate on our British Isles as well, the United States would with less fallout) and less material damage defense needs centers about either an ex likely opt to accept the defeat and re (enhanced radiation weapons, or the "neu change of nuclear weapons or a short trench. The unstated assumption appar tron bomb"); and possibly, significant med conventional war. Few of the so-called ently is that either decisive Soviet m1lltary ical advances against the ill effects of radia superiority would preclude a successful tion exposure. experts really discuss the scenario of a U.S. counteroffensive or any attempt by the long conventional war with the Soviet United States to continue resistance would Other mitigating factors are intangible. Union. Obviously, the Soviet Union is lead to strategic nuclear war, wi·th resultant Americans tend to assume that people have preparing to fight both types of war and mutual annihilation of both major com lower thresholds of tolerance for pain and batants. suffering than they actually possess, an atti even perhaps a mixture of the two. Mr. tude that can be attributed to our fortunate Robert L. Goldich, of the Library of If, for whatever reason, a strategic nuclear exchange between the United States and historical background of having gone Congress, recently pointed out in an the Soviet Union takes place, it will be so through comparatively little of either. The article, which appeared in Army maga catastrophic for both sides as to render a Soviets have not been so lucky and, conse zine for May 1978, entitled "Mobiliza protracted war impossible. quently, have a much more realistic view of tion for the Apocalypse," that we also This reasoning seems specious, however. how much can be accomplished under enor have to consider the possibility of a long A protracted war between the United States mous pressure. They have lost tens of mil conventional war and plan for it. Such and the Soviet Union is not only plausible lions of dead in domestic upheavals and for but demands serious attention; it is im eign wars since 1914 and have emerged tri a war would require the most vast mobi umphant. lization of this Nation in our history. portant, then, to discuss the problems of and possible prewar mobilization planning Under the same kind of pressure, it is likely Mr. Goldich suggests, and I agree, for such a war. that Americans would also discover that that we should be taking steps now to These three arguments against the likeli heavy casualties per se do not equate with expand our military training, prepare hood of a prolonged war between the United defeat, and that if national survival were at our industrial base, and in general get States and the Soviet Union are suspect on stake we could endure far more than we our planning ready for such an even several counts: presently realize. tuality. At present, as· it is well known, If NATO does halt a Soviet invasion of In summary, a variety of factors exist Western Europe, it will be at great cost in which make a protracted war between the our number of reserves is dwindling, our lives and material. Few nations would be United States and the Soviet Union a. dis Selective Service System is in a shambles willing to accept a return to the status quo tinct possibility, regardless of the initial out and our industrial and civil preparedness in such a situation. It is especially unlikely come of a NATO-Warsaw Pact clash in Eu is at an all-time low. Thoughtful Mem that the Soviet Union would suffer a repulse rope and whether or not such a clash is ac bers of Congress would do well to read in an undertaking of such magnitude with- companied by a strategic nuclear exchange. 13970 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 Such a war could determine the national and resources between the two countries, vic be relaxed for active-duty mllltary. Several survival and ideological superiority of the tory could easily go to the nation that such programs, engendered by all-volunteer victor. Neither party could avoid a total war squeezes the greatest amount of energy and force recruiting problems, are currently without eventually capitulating completely drive out of its population in the midst of under way. They need to be expanded. to the other, given the Soviet attempt to the economic and social upheavals and mas In formulating induction standards, the attain hegemony over Europe and the North sive casualties resulting from such an apoc aim should be to determine what physical, Atlantic region, and the intolerable threat alyptic war. mental and age limits are barely acceptable to the North American continent these So In discussing preliminary contingency for each discrete military occupational spe viet territorial acquisitions would pose. planning for long-war mobilization, it is im cialty. The concept of disqualification for For the United States, it could be a war portant to emphasize what the government milltary service per se has in the past de for survival, which would call upon the en cannot do at the present time. We cannot, prived the armed forces of untold millions tire physical and psychological resources of in peacetime, militarize our public services, of persons who could have served acceptably the American people to carry the main bur centralize our economy or create an exten in a variety of sk1lls-including the ground den of total war against a country whose sive program of internal social controls with combat arms. In a war with the Soviet Union, economic capacity is roughly equal to ours out, in effect, abolishing the democratic in we would not have the luxury of being so and whose population is 20 percent greater. stitutions we will be fighting to keep. In any selective or wasteful. Given that a protracted conflict between case, the American people would not sanc Female military personnel would have to the United States and the Soviet Union tion such actions other than in time of overt be enlisted to the maximum extent possible would begin with a Soviet-Warsaw Pact emergency. so as to concentrate male personnel in the ground, air and naval offensive against We cannot in the near future establish an branches where male characteristics are NATO, the United States would initially be extensive passive civil defense program or decisive, and so as not to deprive the armed faced with fighting a defensive battle. A reintroduce conscription, although if public forces of the talents and skills of 50 percent major air and naval campaign to maintain sentiments change somewhat some move of the population. Policies for their employ and/ or recapture command of the Atlantic ment in these directions may be possible. ment should be formulated as much as pos would be necessary, as Soviet air and naval And we cannot create natural resources out sible before mobilization, and must be based forces mounted a concerted effort against the of thin air. on one criterion only--contribution to the lines of communication between North Amer war effort-rather than catering to either ica and Europe. In short, we cannot in time of peace estab lish or test on a large scale cur wartime feminists or male chauvinists. Having successfully secured reasonable mobilization machinery. Proposals to do such The following aspects of the use of women command of the Atlantic and the integrity of things are simply impractical and, while in the wartime military, among others, need North America, a prolonged land conflict to be examined, especially from the oft of several years' duration-possibly, if not emotionally satisfying to some, do little to address the real problems we face. neglected perspectives of psychology and probably, requiring forced reentry into the sociology: British Isles and the major European conti What we can do is attempt to predict what nent-would follow, leading ultimately to mobilization measures would be necessary The effects of massive female military par the defeat and occupation of the Soviet upon the outbreak of war or a formal general ticipation and casualties on milltary effec Union. mob11ization. Having made some tentative tiveness, national w111 and social cohesive Throughout such a war, regardless of the decisions about what policies should be fol ness, and postwar demographic recovery. The extent to which women should be course of battle in overseas th~aters, major lowed, we can draw up plans, update them active and passive civil defense measures at constantly and carry out small-scale tests of integrated with men in duty assignments, home against Soviet missile, air and naval their effectiveness. Possibly, as small-scale based on the effect of the degree of such attack (nuclear and conventional) would be exercises become more visible and their use integration of duty performance. required. fulness more apparent, public acceptance of The true effects, if any, of female physio The scale of this possible conflict to come their value may increase, permitting more logical and psychological differences on the can best be appreciated by some brief sta extensive preliminary plannin~ and testing. performance of military duties. Fortunately, tistical comparisons. U.S. Army Intelligence To prepare for military mob111zation for a the expanding role of women in the peace reports indicate that if in 1980 the Soviets prolonged war with the Soviet Union, the time force has prompted the services to were to mobilize ground forces in roughly following measures could be implemented begin examining some of these questions, similar proportions to those they mobilized at little cost and with comparatively little but much more remains to be done. during World ·War II, they would have a impact on the public in time of peace: Foreign experience--notably that of the maximum ground army of between 17 and 27 The Department of Defense could well Israelis and Soviets-may have much to teach million people and approximately 700 determine mob111zation requirements-man us in this regard. (Soviet-sized) divisions. power and materiel-for defeating the Soviet Voluntary military training programs for To defeat such a host would require mobi Union and its Warsaw Pact allies in a pro both youth and adults could be staffed and lization by the United States of perhaps 300 tracted war, to supplement currently avail maintained by the armed forces, as they divisions, given the larger size of our divi able mobilization requirements for a me were by the U.S. Army before both World sions and our practice of providing individ dium-risk, short-term defense of NATO. Wars. Even if attendees at such programs ual replacements rather than wholesale unit Only with such an accounting can realistic were required to pay some or all of their reliefs in battle. Assuming a land campaign long-war mobilization planning be under expenses (as they did during 1915-1917 and of four years' duration, in which not all u.s. taken. during the 1930s) , popular response might divisions were initially employed due to lack A responsive standby draft system could still be considerable. of deployment space and divisional battle be activated to replace the standby selective Key industrial organizations should be re casualty rates similar to those in the Euro service system allowed to atrophy after 1975. quired and individuals encouraged to be pean Theater during World War II, total U.S. Such a system would prudently be geared placed on a roster of groups and persons to divisional battle casualties alone could primarily to the needs of the armed forces be "converted" to military reserve units or easily approach 20 million. for manpower, and not be encumbered with individual reservists upon mobilization. This figure would not, of course, include the deferment, exemption and appeal proce Entailing absolutely no obligation on the casualties sustained by nondivisional ground dures which characterized the pre-1975 selec part of the individuals involved in peace forces, air and naval force casualties and tive service system. If political constraints time, maintenance of such a roster could civilian losses in the continental United make it impossible to conduct standby regis provide the services with a pool of units States. If these crude projections are com tration and classification of individuals tn and persons trained in a variety of specialized pared with total World War II U.S. Army peacetime, avoidance of time-consuming due sk1lls such as construction, communications, (less Army air forces) and Marine Corps process in induction procedures would be transport ation and medicine, without hav especially important once mobilization ing to carry them on the reserve troop list in strength of about 6.5 million personnel and begins. 95 divisions, and total World War II battle peacetime. casualties in all services of slightly under 1.1 Massive relaxation of peacetime physical, Although political and social constraints mental and age standards for enlistment and appear to prevent the adoption of a full-scale million, it can be seen that we are discussing induction would be necessary in a prolonged an ordeal unprecedented in American history. program of passive civil defense in peacetime war with the Soviet Union. Those less physi in the United States, it might be possible Such a war would require total industrial cally fit, intelligent or youthful would un to begin constructing as many facllities as mobilization to produce massive amounts of questionably sustain higher casualties, be possible with civil-defense use in mind and mat eriel; total manpower mobilization to less trainable and possibly pose disciplinary begin training as many volunteers as possible provide war production labor and military problems. These considerations, however, are in their functions. manpower (especially sufficient ground forces secondary. The issue is not whether or not This would include mandatory or optional to sustain a land campaign of several years such persons would have some liab111ties, harden ing of public and private facilities and against the Soviet Union) ; and total social but whether or not those 11ab111ties would buildings against nuclear or conventional and political mobilization to provide the gov be worse than having unmanned spaces. bombardment (the costs to be borne by the ernment with enough persuasive and coer Accordingly, the services should both draw government); the fu nding of voluntary cive authority to carry out the draconian on our own and other countries' historical civil defense training programs; and prep measures required to prevent defeat and experiences and conduct their own rigorous aration for the immediate assumption of ensure victory. testing programs in order to determine how control by the federal government of essen Given the rough equality in manpower far physical, men.tal and age standards can tial public services such as transportation, - May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13971 communications, public health and public here why a. war between the United States of many nations across the globe. Israel safety upon moblllzation. and the Soviet Union could be a. prolonged has accomplished all this while forming Such control need not mean day-to-day conflict with marked simllarities to the two a government founded on strong demo command, but there would be little room for previous World Wars, despite the existence traditional American localism in a prolonged and possible-if not clearly probable-use cratic institutions. The Israeli Parlia war with the Soviets. of nuclear weapons. Some suggestions have ment, the Knesset, is a tribute to Israel's Industrial mobilization for a prolonged also been presented as to how the govern respect for democracy where all citizens war has recently received official attention ment could begin preparing for such a con are represented in government. in the fiscal 1978 military posture statement tingency which might actually be adopted Mr. Speaker, the United States friend of the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, without maximizing public or political alarm ship with Israel is a most valuable one, Gen. George S. Brown. Gen. Brown's state and opposition. because as we are committed to demo ment on the need for an industrial mobi Yet it is important to remember in dis lization requirements study provides a basis cussing mobilization in a prolonged war with cratic government, Israel serves as an for further discussion: the SOviet Union that problems and pros example for other young countries to ". . . a comprehensive interagency as pects totally allen to the American experi turn to democracy in achieving social and sessment (needs to) be made of the total ence are being discussed. These include the economic advancement. capability of the U.S. industrial base to meet death or wounding of probably a majority Mr. Speaker. I am proud to salute various emergency requirements. The com of American men between the ages of 18 Israel and its people on their 30th an plexity of the industrial base and its inter and 45; the infliction of a minimum of sev dependence with the total economy require eral million casualties on U.S. civlllans by niversary as a nation. May the friendship that any meaningful assessment include: enemy bombardment (nuclear or conven of our two countries be preserved and the " Current capability to support mobiliza tional) , and the wholesale uprooting of vir future bring peace and prosperity.• tion measures against varying warning times tually the entire American adult civilian to mobilize; levels and durations of conflict; population in the name o.f economic mobili sequential and simultaneous conflicts. zation, with attendant social and psycho "Requirements for stockpiling and im logical agonies. THE SITUATION IN THE ports/ exports or raw materials, finished goods In short, what Is contemplated here Is PHILIPPINES and war materiel. that what the rest of the world has experi "Lead times for production. enced during the wars of the 20th century "Capability of the transportation system would finally come home to us. Our capacity to endure such cataclysmic pressures is un HON. TIMOTHY E. WIRTH to support mobilization. OF COLORADO "Recommendations for methods to improve tested. That of the Soviet Union is far less so. industrial responsiveness. Professor John Erickson, authority on IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Soviet mllitary affairs, has noted that "there "Requirements for manpower." Monday, May 15, 1978 Once requirements have been roughly iden is no guarantee in these mighty military tlfled by a. study such as that recommended political undertakings that history is on any • Mr. WIRTH. Mr. Speaker, the situa by Gen. Brown, the following specific one's side." It can be assumed, however, that tion in the Philippines is indeed a diffi measures, among others, could be undertaken history helps those who help themselves. cult one. The country has been in turmoil in peacetime to facilitate industrial mobiliza Given the costly lessons learned by the So viets in mobilizing for total war during 1941- for the past decade under the leadership tion: of Ferdinand Marcos. I would like to Preparation of plans for compulsory service 1945, we would be remiss if we did not learn from them and take such tentative steps as submit the following article by Dr. Ved and deployment of the American civilian are feasible against such an apocalyptic labor force. The United States was lucky P. Nanda, a distinguished professor of enough to avoid such compulsory labor serv contingency.• law at the University of Denver, which Ice in World War II because the nation's may shed some light on the situation: manpower resources were never strained to [From the Rocky Mount News "Trends," the maximum (our chief ally, Great Britain, TRIBUTE TO ISRAEL'S 30TH ANNI Jan. 8, 1978] VERSARY OF INDEPENDENCE was not so fortunate; it had compulsory FERDINAND MARCOS PuTS ON A CANNY SHOW labor service from 1941 on). In a. war with the Soviet Union, such mandatory direction (By Ved P. Nanda) to work would appear imperative. HON. PETER W. RODINO, JR. The recent death sentence by a military To release qualified persons for military OF NEW JERSEY court of Phllipplne President Ferdinand E. service, provide war production labor and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Marcos' major political rival, former sen. maintain essential consumer production, Benigno Aquino Jr., on charges of subversion large numbers of persons not currently em Thursday, May 11, 1978 has once again underscored the demise of ployed-housewives, retirees and young per • Mr. RODINO. Mr. Speaker, 30 years basic human rights under totalitarian re sons just below the age of military service gimes. For under modern Philippine law, would probably have to be drawn into the ago today, the sovereign state of Israel which is based on U.S. law, military courts are labor force, whether they wished to work or was founded. In honoring this great na prohibited from trying civilians, even in not. In addition, labor would have to be tion and its people, I am very proud to time of war. The Philippine situation 1s of assigned to places where it was needed on recall that President Truman recognized special note since the United States tutored short notice. Israel's independence 11 minutes after that country in democracy. Working conditions, production standards it became a state. In August and September I had a first and social services (such as the provisions of Ever since President Truman's brave hand glimpse into the Philippines under the care for children whose parents are subject and just declaration of U.S. support five-year-old martial law imposed by Marcos, to compulsory mllltary or labor service) purportedly to bring about economic and would have to be adjusted accordingly. Prep and Israel have developed a special social reforms. At a world law conference in aration to cushion such massive social and relationship-one committed to simi Manila I met former President Diosdado economic dislocation would be wisely begun lar ideals and goals. The Jewish nation, Macapagal, whom Marcos succeeded, and before moblllzation. born out of the courage and determina other leading dissidents. Many of them are The government can better prepare ad tion of Jewish refugees after World War former detainees under martial law and vance plans for converting each major indus II, gave Jews a homeland free from the were afraid to discuss the current situation. trial facility in the United States to war unimaginable hardships they suffered "I ca.n't talk," said one young attorney. "The production, as necessary, by predesignating for over 3,000 years. When a permanent, regime is so vindictive and repressive that the items to be produced, the raw materials independent State of Israel was estab I may again be detained." to be employed, and the labor required for lished on May 15, 1948, Jews all over the Marcos is described by close observers as a each industrial plant. The Defense Depart Gonsummate politician and a sklllful manip ment has a. cooperative preparedness plan world rejoiced. ulator. The description was borne out by his ning program with private industry, but it For the past three decades, Israel has actions at the world law conference. At the appears perfunctory at best and the General advanced at an astonishing rate. Its agri inaugural session he stole the show by mak Accounting Office (GAO) has strongly criti cultural and industrial expansion has cized it as inadequate. ing dramatic promises to hold local elections been accompanied by numerous cultural next year, lift the curfew and ease foreign Bare minimum nutritional, housing, cloth and educational achievements. Israeli travel restrictions. The pronouncements ing and other basic consumer standards citizens include internationally respected needed to sustain the American people's lacked substance, but that was of little con capacity to survive and produce in time of artists, scientists, educators, and several sequence. The voices demanding closer war could be established, so as to identify Nobel Prize winning authors. Despite its scrutiny were lost in the din of the accolades the nation's surplus production capacity and relatively young life as a nation, Israel Marcos received from high government offi raw materials which would be available for has cultivated not only large-scale eco cials for his benevolence and his "scrupulous war production. nomic growth, but a broad base of cul regard" for human rights. The words and A variety of reasons have been presented ture and learning that makes it the envY picture of Marcos, Mrs. Marcos and their 13972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 admirers were dally splashed on the front said one high government omcial. "Mrs. ~ERNESS AND DEVELOPMENT pages of newspapers. Criticism of the gov Gandhi taught him a lesson he is not likely IN ALASKA ernment was never reported. For example, to forget soon. Emergency in India was often in a session on human rights a highly re used to justify martial law here, but elec spected critic of Marcos, Juan T. David, ex tions in India and the restoration of de HON. PAUL E. TSONGAS plained at length how the Ph111pp1ne mocracy there are completely ignored." Supreme Court had been co-opted by the Although a few Moslem leaders whom I OF MASSACHUSETTS executive during the martial law regime re met from the provinces strongly dispute Mar IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES sulting in a "night-marish experience" for cos' contention that the Moslem minorities Monday, May 15, 1978 the Filipino people. Two jurists from abroad are satisfied with his policies, and although criticized totalitarian regimes in no uncertain a few dissident leaders-mostly students and e Mr. TSONGAS. Mr. Speaker, our ac terms. There was no mention of these ad recent graduates---claimed a sizable follow tions in the next few days on the Alaska dresses in the press. ing among the residents of Manila, my over National Interest Lands Conservation In the face of reports by Amnesty Inter all impression is that Marcos is in control. Act will be remembered in the centuries national and the International Commission Despite the simmering unrest, the opposi to come. As we head for a final decision of Jurists that were highly critical of the tion i!) in disarray, the populace is com Marcos regime and amply documented placent, and the m1litary and the judiciary on this legislation of historic import, charges of arbitrary arrests, long-term de are behind Marcos. A leading attorney de there are two particular aspects of the tention and torture of political opponents, it scribed Marcos' relations with the Supreme current debate on the biii that could is ironic that the sponsoring group of the Court as an "unholy alliance.'' 'benefit from further clarification-its Manila world law conference, the World Both Marcos and his wife, Imelda, are relationship to economic development Peace Through Law Center, honored Marcos building edifices to themselves-an interna and its wilderness title. which is in dan with a special award citing him as a "nation tional convention center, hotel complexes, ger of being gutted. builder" and a champion of human rights. housing projects, towering skyscrapers and First of all, some questions have arisen The center provided Marcos and his support high ways. Their names are the only ones the ers a handy platform to defend martial law, population hears. Their images are portrayed about the mineral and oil potential of denounce political opponents and project the as bigger than life: "a couple with destiny." lands proposed for addition to the na regime's image as a model of the rule of law. Prospects for an early return to normalcy tional park, wildlife refuge, and wild How and why the decision was made to give look bleak. Friends and foes of Marcos agree and scenic rivers systems, and to na Marcos the special award remains a mystery. on one thing: An average F111pino reveres tional forest wilderness. Along with Ignoring the fact that the World Peace authority. Marcos has taken full advantage other members of the Interior Commit Through Law Center does not represent the of this national trait. Not only is his grip tee, I have carefully studied the eco jurists of the world, the Ph111ppines press on the armed forces unchallenged, but his praised "World Jurists" for recognizing Mar control of the national economy is unrivaled. nomic impacts of H.R. 39. cos' "unique contribution to the rule of No new investment can be made nor an If the bill were to pass in its present law." existing economic project expanded without form, only about 30 percent of the lands Marcos justifies his authoritarian rule by Marcos' approval. The going rate for Marcos' in Alaska with metallic mineral poten invoking the need for political stab111ty and favor is said to be between 10 and 15 percent. tial and less than 5 percent of lands with economic and social reforms. He says con The Marcos family itself owns a multitude of favorable hydrocarbon potential would straints on civil and political rights are es diversified enterprises, and I was often re be included within the boundaries of sential to instill in the country a sense of minded that Mrs. Marcos has become one new and existing conservation units in discipline and to rid it of corruption. For of the 10 richest women in the world. mer President Macapagal challenges Marcos• Those who have known Marcos since his the State. Boundaries were drawn and statement that martial law was imposed to ascendance to power acknowledge his over redrawn to avoid conflicts with develop save the Ph1lippines from anarchy. "The riding ambition to leave a lasting mark on ment. In fact, while I support many of only purpose was to keep Marcos in power," the country. Although not much has been the boundary changes, I believe that in he told me. "Since Marcos would have had done to improve the lot of the common peo a number of other cases the committee to relinquish omce in 1973 at the end of his ple, skyscrapers, luxurious hotels, shopping went too far in compromising with spe second term as president, he stage-managed centers and highways will be the Marcos cial interests at the expense if impor violence to clamp down on his opponents and legacy. His foreign policy is designed to be tant wild areas. to entrench himself in power for life. I have "pragmatic," wooing all centers of power In developing the bill, we had the unassailable evidence to prove it." Washington, Moscow and Peking. benefit of the latest U.S. Geological Sur Macapagal gave me two names to verify In all likelihood Marcos will hold local his charges. Both, one a congressman and elections and might even hold indirect na vey and Bureau of Mines information as the other a member of the Constituent As tional elections, ensuring his victory. It is well as detailed briefings, information sembly, confirmed his allegations, giving sev widely accepted that the model for any such prepared by the University of Alaska in eral instances preceding the imposition of elections will be the earlier referenda (which cooperation with the Joint Federal-State martial law when violence was initiated at were allegedly all rigged) conducted under Land Use Planning Commission for the behest of Marcos by his followers, who martial law to give the Marcos regime legiti Alaska, testimony from private citizens were apprehended in some cases. "The en macy. "Elections will never be fair. Other and corporations, and proprietary min tire thing was a hoax. Whatever ills were wise he will share Gandhi's fate," was the plaguing the country in 1972, Marcos was critics' usual observation. The only h<¥Je the erals data from other sources. We also mostly to blame," said one critic. "How can political opponents see for the restoration of drew heavily on the administration's he be absolved of a major responsib111ty when civil rights in the Ph1lippines is interna recommendations. The administration he has been in power since 1965?" tional pressure, especially from the United carefully adjusted boundaries in their The omcial line in Manila echoes the false States, which Marcos gives the impression of proposal to remove many areas that a dichotomy between civil rights and eco defying but to which he is likely to be sus sophisticated computer analysis by the nomic rights raised by authoritarian regimes ceptible. State of Alaska had identified as poten in most developing countries. "Political It is no secret that Washington is still am tial development areas. rights are a luxury that countries suffering bivalent about the Ph111ppines. Those urging from historical deprivation can ill afford,'' the Carter administration to be evenhanded The U.S. Bureau of Mines and USGS said one of Marcos' apologists at the con in applying human rights standards, thus have identified the zones with mineral ference. not sparing Marcos from omcial criticism, potential and ranked the probability of "The Ph111ppines is not suited for the have yet to succeed. the occurrence of minerals in the various Western-type democracy," chimed in another. Marcos, on his part, has played his cards regions of Alaska. Furthermore, the "Our experiment is unique. Let no one tell skillfully, keeping Washington guessing as lands proposed for protection under H.R. us what is in our interest." to his next moves in domestic as well as 39 have been singled out and more in "A quote almost verbatim from Indira foreign affairs. Two recent examples are for tensively studies than the other areas in Gandhi a year ago," was an Indian attorney's mer Sen. Aquino's case and Marcos' over rejoinder. tures toward Peking. The regime has occa Alaska. According to many observers, events in sionally orchestrated anti-American propa The next phase of USGS assessment India-its experiment with the Emergency ganda, thus exploiting what it calls the "F1li work in Alaska will provide better infor followed by elections resulting in a stun pino desire for real independence." mation on actual mineral occurrences, ning defeat for Indira Gandhi-were watched Despite the apparent acts of defiance, but it may take 25 years and involve with keen interest in the Ph111ppines. Mar Marcos knows he will not survive a show activities that would be destructive to cos and Mrs. Gandhi were often compared down with Washington. The human rights by Marcos' critics. The former was always issue persists and the crucial question is: wilderness areas. mentioned as much more astute than Mrs. Will Washington take bold steps against the Exploration and possible development Gandhi. "He will not hold free elections," repressive Marcos regime?e of areas outside the conservation units May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13973 could keep industry occupied for scores These refuge wilderness areas must be rise. Tourism and fishing provided more of years. Even if mining should become restored to the bill if we are to protect jobs in 1976 than logging did. economically feasible in Alaska-which some of our Nation's healthiest animal Furthermore, a recent Forest Service it generally has not been for many populations. Furthermore, if we are to study of the economics of Southeast years-most of the potentially valuable preserve our greatest caribou herd, any Alaskan logging shows that further ex mineralized areas have been eliminated amendments to deny anything but full pansion will only result in economic in from the bill, in many cases by making wilderness protection to the Arctic Na stability and unemployment, because of questionable sacrifices of wild areas. tional Wildlife Range must be beaten Alaska's poor competitive position in na Virtually all the oil leasing candidate back. The range is the last place in the tional and international timber markets. areas have been removed from conserva United States that we should drill for Fortunately the present bill does in tion units except the internationally re oil and gas. clude another significant wilderness in nowned Arctic National Wildlife Range, The bill before us has seriously crip the Tongass-Admiralty Island Wilder our Nation's finest wilderness. pled wilderness protection for key areas ness, which protects brown bears, a con Thus, oil and mineral resources with in Southeast Alaskan forests. Although centration of eagles that represents more on conservation boundaries are largely the committee's efforts to insure no job nesting bald eagles than all the rest of speculative. Yet developers seemingly losses in the Southeast are commendable, the lower 48 States put together, and would have us delay creating parks and it should be noted that the bill takes the other wildlife. But the other prime areas wildernesses in Alaska until the 21st additional step of providing for a margin in the Tongass and Chugach National century just in case there are minerals of growth in the timber industry. This Forests and elsewhere in Alaska must be in the locations in question. margin of growth is excessive, because preserved as well. Mr. Speaker, if we wait another quar it is based on statistics that underesti Mr. Speaker, in spite of all the con ter of a century to protect our prime mate the amount of harvestable timber cessions granted to timber, mineral, and wilderness, the wilderness will be de in the Southeast and do not include all oil interests, opponents of this legislation stroyed and we may or may not wind up the lands that have been chosen by State undoubtedly will try to make more in with a mining industry of lasting com and Native interests in southeast Alaska. roads into the bill. Already the legisla mercial significance. By contrast, if we Under the Statehood Act. and Alaska Na tion has been overcompromised, leaving seize our present opportunity to preserve tive Claims Settlement Act of 1971, the the burden of proof on our national in this wilderness, we will be safeguarding State of Alaska and Native peoples have terest wildlands rather than on the de the future of areas that have recognized, selected lands in the Southeast precisely velopments that threaten them. We must known resource values of major signifi because of their high commercial timber reverse this trend and pass amendments cance to the overall management of fish value. But the bill now under considera that will strengthen the Alaska National and wildlife populations, habitats, wa tion places the onus of development on Interest Lands Conservation Act.e tersheds, or whole ecosystems. wild areas that belong to all the Amer If this were 1878 and we were trying ican people. FIFTY YEARS OF DEDICATED SERV to find about 100 million acres west of During the Interior Committee's con ICE TO LAW AND COMMUNITY the Rockies to preserve, the developers sideration of H.R. 39, I particularly ob probably would tell us not to establish a jected to deletion of acreage from the single park or wilderness in the entire wilderness proposals for the Misty HON. CARL D. PURSELL Sierra Nevada, because the area has too Fjords, because I believe the natural OF MICHIGAN much mining "potential." I do not believe values of this area far outweigh any need IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that most Americans would want us to to appease the mining and timber indus buy such arguments. Changes in the tries. The narrow, steep-walled fjords Monday, May 15, 1978 Alaska National Interest Lands Con are unique in the United States. The • Mr. PURSELL. Mr. Speaker, on May 9, servation Act to accommodate these Misty Fjords area also includes streams 1978 a great man, and I am proud to mining and timber interests already have that are crucial to a large part of the say a good friend, reached a milestone in sacrificed millions of acres deserving of salmon production in southeast Alaska. his life which very few of us ever attain. protection. Yet a foreign country wants to build an On that day, Perry Richwine of Plym I am particularly troubled by the vast open-pit mine at the headwaters of outh, Mich. celebrated his golden an acreages of wilderness areas that have salmon streams in the area. Mr. Speaker, niversary as a member of the legal been slashed from the bill, because the the entire 2.3-million-acre Misty Fjords profession. Very few people ever find a real backbone of this legislation is its area deserves maximum protection as career that they truly enjoy. So, for a wilderness title. The proposed wilderness wilderness. man to have not only found his satisfac areas are not separate administrative Elsewhere in the Tongass National tion, but to then experience it for 50 entities. They are carefully delineated Forest, the Yakutat forelands area has years, truly gives cause for celebration. zones within the acreages of wildlife ref been cut out. of the ::;Jroposed Yakutat Living all of his life in Plymouth, Mr. uges, national parklands, and forests. Wilderness even though the forelands Richwine graduated from the Detroit They add vital protection to those por acreage is the premier overall wildlife College of Law shortly before his 19th tions of these areas where certain de area in southeast Alaska, according to birthday. In his 50 years of legal service velopments or interference with natural the Forest Service itself. in Michigan, he has had about 5,000 conditions would be highly undesirable. It is a primary staging area for large clients, managing to add approximately Many Alaskan wildlife biologists con numbers of sandhill cranes, snow geese, 100 new clients each year. Specializing in sider wilderness overlays in the conser and swans. It provides excellent brown estates, Mr. Richwine recalled recently vation units as particularly critical bear and moose habitat. Moreover, fail that one of his biggest cases came early means to protecting Alaskan species ure to preserve this area will also have in his career when he handled the that are dependent on wild habitats for repercussions on the local economy by George H. Fisher estate in Detroit. their survival-wolves, bald eagles, endangering the salmon fishery. Because Not only has he practiced law for 50 grizzly bears, caribou, and other animals. the fishery is of critical importance to years, but Perry Richwine has served as The lands proposed for addition to the local livelihood, the majority of resi mayor of Plymouth, municipal judge, National Wilderness Preservation Sys dents of the Yakutat area favor preserv president of the Plymouth Chamber of tem in the Interior Committee bill in ing the area from logging and roadbuild Commerce, and is a long-time member. of cluded about 10 million acres of refuge ing. the Plymouth Rotary Club. He was also wilderness that subsequently were de In the cases of both the Misty Fjords president of First Federal Savings, lo leted in the consensus bill developed in and the Yakutat, the bill is favoring cated in Plymouth. cooperation with the Merchant Marine timber interests rather than encouraging But there is much more to Perry Rich and Fisheries Committee. PROBLEMS OF PRESENT SYSTEM blind, or disabled persons whose counted in the only way to solve the dllemma is to over More income if father moves out. come and resources exclude a home, house haul the entire works. Since this is undesira Unequal Income: $267 in Ohio per month hold goods and personal effects, etc. ble as well as impractical, the only solution $48 per month in Mississippi. Medicaid: Under the heading of Medical ls to pick out the problems and try to cor Administrative Cost: $13.3 cents per $1 Care is Medicaid. Medicaid has two classes of rect them, not cover them up with some new spent. eligibillty: the categorically needy and the bill or legislation. Most poor in cities-Expensive to live medically needy. The coverage of most cate GREENE COUNTY RECOMMENDATIONS there. gorically needy groups is mandatory, but coverage of medically needy groups is op Reduce fraud: There is fraud, but it is Need for permanent jobs. hard to find. To solve these problems allow Private companies leaving country (for tional with the states. Categorically needy are all recipients of AFDC and those recip me to list a few answers to a complicated cheaper labor, less taxes). Example: All elec problem! Each year thousands of dollars are tronics gone now-Zenith is leaving). ients of SSI who would have been eligible for Medicaid under the standard in effect robbed from taxpayers by people who cheat REMEDIES January 1, 1972, before passage of SSI to and lie to obtain more funds. This "free Work incentives (get more if you work). replace the federal or state cash program for ride" is unjust to taxpayers and to honest Simplify system. the aged, blind, and disabled. and decent people who use the welfare sys Combine programs (don't send poor to Medically needy are defined as persons who tem for what it was meant for: A helping agencies-loss of dignity). would be eligible for cash aid (AFDC or SSI) hand in a time of need. Teach better work habits (be on time, help except for their income level. Reduce paperwork: An over-abundance of initially with clothes, transportation, physi Food stamps: Under the heading of food paperwork, inabil1ty for cross-reference, lack cal problems-glasses etc.) . aid is food stamps. Food stamps give auto of personnel promotes fraud. Too much Federal $$$ is there--use it better. matic eligibility to households in which all paperwork enables facts to be lost and false OIC.-Help those who want to help them persons receive cash public assistance. This hoods to be entered upon record. Simpler and selves; 39 year old can't read, write past third includes AFDC fam1lies, certain recipients less complicated forms can be used and they grade level-Teach values, to budget, how of Federal assistance, and SSI recipents in would allow for easier cross reference, and to fill out application for employment, work all but two states. Those have "cash out" not take away the dignity of the person in habits. food stamps in addition to the SSI state need. supplement. Cross check: Allow Welfare ad'minlstrators RESPECT FOR ALL HUMANS AND ALL WORK .•• Job training: Under job training are the to cross-check the recipients' income tax re MORE DIGNITY Comprehensive Employment and Training turn. This lets welfare workers check and No matter what a job is-Respect the one Act (CETA) and the .. Work Incentive Pro see if the recipient worked last year and did who is doing it . . . it has to be done by gram." CETA has many branches of it, but not report it to welfare (Carter's Plan). someone. There is always a human being the most important is the Comprehensive Prosecute rapidly: Allow prosecutors to act behind every job. Manpower Service Economically Disadvan quickly and without hesitation against "So what is this thing called the welfare taged Segment. Eligible persons are those who Fraudulors. This promotes hesitation against mess?" It is a large, complicated system of are unemployed or underemployed. CETA would-be fraudulent recipients. many federal, state and local government stresses job training, but also provides some Less departments and less over lapping: offices, controlled by equally as many fed public service employments. The New Welfare System would have to be eral and state laws and regulations admin "WIN": The Work Incentive Program less diversified than the one we have now. istered by local units. Under this system are (WIN) under the Social Security Act opens County departments, sub-omces, department many rules that were made to bandage the this service for families on AFDC. Most of the heads--etc. etc. the list goes on and on. For laws that were enacted to help provide better recipients must register for work or training. each problem an office was created and thusly service to the people it was designed to serve. WIN assists in finding a job and helps with there are too many departments. A centraliz President Jimmy Carter has come up with the cost of things like transportation, lunch ing must occur; different omces that relate a proposed bill to help ease the welfare mess and childcare. These programs are in service to different objectives must remain; yes, but and start the ball rolling to welfare reform. now. these must be centralized under one Head His plan has to do with keeping the cost as CARTER PROPOSALS Office. Here the system becomes less com low as possible. This means that some pro (1) Guaranteed income: Guaranteed in plicated and easier for the recipient to know grams would have to be scrapped, while come which is issuing cash grants to the where to go for what services. other programs would be started. This is poor, the federal government would assure a Reduce the department over-lapping and both a good and a bad idea. Where the cost portion of every state's welfare cost. For ex create a better and more emcient manage of programs that have out-lived their pur ample: A welfare family of 4 with no other ment. pose would be eliminated, the new programs income would be given a basic benefit of would take as much if not more money to $4,200-increased by $600 for each additional Work incentive: Create work incentives to operate, but they may work better. child up to a family unit of seven. This plan, recipients so that they can work and yet Federal programs that have been based on unlike that Aid to Family with Dependent still receive partial or full welfare benefits. need, such as Aid to Dependent Chlldren, chlldren, would let two-parent fammes be This wlll create additional revenues through the aged and disabled, food stamps, these eligible. taxes, and as more people get jobs and rise would be eliminated and replaced by pro (2) Guaranteed jobs: Guaranteed jobs, in above the poverty level the costs wlll go down. grams such as Guaranteed Income, Guaran which the labor department would assume CLOSING REMARKS teed Jobs, and Income Subsidies. (Actually, responsibllity for finding jobs for able The more our group researched and learned Food Stamps is not controlled by welfare, bodied persons. For those that cannot be of the welfare programs-the more we found but is with the Agriculture Department.) placed "in the private sector, some 1.4 milUon we didn't know. The vast differences state At this time, this committee would like public jobs paying minimum wage (or more) by-state, the uncontrollable fraud, adminis to name and attempt to explain several of would be created in areas ranging from child trative inemciencies, and the general high the main programs that are active now and care to cultural arts. Refusing a job would costs of the system exemplify the mess this some that Carter would enact. cut the basic grant. social support system is in. Obviously, as PRESENT PROGRAMS Income subsidies: Income subsidies would mentioned so many times before, there exist extend welfare assistance to some employed no simple answers. AFDC: Under the title of Cash Aid are Aid people as an incentive to keep them working. to Famllles with Dependent Children We, as Americans must substantiate for This would go to fammes whose income society's inequities by finding an honest, (AFDC), Supplemental Security Income. borders poverty. AFDC is under Title IV of the Social Secu straight-forward system that is fair, not only rity Act and permits states to give AFDC GREENE COUNTY COMMITTEE COMMENTS: PRO to the recipient, but also fair to the tax cash to needy children and their care-takers GRAMS TO KEEP-PROGRAMS TO DISCARD payer that shoulders these burdens. To ac in fatherless famllies and to those with in Present program: AFDC, keep and combine complish these ends, the private sector must capacitated or unemployed fathers. Chlldren with other programs; social security, keep; become more involved so that the public must be under the age of 18, or, if students, medicaid, change; food stamps, change; job sector's expense is not so great. We believe under 21. All states aid famllles without training, CETA. keep but alter and combine the answers lie mainly in the manl!estation able-bodied fathers in the home, but as of with other programs; WIN, keep but alter of the private sector-tax incentives or some December 1976 only 26 states (plus Wash and combine. method to stimulate the private sector to ington, D.C. and Guam) offered ADC to un Carter proposals: Guaranteed income, dis provide more jobs. employed fathers, defined as working less card; guaranteed jobs, change; income sub The private sector cannot do this alone. than 100 hours a month. Federal law re sidies, discard. The public sector has to do its part also, such quires almost all able-bodies AFDC recip The Welfare System is a problem that has as O.I.C. Educational Programs that educate ients to register for training or jobs unless plagued our past administrators in Wash a person so that he can quallfy !or a job. they are school children or mothers of pre ington for years. As each and every problem Similar encouragement programs help school children. that arose within the System, new and more remedy the situation-instead of covering it Social security: SSI eligib1llty require patches were placed amongst the trouble up. If we all contribute our part, we can pull ments under Title XVI of the Social Security spots until finally the welfare system is in ourselves out of this expensive, ineffi.cient, Act entitles payments to aged (65 and over), such a mess from adding on and on, that all-out disgusting welfare mess.e May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13991 AN INTERVIEW WITH at the door. together with our hats, and the other to an effort to break out of the GEORGE KENNAN try to get a new view of the facts before straitjacket of mmtary rivalry and to strike we drew conclusions." Those conclusions through to a more constructive and hope would then be based on "what could be told ful vision . . . of America's future and the HON. ROBERT W. KASTENMEIER to us by the most experienced and knowl world's.'' That is the theme that underlies edgeable people who could be found in the much of what he had to say in the follow OF WISCONSIN respective fields." For the purpose of this ing interview. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES exercise, Kennan proposes that "we lay aside Q. Mr. Kennan, you have written that Tuesday, May 16, 1978 all the arguments of who could conceivably "those Western alarmists who try to per do what to whom if their intentions were suade us that a surprise Soviet attack e Mr. KASTENMEIER. Mr. Speaker, of the nastiest; and that we elevate our vi ~gainst Western Europe is a serious possi the May 7, 1978, the New York Times sion, at least for the time being, to the ques bility-unless we vastly increase our power magazine contains an excellent discus tion of the real nature and situation of the to deter it--live in a dream world of their sion with George Kennan, who reevalu particular foreign power we are dealing own." Why are the "alarmists" wrong? with." A. I think the Soviet leaders are well ates his perspective on the nature of the That, in effect, is the same question Ken aware that they have problems enough in Soviet Union as it exists today and not nan addressed in his article, "The Sources Eastern Europe, in their own Communist as it was some 30 years ago. Ambassador of Soviet Conduct," which appeared under bloc, and that it's enough of a strain on Kennan does not assign the worst cir the pseudonym "X" in the July 1947 issue Russia to try to hold this great area together cumstances and motives to the leaders of cf Foreign Affairs, and which became the without increasing those responsib111ties by the Soviet Union, and to those who criti blueprint for containment. He wrote the ar trying to take areas further afield. cize his present views of the Soviet lead ticle, he says, to temper the overly optimistic I object very strongly to the people who ership, George Kennan responds by say belief, held in some quarters in Washington talk about war as though it had no pur at the time, that the Soviet-American alli pose whatsoever, as though one went to war ing, "Do you really mean that you think ance of World War n would assure peace in just for the purpose of going to war, as it would have been better if in these 30 the postwar period. The article warned though it were perfectly nstural that if you years I had learned nothing, and were against a tendency to greet occasional spurts c:)Uld go to war, you would. This is a curious saying precisely the same things that I of Soviet cooperation "with gleeful an quirk of the American mentality, it seems said in 1947?" nouncements that 'the Russians have tome. Mr. Speaker, George Kennan's obser changed.'" Normally, people have gone to war for a vations on U.S.-Soviet relations, particu Today, Kennan is convinced that the Rus purpose, and if they didn't have a purpose, sians have changed. Today, his battle is they didn't do it. And I don't see the pur larly on the arms race, have great rele with those who take what he regards as too pose, from the standpoint of the Soviet Gov vance, and I highly recommend a read pessimistic a view of Soviet intentions-those ernment. It would set up disarray in West ing of the dialog between interviewer who discern in the present Soviet leader ern Europe, and that would unquestionably Marilyn Berger and George Kennan: ship a willingness to risk even nuclear war lead to disarray in Eastern Europe as well. [From the New York Times Magazine, in a drive for world domination. That these And that's the last thing they want. May 7, 1978] "alarmists," as he calls them, should draw But in addition to that, they have a major on his past writings for support is, to him, AN APPEAL FOR THOUGHT problem on their hands with Communist part of an old story. What Kennan said in China. They find themselves obliged to keep (By Marilyn Berger) 1947, and what he meant to say, are ques somewhere in the neighborhood of 40 to 45 George F. Kennan is a deeply troubled tions that have long been a matter of divisions on the Chinese frontier-something man these days. The policy of containment, controversy. like a mlllion men; more than they do in as set forth by him in his celebrated article In his 1947 article, Kennan wrote that Central and Eastern Europe. And especially published anonymously 30 years ago, has "Soviet pressure against the free institutions when their m111tary attention is divided been coming back to haunt him. His pre of the Western world is something that can this way, this is the last time that they scription for dealing with the Soviet Union be contained by the adroit and vigilant ap would want to have a war in Western Eu of Joseph Stalin has been dug up by domestic plication of counterforce at a series of con rope. hard-liners to justify a policy of unremitting stantly shifting geographical and political You have said that those who are con hostility toward Moscow that, in his view, points." That analysis provided a theoretical cerned about a surprise attack are talking could lead to a new international crisis, underpinning for the m111tary buildup of about a Soviet leadership that many of us even to nuclear war. And he is afraid that the West. But, in the same article, Kennan have never heard of. What is the present the hardliners are acquiring a veto over emphasized strong political components to Soviet leadership like? American foreign policy. containment. Not the least of these, he wrote, I would describe it as very conservative, in Kennan, now 74, had hoped to withdraw was the need for the United States to "create its own terms. Not at all adventurous. It is, from the debate over American policy to among the peoples of the world generally after all, as you know, a leadership composed ward the Soviet Union, to remain in his airy, the impression of a country which knows very largely of people quite advanced in age. gracious, book-lined office at the Institute what it wants, which is coping successfully They have many problems to solve at home. for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J ., to with the proolems of its internal life and They are well aware of the terrible damage gaze out over the woods where Einstein once with the responsibilities of a world power, which the last World War did to Russia. They walked, and to concentrate on history. But and which has a spiritual vitality capable know that their people stlll feel very strongly he is being drawn back into the arena by a of holding its own among the major ideologi about this. Everyone, I think, who has ever growing concern: that the United States is cal currents of time.... " had any contact with the peoples of the being pushed by well-meaning but misguid In his memoirs, written in the 1960's after Soviet Union knows that they have some ed people into a dangerous confrontation he capped his diplomatic career with am thing approaching a complex about the pos with Moscow. bassadorships to Moscow and Belgrade, Ken sibil1ty of another war-that is, that they nan complained that he had been misread definitely do not want it. And while it's true He insists he is only a scholar now, at perhaps because he had expressed his ideas tuned to the placid flow of his Princeton that public opinion plays a different role i.n too sketchily. What he had meant, he said, Russia than it does in this country, neverthe life-walking to work along the sycamore was "not containment by military means of lined streets; studying in the square turret less, it's not something that can be utterly a military threat, but the political contain ignored by the Soviet Government. of his house that some call his ivory tower; ment of a political threat.'' In the years fol visiting the Pennsylvania Dutch-country lowing the appearance of the article-its au These are some of the reasons why I don't farmhouse that he and his wife have given to thorship disclosed and Kennan famous as see any likelihood of their wanting to launch one of their daughters, who always keeps a result-he watched with growing con a war. Another, mind you, is ideological. The their bedroom ready for them. But the cern as successive adininistrations in Wash Leninist-Marxist ideology has never said that George F. Kennan who appeared for this in ington overlooked or neglected the political the way that Marxism was to triumph all terview, during one of his recent visits to aspects of containment. Even when Stalin's through the world was by action of the New York, still looked very much the diplo death and the development of the Sino Soviet armed forces. It mi~ht be an action in mat he once was: blue pin-striped suit with Soviet conflict drained away much of the which the Soviet armed forces helped, but vest; striped shirt; button-down collar; sub rationale of containment, the United States, the main thing was always to be the action dued, patterned tie; discreet mustache. He in his view, failed to grasp opportunities for of the proletariat and of right-thinking peo is still tall and straight and trim, his eyes negotiation of outstanding issues with the ple within the countries themselves. And this still startlingly blue, reflective, almost sad. Soviet Union. As he put it in his memoirs: is not just meaningless, this. They do take What Kennan wants is for everyone, him "It was not 'containment' that failed; it was ideology rather seriously. self included, to step back and reexamine the intended follow-up that never occurred." You said the Soviet leaders are not at all his preconceptions of present-day Russia. He Today, Kennan believes that in the cur adventurous. How, then, is one to view their has called for a "process of re-education in rent debate on how to deal with the Soviet intervention-with arms, with military ad the realities of Soviet power -a:Qd leader Union, we stand at "a real and crucial part visers and with Cuban troops-in Angola and ship"-a series of private gatherings of .policy ing of the ways, one road leading to a total Ethiopia? makers and other interested parties, at m111tarization of policy and an ultimate I stated in my recent book, "The Cloud of which "we would check our existing views showdown on the basis of armed strength .. . Danger," that "the Soviet authorities never CXXIV--881-Part 11 13992 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 gave reason to suppose that they were willing you wrote that there is no political or ideo I cannot see it coming as a deliberate deci to depart significantly from their established logical difference between the United States sion of either of these governments, because policies and practices ... in the encourage and the Soviet Union that would be worth they know too well what horrors lie in that ment of pseudo-Marxist 'national liberation the risks and sacrifices of a military direction. But nobody knows what can be the movements' in the third world." I find, in encounter. chain effect of nuclear war started among principle, nothing in recent Soviet actions in I had in mind the political differences. The smaller powers, especially ones where people Angola or at the Horn of Africa which we most serious of these is Berlin. Of course, an are extremely violent in their feelings, even ourselves have not done in other areas, on a outright attack on Berlin would raise ter to the point of suicide, like the Arab ter number of instances, in recent years. In Ethi ribly serious problems for us. But none of rorists. People like that, if they had nuclear opia, in fact, the Russians seem, in large the consequences of any of these possibili weapons in their hands, no doubt would measure, simply to have taken our place. ties could ever measure up to the disasters use them. This answer assumes that the Soviet Union of a nuclear war. What about states-say the Arabs and will not assist the Ethiopians to go beyond I mean, one must make it a major purpose Israel? their own borders. If it became an invasion to avoid a nuclear war. Because, after an, life I'm no expert on the Middle East, but I of Somalia, then I think the whole thing is better than death. And countries do sur should think that if it ever came to an all would acquire international significance. vive all sorts of vicissitudes short of annihi out military conflict there, it is not at all to You spoke of the concern of the Soviet be excluded that whoever had these weapons leadership for keeping Eastern Europe to lation. They survive occupations, they sur would use them. This could create an ex gether. What are their other overwhelming vive being satellites, and so forth. Time soft tremely dangerous situation. Another thing concerns now? ens these things, and eventually people get one has to bear in mind is that perhaps one Domestically, I would say, the relative their own independence again. But once wouldn't always be sure where a nuclear backwardness and lack of success of Soviet you're destroyed in a nuclear holocaust, weapon came from. agriculture; the decline in the rate of in that's it. You've had it, then. I think the very existence of these weapons crease in the productivity of labor, which In saying that, don't you stand to be ac in human hands is an enormous danger to means they're running up against a certain cused of saying, "Better red than dead"? us all, and, above all, to our children. It ceiling in their economic development be Well, I do. I would say, "Rather red than seems to me rather like putting loaded re yond which labor productivity will be declin dead." But, mind you, your question is sim volvers in the hands of little kids and letting ing rather than increasing; a decline in the ply an attempt to carry the issue to unreal them play with them. Human beings just are effectiveness of industrial investment; the ultimate conclusions. I don't think there's not good enough, and never will be, to control fact that they lag behind, despite their great any need for us to be red, because I don't this amount of weaponry. industrial strength, in the development of think that war is the way the Russians would The Russians have proposed such things advanced technology, such as in the field of like to expand their power. as an end to nuclear testing and an agree electionics. They seem to find it very difficult Well, if, as you say, there are, in this ment on "no first use" of clear weapons. Do to crash through that sound barrier and country, these wildly erroneous impressions you think they propose these things knowing come out into the sort of technological about the Russians, where do they come the United States will turn them down? Do stratosphere that the Japanese and Germans from? Why are the hardliners so strong they simply want to have the image of leader and others of us have come into. today? ship in the field of disarmanent? They are also concerned, I am sure, about That's a very good question, a very good No, they might enjoy putting us in this what I might call the spiritual state of mind question. You know, it sometimes seems to position, but I don't think that's the reason of their own people: the lack of enthusiasm me that people have a need for the external they propose them. I think they would be for the ideology; the obvious signs of bore ization of evil. They have the need to think quite willing to commit themselves to an dom, bewilderment; a certain demoraliza that there is, somewhere, an enemy bound abandonment of the principle of first use. I tion among the youth. A great deal of alco think they would be quite willing to give holism. A great deal of absenteeism in labor. lessly evil, because this makes them feel boundlessly good. They can't stand life with up testing if we did-provided, of course, How can American policy encourage mod that the third-country problem can be eration in the present Soviet leadership, and, out the image of an enemy somewhere. This is the nature of the milit:lnt mentality. solved. perhaps, make it more possible that moder But you also said some time ago that any ates would succeed to power? It's also true, of course, that chauvinist rhetoric-which derives, perhaps, from this agreements the Russians make will be merely tactical steps toward objectives that will I don't think that there's anything very same feeling-is very powerful even with much that our Government could do to usually be inimical to the United States. You people who are not aware that they have this have said there can never be a "a community influence the selection of people who come philosophic inclination. Somehow or other, to power in the Soviet Union. But it can to thump the drum and say, "We're not of aiin.s." affect the environment in which these people At the time I said those things, there going to let these people get away with this, were two things that ought to be borne in have to exercise that power when they do we're going to stand up to it"-this is al come. If they see opportunities !or benefit mind: first of all, that Stalin was still alive, to themselves and to their country from a ways very, very popular. It's an oversimpli and it was the Stalinist regime we were deal , good relationship, a developing relationship, fication, but people love oversimplifications. ing with; and, second, that we did not yet with the United States, that's one thing, and Let's talk about the military for a minute. have the atom as a permanent reality in our then they will have incentive to move in that Isn't it the obligation of the military to pre lives. I think that if things had remained direction. But if they don't see such possibili pare for the "worst case"? the way they were then, one would have to ties, and if they are brought to the conclu Yes, but it's the obligation of others of us accept the view of our hardliners today. sion that this country really doesn't want to not to accept that, and to insist that other But I think that both of us, th-e United have any very favorable development of re things be taken into account as well. Mili states and the Soviet Union, are sobered by lations with them, that we are placing our t.uy considerations, no matter how sound the existence of the atom. We both realize, I hones on military rivalry and hope to be they are from the strictly military stand think, that there are limits on what we can abie to outproduce them and to out point, ought never, but absolutely never, to exoect to do, and that by trying to do more, class them in weaponry, and that's all we're be taken literally. They should always be trying to go beyond those limits, we can cre interested in then they are going to have to taken in relation to other considerations of a ate for f!reater dangers for ourselves than look around' for alternatives. I wouldn't nonmilitary nature. opportunities. And that is a healthy thing. like to speculate on what those alternatives What bothers me about a great deal of I think that's the beginnin~ of wisdom. I would be, but I think none of them would the present discussion of the millt:uy real won't. say just. for the Russians, but for us, be very welcome from our standpoint. ities is that they all have, implicit in them, too. Because Americans have often had over Are you saying that if the "alarmists" in a certain image of the Soviet leadership weening ideas as to what they were able to this country were to prevail, the Russians as a group of men who, obviously if they achieve in this world. could do this and that to us militarily, would. would have to look for those alternatives? How do you answer the argument of the Somehow or other, when you start to think "alarmists" that it's not the one-time threat I think they would. In fact, it ~eems to me in military terms of what we could do to of Soviet. attack that should concern Amer that there are a lot of people in our country, them and what they could do to us, insensi icans and Europeans but, rather, the perma and many of them in Washington, who have bly you move quietly to the assumption that nent impact of Soviet military power on no interest in the improvement of relations since they could do this, this is what they European freedom of oolitical action, with with the Soviet Union, who don't think that would like to do. the imolication of blackmail? that's possible, who view the Soviet leaders And that leads to the stockpiling of more You- know, I don't really believe in the as people absolutely committed against us and more varied nuclear weapons. theory of nuclear blackmail. I don't think and determined to defeat us entirely, in some You know, I don't see how this prolifera this ir. the way international affairs work. way or other, and to destroy everything that tion of nuclear weaponry can end well. I can't It takes two to make an act of interna we value. And, therefore, they would think see any favorable ending to it. Even if it's tional blackmail. There has to be somebody that there's no use talking with the Soviet not armed conflict, I see enormous dangers to do the blackmailing, and there has to be leaders at all-that the only thing you can in it. somebody to accept it. Actually, I have not do is be so much stronger than they are that Do you foresee a Soviet-American nuclear seen the Soviet Government put that kind you can face them down. exchange if we don't undertake a re-evalu of pressure on another Government and say, In that same book, "The Cloud of Danger," ation, a new look at the Soviet Union? "Look here, you do this or that, or else." I May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13993 have lived and served in countries that did instance-the results for us would be very Let me put it this way. It puts arguments not have nuclear weapons, and I didn't see bad, and for Western Europe and Japan they and force into the hands and mouths of their governments giving in all along the could be fatal. their own hardliners, the people in Russia line to the Soviet Union for this reason, al Of course, this might be very bad. Actually, who say there's no use fooling with these though in certain instances they have had I do not think it a very real possibility. The Americans-in the end they will always very serious differences with Moscow. Now contingency is too hypothetical and too im react along the lines of the strongly anti according to this theory of nuclear black probable to deserve serious discussion. But Communist, anti-Soviet sentiments that are mail, they should have trembled in their even then, the question bothers me, for it widespread in this country. boots. seems to me to imply, like so many questions Do you think Nixon and Kissinger handled There is concern among these "alarmists" being raised today about the Russians, that the Russians properly in trying to develop that, with Communist parties growing they are consumed with a desire to do ter a "web of relationships" with them? stronger in Western Europe, more and more rible things to other countries or to enslave I think that a lot of the summitry was people will be intimidated by the specter of them. I think this is a serious and some unnecessary. I think it was unfortunate that Soviet power, particularly if it is not bal times almost grotesque distortion of the real some of this was overdramatized and led to anced by American military power, and that situation. false hopes here. But, otherwise, I think it they will vote Communist. Have President Carter's pronouncements was positive in its general direction, and I Yes, but it hasn't been that way, you know. on human rights in other countries helped would like to see it continue. And smaller countries in Europe which have the dissidents in those countries? Is the Carter Administration continuing been much weaker than are France and Italy, I cannot say that I have followed this as it vigorously enough? and which have been even nearer to the closely as many other people have. But I I haven't seen any great enthusiasm for Soviet Union, did not succumb to that sort think that, by and large, it has been counter its continuing, but it is permitting the of reaction. As a matter of fact, I would be productive with relation to the people on existing agreements to continue. tempted to say that if people react that way, whose behalf these things have been said. You have said that you wrote your "X" then they deserve what they're goin5 to get. But Mr. Carter seems to take the view that article in 1947 to counteract the "left-wing If that is the degree of their pusillanimity we must return to purselves, to our princi deviationism" of the time. Do you find your and their lack of will, than I really haven't ples, that we must be the best we can be and self feeling strange or uncomfortable in your got much sympathy for them. create an example- something you yourself fight now against "right-wing devia And that would be no loss to the United once said. tionism" ? States? If his pronouncements were directed solely Yes, I do. I know I do. And to many people It would be a loss, but nobody can protect to our own country, I would be strongly for it looks as though I've been a sort of turn another people from themselves. it, and I would applaud Mr. Carter and say, coat in my views. You've been accused by your critics of "Fine, let us make sure that this country But you feel your views have been con being an apostle of "qualified isolationism," stands as a model for all humanity on human sistent? a form of isolationism that they say will cost rights." But I do no.t think that any very Well, they have, to my mind. I've tried to more in blood and treasure in the long run. useful purpose is served by pressing other adjust them to the nature of the Soviet I think the charge-without the conse governments in other parts of the world on Union as we know it today, and the world quences you cite-is perfectly justified. I this subject. I don't regard us as very good as we know it today, not the world as it was think I am a semi-isolationist. I would like advisers to them. Very often we achieve just 30 years ago. I was very bitterly attacked to see us try to do far less than we are trying the opposite of what we wanted to achieve the other day in one of the weekly in tellec to do in the world. I think a great deal of when we push along this line. tual magazines for things I had said in what we try to do doesn't do any good. We That seems to me to be the conclusion 1947 which appear to be different from are overextending ourselves beyond our that one has to draw from the experience of things I was saying today. means, beyond our capabilities. I think we the last two or three years. We have pressed Well, I didn't answer the attack, but I have a great many things to do at home, for human rights in South Africa, and, so wanted to say to its author, "Do you really and I don't think it's really sound to involve far as I can see, the main result of our efforts mean that you think it would have been ourselves over the world to the extent that has been to crush-and to crush for years to better if in these 30 years I had learned we have. come-the moderate and liberal white ele nothing, and were saying precisely the same You seem to be concerned almost exclu ments in that country. We have pressed for things that I said in 1947?" e sively with Western Europe, Japan, the in increased Jewish emigration from the Soviet dustrialized areas. What about the rest of Union, and the result is that we neither have the world? the trade agreement which we could have LABOR LAW DISASTER Well, if we can arrange our affairs in such had with that country, nor have we achieved a way that we will have a safe future in our an increase in the number of Jews coming relations with Western Europe, with Ger abroad. On the contrary, it has declined. I HON. JOHN M. ASHBROOK many, with Russia, with China, with Japan, don't quite understand this policy on our then, except for the oil problem--except for OF OHIO part. I don't think that it is entirely thought· IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES our dependence on the oil in the Middle through. East-! would not be worried about our rela You know, there was a time when we Tuesday, May 16, 1978 tions with the rest of the world. tended to talk about democracy, making the But what if there were Soviet control over world safe for democracy. Today we never 8 Mr. ASHBROOK. Mr. Speaker, today those areas of the world that produce the talk about democracy anymore. We talk only the Senate is scheduled to begin consid raw materials we need? about human rights, and we press the Soviet eration of S. 2467, a proposal which I don't think there can be, really. I think regime to go further in the field to human would allegedly "reform" the National that people greatly exaggerate the degree to rights than it has gone. Now the Soviet Labor Relations Act. The House version which a great country can really control regime is an authoritarian regime. When we of this bill-H.R. 8410-was approved other countries far from its shores and not press it to go further along the path of last October. I led the opposition to this contiguous to its own military area. I don't human rights, what is it that we are de really believe that countries are easily made manding from it? legislation and remain strongly opposed into puppets by a great power far, far away. In other words, is not the question of to it. It seems to me that the entire experience of human rights closely related to the question S. 2467 may or may not clear the Sen Africa since the last war belies that. Neither of democracy itself? I'm sure that the Soviet ate. If it is adopted by that body, how have we been very successful in making a leaders feel this. And when we continually ever, the House will have another chance puppet out of anybody, nor have the Rus raise this subject, they see in it a disguised to correct the mistake it made when it sians, nor have the Chinese. Quite the con effort to promote the overthrow of the Soviet passed the bill a few months ago. trary. The Russians have had one lack of regime. success after another. So have we. Now you may say, "Wouldn't you like to There is growing concern in my own It's my belief that people will have a tend see the overthrow of the Soviet regime?" State of Ohio about the potential impact ency to go their own way. These smaller Well, before I could answer that question, of this legislation. For the information of and developing countries naturally take what I would have to know what the alternative my colleagues I am including the text of they can get from the big ones, but they don't to it is to be. an editorial from the Columbus, Ohio, take orders from them any more than they You are saying the Russian leadership Dispatch: have to. That was the Whole experience of considers all this very provacative? LABOR REFORM BILL Is SLY MISNOMER the phenomenon of colonialism. After all, it I think they do. I think they suspect that wasn't successful in the end. It all broke what really lies behind it is still a hope on If ever there was a misnamed piece of down. And it's not going to be any easier to the part of our Government that we can federal legislation, it is the so-called labor re-create colonialism than it was to main succeed, finally, in overthrowing Com law reform bill now nearing a vote in the tain it at the beginning of this century. munist power in Russia and Eastern Europe. U.S. Senate. The Russians may not be able to hold on You've said the hardliners ha"~ something If anything, the measure should be labeled to new areas of influence in the long run, but of a veto over U.S. policy, anti that the Rus as an organized union revival bill. It has your critics say that in the short run-if the sians believe the hardliners have that veto. more to do with halting the decline in un Soviets got control of the main oil areas, for Does that make the Soviets more militant? ionization than in correcting laws which 13994 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 would help to smooth labor-management ment for their industrious work in devel ing more cargo, result in a far more economi differences. oping this report: cal and profitable operation. Thus, tomor row's trade routes and Los Angeles Harbor's Thirty years ago, about 40 percent of the Los .ANGELES PORT STUDY SPECULATES 90 PER U.S. labor force was unionized. Today, the Main Channel will probably be traveled by CENT OF PANAMA CANAL GENERAL CARGO fewer but larger ships, each with greater percentage is barely 25. TONNAGE MAY BE LoST TO LANDBRIDGES The labor bloc still enjoys an influential capacity. position in the halls of Congress, but even An analysis of shipping trends by the Port These changes-greater ship size and in that is waning. Seeing the trend, some labor of Los Angeles made in February uncovered creased use of West Coast ports as part of bosses are resorting to bullying tactics .on data on minibridge movements, resulting in water-land routes-will undoubtedly have a great impact on West Coast port facilities Capitol Hill to reinforce their positions. an additional 3 million tons of cargo an nually for the West Coast port. and the Sout hland economy." They would be far better off by wooing gen PREDICT 90 PERCENT DIVERSION eral public opinion, polishing their image According to Los Angeles Harbor Depart ment figures emerging as part of the research Just how great an impact is projected in on the labor front and paying more atten the Department's analysis of Panama Canal tion to the concerns of their membership. for the Port's Master Plan, an increasing number of shippers are including an over cargo diversions? Prepared by the Planning The current coal strike has done little to and Research Division, the figures assist port refurbish that image. Regardless of wheth land leg in the shipment of cargo between the Far East and the East Coast, Europe and planners in determining what type, size and er coal miners get back to work and replenish number of facilities will be needed in the diminishing stockpiles of their vital fuel, the West Coast, and between Europe and the Far East. future as shipping trends change. The report they have a long way to go to win the con predicts that more than nine-tenths of all fidence of the consumers who will pay their This land segment, up to now a cargo rout ing alternative to an all-water route through Far East cargo destined for ports on the bills. East and Gulf Coasts will ultimately use a A major flaw in the bill before the Senate the Panama Canal, promises to change the "bridge" system beginning on the West is a plan whereby the National Labor Rela very shape of ships and shipping at the Port Coast. This diverted tonnage is expected to tions Board would be increased in member of Los Angeles and elsewhere. The last evo total over three million tons for Los Angeles ship from five to seven. Of course, the two lutionary step in maritime t rade approaching Harbor alone. extra NLRB members would be appointed by this magnitude was the introduction and ac Jn order to accommodate this increase the President Carter who will be reminded by ceptance of containerized cargo in the 1950's. Port will have to develop more than 250 acres organized labor about his election due-bills. Referred to as minibridge, micobridge or of cargo-handling and storage area, includ What is especially dangerous about the landbridge, depending upon the cargo's ulti ing the construction of six container berths. proposal is that it is aimed at making it mate destination the combination land and To handle this increased cargo, 247 new jobs easier to organize workers employed by small water route frequently provides shippers will have to be filled. entrepreneurs. with a more economical and faster move The total economic impact of cargo di The bill calls for quick representation ment of goods. And port researchers predict verted from an all-water Panama Canal route elections in as early as 21 days from the date the dollar savings will go up as the elements to the Port of Los Angeles is est.ima ted by the they are called. Too, there is a provision of the intermodal system-ships, trucks, rail report to be in excess of $2.3 billion, while for mandatory injunctions requiring rein roads-are improved and expanded. the value of the cargo is expected to equal statement of employees allegedly discharged PANAMA CANAL $5.6 billion.e for union activity. In many cases, pointed out Harbor Depart Any company found in violation of the ment Acting Planning and Research Director proposed reform law would be banned from OUR NATION'S HIGHWAYS participating directly or indirectly in any Bob Weir, the cost of extra handling and ex federal contract or operation. penses associated with in termodal cargo movement is already less than the cost of HON. ROBERT H. MICHEL America's work force is entitled to protec Panama Canal fees combined with the addi OF ILLINOIS tion, whether organized or independent. tional daily operating costs of a ship for the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES This measure is punitive in nature and will longer voyage time required on the all-water yield little more than unrest, an element canal route. Tuesday, May 16, 1978 already too prominent on the labor force.e Weir suspects, by not using the Canal, e Mr. MICHEL. Mr. Speaker, Mr. Lee L. shippers will need only six out of every 10 ships now 1n use. Morgan, chairman of the board of Cater STUDY SHOWS PANAMA CANAL "But aside from strictly economic reasons," pillar Tractor Co., recently addressed a CARGO MAY BE DIVERTED OVER Weir explains, " the growing acceptance of Washington transportation seminar on LAND water-land routes for international cargo the subject of our Nation's highways. I movement can be traced in part to the pos found this speech to be informative and sibility of the Panama Canal's future fiscal thought-provoking. It points out the HON. GLENN M. ANDERSON and physical inaccessibility." hard choices we in Congress are going OF CALIFORNIA The Canal, opened in 1914 to cut miles and to have to make when it comes to deal IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES days off the long run "round the horn" of ing with the very real problem of de South America, triggered the first great ex Tuesday, May 16, 1978 teriorating national highway system. pansion of the Port of Los Angeles. It was There can be no doubt that a good, well e Mr. ANDERSON of California. Mr. highly successful. However, in the 60-plus years since that maintained highway system is absolutely Speaker, a recent study by the port of essential to the economic well being and Los Angeles estimates that as much as opening, ships have grown in size to the 90 percent of the cargo presently going point where a large percentage of recently the security of our Nation. But, un constructed vessels, and those in the ship fortunately, there also can be no doubt through the Panama Canal may be re yards or on the drawing boards, exceed the that at present we are faced with hard routed through a landbridge system physical limitations of the canal, either in decisions concerning the method by overland across the United States. In the length, in beam or in draft. which we will fund the updating of what landbridge system, cargo will be trans (Panama Canal regulations, with few ex Mr. Morgan calls "the many thousands ported from the Far East to the east ceptions, prohibit its use by ships longer of miles of roads that don't reflect mod coast and Europe through west coast than 950', wider than 106' or drawing more ern engineering standards and safety ports and then overland; and from Eu than 35.5 feet. The latest generations of rope to the west coast and the Far East tankers and container vessels and modern features." through east coast ports and then over Navy aircraft carriers exceed these figures You may disagree with some of Lee and must therefore utilize all-water routes Morgan's proposals. But you cannot dis land across the United States by railroad other than the Canal.) agree with the accuracy of his message: or truck. Also increasing in size has been the bill Our Nation needs to improve the high The study has shown that over the for maintenance and operation of the Canal ways we already have. past year, there has been an increase of 3 paid from the toll fees charged shippers At this point, I would like to insert in million tons entering the port of Los An using the facility. Indications are that this the RECORD remarks made by Lee L. geles. And with the possible increase in cost will rise even further regardless of the outcome of current treaty negotiations cover Morgan to a Washington transportation the rates charged to pass through the seminar, April24, 1978: canal, the use of the landbridge will ing control of the Canal. grow. CONCLUSIONS REMARKS BY LEE L. MORGAN Lo::; Angeles Harbor Commission President Our highway system is vital to the con Mr. Speaker, I would like to insert for Roy Ferkich draws several conclusions based tinued development of U.S. economic and the RECORD an article from the May is on these factors. social objectives. But it is a. system that citi sue of American Shipper which outlines "As shippers are freed of the Canal's size zens tend t0 take for granted. And it's a sys the findings by the Los Angeles Harbor restrictions,'' Kerkich states, "they are find tem that is now suffering badly from lack of Department, and commend this depart- ing that fewer but larger ships, each carry- attention. May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13995 Caterplllar has a dual interest in highways. tern. And we are among those who believe FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE First, the products we manufacture are used those steps should be taken as soon as pos to build and maintain roads, and to provide sible. More delay in revitalizing our highways diesel power for trucks. But even lf we did adds further costs ... and casualties. HON. RICHARD L. OTTINGER not stand to sel1_ one extra Caterplllar ma But we and the rest of the American trav OF NEW YORK eling public aren't looking for a free ride. In chine, we would stlll be here . . . for we are IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES interested as a major user of the nation's fact, we prefer programs, like the Highway highways. Materials flowing into our factories Trust Fund, which pay their own way. People Tuesday, May 16, 1978 and products flowing out are transported to who drive on our highways pay for them through the gas taxes their driving generates. e Mr. OTTINGER. Mr. Speaker, as I a significant extent over the roads. But unfortunately, the gas tax is no longer have done every year since my first elec And Caterplllar's 64,000 American employ adequate to meet long-range highway con tion to Congress, I am today disclosing ees depend on those same highways to satisfy struction and maintenance needs. We there my and my wife's statement of assets their dally transportation needs. fore agree with those who conclude there One need not be particularly perceptive to and liabilities, schedule of the securities should be an additional levy on fuel. Despite we own, schedule of other securities of observe that American roads are deteriorat the political unpopularity of a gas tax in ing. We know it and you do. crease, we supported an increase when it was which we are income beneficiaries, and But the country doesn't need (and cater debated in the House in 1977. Now, in the schedule of the taxes we paid in calen plllar doesn't advocate) large scale new road context of the Highway Trust Fund renewal dar year 1977. While this disclosure goes construction. We do need to arrest the dete legislation, it seems appropriate to again pur beyond what is required by law at the rioration of our modern highways, and up sue the question. present time, I am the sponsor of legis date the many thousands of miles of roads Americans pay very little for use of their lation requiring full financial disclosure, that don't reflect modern engineering stand highways. An American driving 12,000 miles believing this to be the best protection ards and safety features. per year ... at an average of 15 miles per several proposals are before the Congress gallon of gasoline . . . pays less than $100 of the public interest. to extend the life of the Highway Trust Fund. per year in state and federal gasoline taxes. The statement and schedule are as The fund has been in existence for over 20 That, ladies and gentlemen, is a very good follows: years. Until the past few years, the fund has bargain! RICHARD L. AND BETTY ANN OTTINGER STATE contained adequate revenues-generated by As a multinational company we're fre MENT OF AsSETS, LIABILITIES, AND CAPITAL the four-cents-per-gallon gasoline tax-to quently reminded of just how good a bargain AS OF MARCH 31, 1978 that is. Consider, for example, that the support the highway system. But let's look ASSETS at what has happened in the 1970s. French pay an 83-cent-per-gallon tax; the First, inflation has driven up the cost of West Germans, an 85-cent-per-gallon tax; Cash (on hand or uninvested)___ $73,818 construction and maintenance, to a level and the Italians a $1.67-per-gallon tax. Marketable securities-Betty Ann A doubling of the four-cent federal gas Ottinger (cost $56,931)-at almost double that of a decade ago. Though market value (Schedule 1) ____ 165, 228 federal highway authorizations have in tax would cost a typical American driver only creased in actual dollars in the past 10 years, $32 a year. There are few, if any, drivers who Marketable securities-Richard L. cannot bear that slight added burden. · Ottinger Trust dated March 19, in real dollars they have declined by 30 per 1969 (cost $551,030)-at market cent. Simultaneously, a heightened public You in Washington are the best judges as to the political feasibility of an addi value (Schedule 1)------1,463,465 concern for safety has meant addition of Real estate: some high cost features to highway con tional gasoline tax. If that won't "fiy" this year, there are alternatives. For example: Residences in Pleasantville, N.Y. struction. An ad valorem-type tax based on a per and Washington, D.C.-at Second, Americans have become more en centage of the price paid for gasoline. It estimated market value_____ 500, 000 ergy conscious. The U.S. is insisting on better would work like a sales tax. As the price of mileage-per-gallon performance from auto gasoline increases, so would the revenues 2,202,511 mobiles. But the gas tax is tied to gallons of generated for the Highway Trust Fund. LIABIT.ITIES AND CAPITAL gas consumed. So increasing vehicle mile A per-gallon tax which is adjusted peri age--and the related wear on highways odically to reflect increases in highway con Liabilities haven't been accompanied by a commensu struction costs. This approach does not off Notes and Loans payable: rate increase in gas tax-generated revenues. set the impact of lower fuel usage because Testamentary Trust u/w/o Law And third, some Highway Trust Fund dol of conservation measures. But it is better rence Ottinger f/b/o Richard lars have been diverted to finance mass than the current system which takes no ac L. Ottinger------301,912 transit development. count of inflation. Patricia L. Chernoff ______150,000 We can all applaud the higher priority ac Third, the Congress could adopt a gas tax Trust u/a dated 10/30/57 f/b/o corded safety, fuel conservation, and mass increase which would be phased in over a Richard L. ottinger ______50,000 transit. But we are also cognizant of the several year period. Other loans payable ______40,000 impact on the Highway Trust Fund. The In closing, let us make a few other obser combination of inflation and these other fac vations on the highway funding debate: 541,912 tors has left the Trust Fund inadequate to First, though we encourage development Income taxes payable on unreal complete needed highway construction, and of mass transit, we are opposed to consoli ized gain on marketable secu- to preserve and improve the existing road dation of highway and mass transit funds. rities ------459,329 network. We believe a separate mass transit trust fund There are measurable costs associated with should be established . . . similar to the Total Liabilities ______1, 001, 241 substandard highways: They cause higher Highway 'Trust Fund and Airport and Air Capital ------1,201,270 fuel consumption, at a time when the u.s. ways Trust F'.Ind. Those two funds have is trying to conserve that resource; by some proven the point; they've worked well. 2,202,511 estimates they add 50 percent to the cost of driving, when one considers added wear on Second, we support efforts to encourage the states to determine which of the remain SCHEDULE 1 tires, brakes, and other auto and truck com RICHARD L. AND BETTY ANN OTTINGER ponents. They increase truck delivery times, ing uncompleted segments of the Interstate thereby adding a cost to consumers. Most im System are vital to the System's usefulness, SCHEDULE OF SECURITIES AS OF MARCH 31, 1978 portant--and tragically-they account for a and to expedite finishing these segments. As BETTY ANN OTTINGER stated earlier, we aren't advocating new large number of the deaths and injuries that Description occur on American roads. Federal Highway highway building programs but, rather, en Administration studies predict that modern couraging the completion of the Interstate Stocks izing obsolete roads can cut highway deaths System. Number of by a fourth. Third, federal funding shares should re Shares or Current mar- We agree with the experts: the need is flect the nation's priorities for highways. Par Value ket value compelling. The U.S.-and state and local Interstates, because of their substantially 2, 175 Champion International higher cost-per-mile of construction, bridge governments-must act affirmatively to re Corp. ------$39,422 store and upgrade this great national re repair, and safety programs should be 200 Gulf Oil Corp______4, 975 funded at a 90 percent federal share. Federal source. 175 International Business Ma- The Highway Trust Fund is the appropri support for all other programs should be chines Corp ______41,213 equalized, at an 80 percent level. Such an ate federal-level means for meeting this chal 80 Sears Roebuck & co______1, 790 lenge. But it won't be able to do so at existing approach would encourage states to make de funding levels. cisions on a needs basis, rather than in terms 184 Simplicity Pattern Co., Only here in Washington can steps be of availab111ty of dollars. Inc. ------2,415 taken to ensure the integrity of the .Trust Finally we believe there should now be a 160 Travelers Corp______4, 940 Fund. Those steps may be unpopular in some substantial emphasis on replacement and 1,500 VVeyerhaeuser Co ______33,750 quarters, but they are essential to upgrade rehabilltation of bridges, and the develop and preserve the quality of our highway sys- ment of safer roads.e 128,505 13996 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 Bonds 25,000 P/H/A New York City, sent from the House on Friday, May 12, $37,000 U.S. of · America Treas- N.Y., 3.59%, .12/15/78___ 24,916 1978. ury Note, 6%, 11/15178- 36,723 15,250 New York State ]4tg. Fi- Had I been present, I would have nances Agency, 6.9%, voted: "aye" on rollca.ll No. 307, that the 4/1/83 ------15,916 Total ------165,228 9,150 New Jersey Turnpike House resolve itself into the Committee RICHARD L. OTTINGER Auth., 5.2%, 1/1/2008___ 8, 281 of the Whole House for the consideration stocks 6,100 P/H/A ]4onticello, N.Y., of H.R. 12222, the International Develop Number of 3.4%, 10/13/78______6, 076 ment and Food Assistance Act of 1978; Shares or 21,350 P/H/A New York City, "nay" on rollcall No. 308, an amendment Par Value N.Y., 3.59%, 12/ 15178-- 21,278 to H.R. 12222 that sought to make to 500 American Telephone & 9,150 P / H/A VVashlngton, D.C., bacco and tobacco products ineligible for Telegraph C0------30,625 2.5%, 5/1/9L------6, 509 2, 850 Anheuser Busch, Inc ___ _ 58,781 9,150 Bedford, New Castle, etc., use in the.food for peace program; and 700 Campbell Soup Co ______22,662 N.Y., 3%, 6/1/83______7, 659 "aye" on rollcall No. 309, a substitute 645 Champion International 9,150 Baltimore City ]4d., 4%, amendment to H.R. 12222 that sought to prohibit only direct aid funds from Corp. ------11,691 8/1/86 ------7,968 1,800 Connecticut General In- 9,150 Chelan Co., VVash ., 3.4%, being used to aid Vietnam, Cambodia., surtfuce eo ______80,775 12/ 1/2003 ------7, 137 Uganda., or Cuba.e 1, 038 International Business 9,150 So. San Joaquin, Calif., ]4achlnes Corp ______244,449 3.05%, 7/1/2004______6, 954 80 Sears Roebuck & Co ____ _ 1,790 ALASKA'S WILDERNESS WILDLIFE 11,898 Simplicity Pattern Co., 267,193 REFUGES Inc. ------156,161 1, 200 Travelers Corp ______37,050 Cash ------2,759 7,494 VVeyerhaeuser Co ______168,615 HON. ANDREW MAGUIRE 8, 100 Xerox Corp ______339,188 Total ------546,283 OF NEW JERSEY The above securities are not reflected as IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Total 1, 151, 787 assets of Richard L. Ottinger since he is only an income beneficiary of the Trusts. The Tuesday, May 16, 1978 Bonds schedule is prepared for informational pur poses. e Mr. MAGUIRE. Mr. Speaker, we in $50, 000 Ascension, St. James New Jersey appreciate the value of open Bridge & Ferry Auth. ScHEDULE 2 La., 4.45%,11/1j200L- 41, 000 RICHARD L. AND BETTY ANN OTTINGER ScHED spaces-by their absence as much as 30, 000 Federal Land Banks, ULE OF ASSETS OF VARIOUS TRUSTS OF VVH.lCH their presence. Most of us live in or near 8.15%, 4/20f82------30, 150 BETTY ANN OTTINGER Is INCOME BENEFICI densely populated cities and suburbs, 50, 000 Honeywell Finance, Inc., ARY AS OF ~CH 31, 1978 with high rises, factories, and freeways 7%, 11j1/78 ______49, 688 Description dominating our landscape. 50, 000 New York State ]4tge. Number of We are beginning to realize what a. Finances Agency, Shares or Current mar heavy price we are paying for having 6.9%, 4j1/83 ______52, 182 Par Value ket value failed so often in the past to bring eco 50,000 New York State ]4tge. Stocks nomic and evironmental goals into bal Agency, 5.7%, 10/1/ , 150 Anheuser Busch, Inc______$3, 094 750 ance-with long term benefits for each. 96 ------49 250 General Electric Co______11, 656 25,000 P/H/A New York City, New Jersey suffers from one of the 150 Johnson & Johnson______10, 200 highest rates of cancer of any State in N.Y., 3.59%, 12j15/ , 450 RCA CorP------11, 250 916 the Nation, and we are discovering that 78 ------24 306 VVeyerha.euser Co______6,885 40, 000 P / H/ A Niagara Falls, environmental pollution is a contribu N.Y., 2.86%, 4/21178-- 39,963 43,085 ing factor in the development of can 25,000 VVestmoreland Co. In cer, heart disease, lung disease, and other dust. Dev. Pa. 4.6%, Bonds serious health problems. OUr citizen 12j1/85 ------24,029 $30,000 U.S. of America Treasury must travel farther and farther to enjoy Note, 6%, Nov. 15, 1978__ 29,775 Total 311,678 the revitalizing benefits of the open coun $25, 000 N.Y. State Mtg. Agency, tryside and woodlands. The vast pristine 5.7 % , Oct. 1, 1996______24,875 Total 1,463,465 Alaskan wilderness seems so far away 54,650 to us, but we know how important it is RICHARD L. AND BETTY ANN OTTINGER ScHED to preserve there, for our Nation and our ULE OF ASSETS OF VARIOUS TRUSTS OF VVHICH Cash (Overdrawn)------(660) world, for all Alaskans and all people RICHARD L. OTTINGER IS INCOME BENEFI everyWhere; what we need not plunder. CIARY AS OF ]4ARCH 31, 1978 Total ------97,075 The consensus bill reported by the In Number of The above securities are not reflected as as terior Committee and the Merchant Ma Shares or Current Mar sets of Betty Ann Ottinger since she is only Par Value Description ket value rine Committee to designate t'he national an income beneficiary of the Trusts. This interest lands in Alaska is the result of Stocks schedule is prepared for informational 400 American Telephone purposes. an enormous amount of study and ef Telegraph Co ------$ 24, 500 ScHEDULE 3 fort. In general, it is a well balanced pro 3,000 Anheuser Busch, Inc___ 61, 875 RICHARD L. AND BETTY ANN OTTINGER posal. Its major defect lies in the area. 400 Atlantic Richfield Co__ 18,350 of wilderness designation. The 2.3 million 280.60 International Business ScHEDULE OF TAXES PAID IN 1977 ]4a.chine Corp______66, 081 Federal income tax ______$32,431.00 acre Misty Fjords Wilderness Area in 3,600 Perkin Elmer Corp____ 65, 250 State and local income tax______8, 556.97 southeast Alaska should be restored to 1,800 Sears Roebuck & Co-- 40, 275 New York and District of Colum- the proposal, and nearly 10 million acres bia property tax ______15,375.00 of designated wilderness acreage should 276,331 be restored to the proposed wildlife Total taxes paid ______56,362.97 refuges. Bonds Alaska. provides habitat vital to species 40,000 Xerox Corp., 8.2%, 11/1/82 40, 050 • 30,000 Nevada Housing Div., of animals that have been practically 4.8%, 4/1/86______29,070 extirpated in the lower 48 States. The 25,000 Pennsylvania, 4~ %, PERSONAL EXPLANATION great grizzly bear, symbol of the Ameri 7/1/2000 ------19,378 can wilderness, still survives in the hin 15,000 New York, N.Y., 5%, terlands of Yellowstone and Glacier Na 5/1/91 ------10, 054 HON. ROMANO L. MAZZOLI tional Parks, but even there, pressures 15,000 Federal Land Banks, 8.15%, OF KENTUCKY mount as backcountry hiking and camp 4/20/82 ------15,075 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing increase. The timber wolf survives 30,000 Puerto Rico Common- in the United States outside Alaska. only wealth, 4.5%, 7/1/97___ 20,372 Tuesday, May 16, 1978 25,000 Ascension, St. James on Isle Royale in Lake Superior and in Bridge & Ferry Auth. La., • Mr. MAZZOLI. Mr. Speaker, due to northern Minnesota. Alaska also pro 4.45%, ll/1/200L----- 20,500 responsibilities in my district, I was ab- vides summer breeding and nesting habt- May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13997 tat to many species of waterfowl, shore conclusions about the meaning of the are starting to smoke marijuana at increas birds, and other birds that migrate to President's attack: ingly younger ages, that more than half of areas throughout the Western Hemi MAY 8, 1978. them have smoked It, and that nearly two sphere, including New Jersey. Congressman WILLIAM L. DICKINSON, thirds think there is nothing wrong with Wilderness designation of the wildlife Rayburn House Office Buliding, smoking it. Washington, D.C. "Smoking pot has gone from being a devi refuges in Alaska will provide the strong ant behavior to a majority behavior," said est possible assurance that these areas DEAR BILL: All of us down here are mighty well pleased to learn that the trouble with Dr. Lloyd D. Johnston of the University of will never be changed from their present the country is that it is overlawyered and Michigan,, who directed the drug-use study. wildness. We will lose nothing by provid underrepresented. While marijuana usage has increased ing wilderness protection to these lands. All the time we have been thinking our sharply in high schools, use of almost all The consensus bill has omitted from the trouble was that we were overtaxed and un other drugs has remained the same as in conservation units it proposes the great derpresidented. 1975 or declined, the study shows. Troubled With highest personal regards, I am, by drug problems in the suburban Wash majority of land with the highest poten ington school system, Fairfax County police tial for development of oil, gas, and min Yours very truly, RALPH SMITH, Jr.e said recently they will place undercover erals. Those areas proposed as wildlife agents in the county's high schools. refuges have been determined as being Interviews with students at three high more important as wildlife habitat than SURVEY OF MARIHUANA USAGE schools in different areas of the County, as energy reserves. which has a highly rated school system and AMONG TEENAGERS an annual median family income of $28,500, The proposed minerals access process, indicate that regular marijuana users be also, should be strengthened. It provides HON. ROMANO L. MAZZOLI lieve the drug enriches their learning about for oil and gas leasing on nonwilderness academic subjects and about "life" and gives portions of wildlife refuges at the discre OF KENTUCKY them a "distance" from their problems that tion of the Secretary of the Interior. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES helps them relax. Drug researchers dispute Such decisions on leasing should not be Tuesday, May 16, 1978 the students' views. left to the discretion of one person, but Regular marijuana smokers interviewed in shouid be made the responsibility of Con • Mr. MAZZOLI. Mr. Speaker, those who the county agreed that too much marijuana favor decriminalization of marihuana-a is dangerous. "Pot is just another obstacle gress, with opportunity for public input. position with which I disagree-should you have to deal with in growing up," said Finally, the consensus bill has rejected read carefully the following article, en Cynthia from Fort Hunt High. all provisions for cooperative State and titled "Marijuana Use by Teen-Agers Marijuana for teen-agers is what martinis Federal management of certain Federal and Valium are to the teen-agers' parents, Grows Sharply, Survey Shows," which according to Dr. Allan Cohen, a clinical psy lands, and rightly so. The State of Alas appeared in the May 9, 1978, Washington ka chose 104 million acres of land with chologist for the Pacific Institute for Re Post: search and Evaluation in California, a cen high potential for development. To al ter for drug abuse information funded by low the State control over Federal lands [From the Washington Post, May 9, 1978] MARIJUANA UsE BY TEENAGERS GROWS federal grants. as well, other than in an advisory capac SHARPLY, SURVEY SHOWS Cohen, who has spent 15 years in mari ity, would be both unnecessary and un juana research, said "undoubtedly some wise. (By Blaine Harden) adolescents are self-medicating themselves Mr. Speaker, never before has this Don, a junior at Chantilly High School in against stress." But Cohen, along with other Fairfax County, claims that six years of daily drug researchers interviewed, said most high House been called upon to make such marijuana smoking have helped him become school students use marijuana to fill in the momentous land conservation decisions. more interested in life. At home there is fre empty spaces in their lives. Our Nation has made many mistakes in quently "nothing to do," but a walk in the Students in the Fairfax high schools agreed the past, and we have learned much from woods to smoke marijuana, Don says, fills that when they face a boring class or an them. Now we have a second chance in his mind with "80 million things to do that empty afternoon at home after school before I never thought of." their parents return from their jobs nothing Alaska. We face Alaska now as we faced Cynthia, senior at Fort Hunt High in Fair the West 200 years ago. Let us not make fills the hours like smoking marijuana. fax, says she has smoked marijuana four "I figure if you have to go to some idiotic the same mistakes in Alaska now that times a week for four years and argues that class," says Teresa, a 16-year-old junior at we made then, by not preserving enough "pot won't mess you up unless you are going Fort Hunt High, "you might as well get high land. We are deciding, not the fate of a to mess up anyway." · and enjoy it." At Chantilly High, 17-year-old single State, but a significant part of the These views-sharply challenged by anum Christy says, "If I have a test and I know I'm destiny of our Nation. For these lands ber of medical authorities-may help ac not going to do well, instead of sitting there count for what an authoritative University (in class) and fretting. I might as well en are national lands, our national heritage, of Michigan survey calls a sharp increase and our bequest to generations to come. joy it." in daily marijuana use among high school Cohen said high school marijuana smokers I urge my colleagues to support the seniors since 1975. According to the study, use the drug to endure boring classes, to consensus bill with amendments to widely regarded as the most comprehensive make up for a lack of goals and, often, sim strengthen the provisions for additional and accurate assessment of American teenage ply to talk with each other. drug use, one of 11 seniors now smokes "In the old days, it was possible that kids wilderness acreages and for the minerals marijuana daily. access process, and to oppose any would get together and talk and enjoy each The findings are alarming to many medi other's company. Now that group (regular amendments to weaken its conservation cal and drug authorities, who express fears marijuana smokers) finds it hard to com provisions or to allow partial State con that frequent marijuana use may have many, municate unless they are stoned. Then they trol over Federallands.e harmful long-term effects on the students. really don't have to communicate," Cohen Many high school students dismiss these says. fears and refuse, for instance, to consider Although no long-term studies of high "TOOK A SHOT" marijuana a drug. school marijuana users have been conducted, "Marijuana," insisted one Fairfax County Cohen said that clinical evidence and infor student, "isn't a drug. It's just something mation gathered by counseling agencies in HON. WILLIAM L. DICKINSON that's around, sorta like blue jeans." dicl.tes that chronic marijuana usage is re OF ALABAMA The percentage of the nation's high school lated to decreased academic performance, seniors who smoke marijuana daily has in truancy and a decreased abllity for objective IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES creased from 6 percent to 9.1 percent, ac self-appraisal. Tuesday, May 16, 1978 cording to the University of Michigan study. "What researchers and teachers are wor "Researchers don't know about the long ried about," Cohen said, "is that this his e Mr. DICKINSON. Mr. Speaker, re range ramifications of these figures," said torically unique amount of daily intoxica cently the President "took a shot," with Dr. Robert C. Peterson, assistant director of tion may postpone maturity. Adolescence is some very tough rhetoric, aimed indis the research division of the National Insti a time when people must learn to make de criminately at all the lawyers and doctors tute on Drug Abuse in Rockville. cisions, resolve conflicts and form their iden of our Nation. "I think, though, there is reason to be tities." worried. Show me any example in history Researchers such as Cohen, Peterson at A very respected lawyer from my State where a drug made people any better able the National Institute for Drug Abuse and of Alabama sent me the following to cope with the difficulties of living." Johnston at the University of Michigan say thoughts that came to his mind after The study of high school seniors shows they think regular marijuana smoking by being attacked by the President. I com that marijuana is almost universally avail high school students may stop students from mend to my colleagues, Ralph Smith's able to high school students, that students "growing up" as they grow older. "The real 13998 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 world does not have much patience with a am inserting this report in anticipation hence, 11111ited consideration of carrier alter 22-year-old masquerading as a 16-yea.r-old," of congressional action on the new car natives. Land-based aircraft, missile tech Cohen said. rier and urge my colleagues to give it the nology, and remotely piloted vehicles were St udents interviewed in Fairfax high not seriously considered because they did schools claim marijuana has none of these closest attention. not conform to the assumptions. As a re adverse effects, unless it is abused. They The text of the report follows: sult, the study recommended a._ continua often cite newspaper and television reports THE CASE AGAINST THE NUCLEAR AmCRAFT tion of the carrier centered Navy." that say that researchers have found no dan CARRIER The Naval Force Planning Study only con gerous short-term effects on health from (A report to the Arms Control and Military tinues the trend. The assumption of a car moderat e usage. Smoking marijuana daily, Affairs Committee of Members of Congress rier centered Navy is continued. "Because they say, is moderate usage. for Peace Through Law, by Representative uncertainty increases as we look further into "When I'm high," says a 17-year-old PAT SCHROEDER, May 1978) the future, military capab111ties must be bal junior from Fort Hunt, "I'm in a good mood anced and flexible to deal with a range of !or learning. I never get too excited for a The debate on the future of the aircraft possible world environments. Primary among test or too depressed to pay attention. carrier involves two interrelated questions. these will be versatile naval forces, the cen "Growing up is hard. There are a lot of The first is how many carriers should we terpiece of which will continue to be car ups and downs. Now that pot has been in have? The second concerns what type of car riers because they contribute heavily both troduced in the high schools, things have riers we should build if additional construc to control of the seas in high threat areas calmed down." tion is necessary. The first question is the and to the outcome of battles ashore." Again Dr. Keith Schuchard, an English teacher more basic of the two. It requires that we go competing alternatives were ignored. at DeKalb Junior College in Atlanta and back to the development of our national That such studies have been largely self the mother of a 15-year-old who used to strategy, the missions that strategy entails serving should not be surprising. Simply put smoke marijuana regularly, said the idea and our choice of varying means to carry out those missions. From those assessments force the Navy is wedded to the carrier. of an adolescent who does not get either Just as the Air Force built in assumptions excited or depressed is repulsive. level requirements are generated including a determination of our need for aircraft car and scenarios to favor the B-1 in its studies, "The whole 'laid back' thing when you so these Navy in-house dominated studies see it in a 14-or 15-year-old is not very riers. Once this is decided the second ques tion becomes relevant. have been structured so as to confirm Navy pret ty," said Schuchard, who organized 40 budgets and force level requirements. families in an affiuent suburb of Atlanta to In more concrete terms relevant to the de bate that confronts the Congress this year, It was only through rigorous review by the stop teen-age marijuana use. Carter Administration that the B-1 was She said that she and other neighborhood the first question becomes what should the roles and missions of the Navy be, and must dropped in favor of the more cost-effective parents, whom she did not know until the cruise missile. As complete and objective an m arijuana problem emerged, "dismantled a we have 12 deployable carriers into the in definite future until the transition to VSTOL analysis is required of carrier force levels. drug-oriented life" for her son by eliminat I cannot say unequivocally that alterna ing some of the vacuums marijuana filled or VATOL platforms. Considerable controvery for him. began to swirl around this question when it tives to the carrier would be more cost-ef The neighborhood parents group, which was reported in the press that the draft Con fective across a broad range of missions. teen-agers called "PSP" "Parents' Snoop Pa solidated Guidance Memorandum from the There is, however, evidence that in some mis trol," did not r-.llow unsupervised parties, Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) for sions alternatives are a better bet for the unaccounted for spending money or "hang the out fiscal years recommended that the taxpayer. The Congressional Budget Office ing-around time." Navy deemphasize its power projection mis last year in a study titled "The U.S. Sea The program worked, Schuchard said, and sion on the fianks of NATO and focus instead Control Mission: Forces, Capabilities, and she is now instructing parents in other At on its primary responsibility, sea control, and Requirements" demonstrated significant sav lanta suburbs about how to start up their the projection of power in lower threat areas. ings for land based air defense in the Atlan own PSPs. This refocusing, it was apparently argued, tic in support of the sea control mission. In Fairfax, high school students say such would allow the Navy to drop its carrier re These savings, which range in the study be a program would not do any good because quirement to 10 deployable decks. tween 2.3 and 6.6 billion dollars depending parents do not have enough time for that While Secretary Brown in a later appear upon various options chosen, accrue largely kind of supervision and marijuana smoking ance before the Seapower Subcomll1ittee re because many of the carriers assets become is not a problem that parents can solve. affirmed, if lukewarmly, his support for the superfluous to overall defense requirements Students interviewed agreed that they are traditional missions of the Navy and opted in the Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom the ones responsible for learning how to to maintain 12 deployable decks for the fu (G-I-UK) gap. use marijuana. ture the issue remains moot. I continue to One of the most frequently heard argu remain uneasy over the lack of attention that ments from proponents of additional car "It's like learning to drive a car," a Chan has been paid to alternatives to the carrier tilly High junior says. "Some kids can't riers is that failure to maintain 12 deploy including the utilization of land based air, able decks would lead to a reduction of our figure it out, but most everybody else has and current VSTOL, cruise missile and re no problems.''e current forward deployments. The Navy cur motely piloted vehicle technology. The 12 rently argues that three carriers are needed deployable carrier requirement has not been fully justified on a strict cost-effectiveness for each of the four carriers that are cur THE CASE AGAINST THE NUCLEAR basis in my 111ind. The cost of another carrier rently forward deployed (Two each in the AIRCRAFT CARRIER demands that it be so. Pacific and the Mediterranean). Again op Supporters of the carrier will no doubt tions are available. The home porting of a point to numerous studies on carrier force second carrier in the Western Pacific (either HON. THOMAS J.DOWNEY level requirements to justify additional con Japan or Subic Bay, Philippines) would al OF NEW YORK struction. Three recent studies are of con low us to maintain current forward deploy ments with a reduced number of decks. Not IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES siderable note-the CVNX study initiated by then Secretary of Defense Schlesinger in late only does homeportlng allow higher deployed Tuesday, May 16, 1978 1975, the National Security Council study force levels with fewer total assets but also greater on-station time. Substantial savings o Mr. DOWNEY. Mr. Speaker, when the submitted by the Ford Administration in January, 1977 and the recently completed could result from removing the need for Congress considers the defense author Naval Force Planning Study (Sea Plan 2000) additional carrier construction and subse ization bill for fiscal year 1979, one of the directed by the Carter Administration. The quent operational costs as well as by short most controversial items will be the addi sad truth is that such studies have gener ening the logistics tail support for carriers tion to the President's budget of a new ated carrier requirements after assull1ing al that are forward deployed. nuclear Nimitz-class aircraft carrier. The ternatives out of existence. Even assuming current deployment, over Armed Services Committees of both In a critique of the CVNX study, for in haul and training schedules, a drop to eleven Houses added this $2.130 billion super stance, the Congressional Research Service deployable decks would mean only a three carrier to the procurement bill. concluded that, "The future need for air month period out of the year when four car craft carriers is treated entirely by implica riers could not be forward deployed. That gap I am certain that efforts will be made tion. There is ample discussion of our pres could be filled by the deployment of addi on the floor to delete this aircraft carrier. ent need for carrier based tactical air power, tional land-based air or ships including the To assist Members in their considera but scant discussion of how long we will new general purpose helicopter assault ship tion, Representative PAT SCHROEDER has continue to need it, or alternative ways of (LHA). With a displacement of 39,000 tons written a report on "The Case Against performing tasks now assigned to carrier and the capability of embarking 1,800 Marines the Nuclear Aircraft Carrier" for the based tactical air." the LHA was considered by both Secretary Similarly the General Accounting qmce Schlesinger and Secretary Rumsfeld as capa Arms Control and Military Affairs Com in a discussion of the NSC study noted that ble of performing a wide range of functions. mittee of Members of Congress for Peace "Although the study discussed new technol As Rumsfeld noted in his fiscal year 1977 Through Law (MCPL). ogy, it assumed that sea-based aircraft and Annual Defense Department Report, "These As chairman of the MCPL Arms Con the carrier's special utility for perforll1ing ships are equivalent in size to the old World trol and Military Affairs Committee, I peacetime !unctions were indispensable and, Warn Essex-class carriers, match the size of May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 13999 the Soviets' new carrier, the Kiev, and while fiscal constraints. At the end of the last carrier task groups fully capable. Secretary not as formidable as a carrier in some re fiscal year the Navy still had 42 ships back Brown in his appearance before the Seapower spects, could perform a wide range of func logged for overhaul to bring their material Subcommittee this year listed as one of two tions in a crisis." Tangible signs of commit readiness up to par. The trend is up, but priority needs for the Navy improved air ment to allies and power projection are not as Read Admiral Bulkeley, President of the defense capab1Uty. While air defense is not the sole providence of the carrier. Board of Inspection and Survey testified last provided solely through surface ships, the There are advantages and disadvantages to year, "We have turned around the material deployment of Aegis with ships in support all options as well as cost assessments that condition of the fleet but we still have a long of the carrier is considered a high priority need to be carefully calculated. But the costs way to go." (emphasis added) by the Navy. For the procurement price of of a decision to precede with the acquisition As to aircraft readiness Admiral Holloway another Nimitz carrier and its airwings it of another carrier demand such a complete testified this year in his Posture Statement would be possible at FY '79 prices to procure analysis. The 2.2 billion dollar cost of the that, "Fleet aircraft material readiness un the 7 DDG 47's in the Carter 5-year plan to repeat Nimitz the House Armed Services Com derwent a steady decline from fiscal year 1972 upgrade air defense for our conventionally mittee has recommended is just the tip of through fiscal year 1976, reaching an all time powered carriers with about $3 billion to the iceberg. The recently issued Sea-Based low during the later fiscal year." Although spare. The $3 billion is approximately equal Air Platform Study has estimated that the as the Admiral notes in fiscal year 1977 and to the procurement cost of 3 new follow-on 30 year life-cycle cost of such a ship and its 1978 this trend was reversed, "the fiscal year Aegis equipped nuclear cruisers of the Vir a.irwings at between 18 and 25 billion dol 1979 level of funding will not sustain this ginia class with spare change left over to lars depending upon the type of aircraft to rate. It is anticipated that fiscal year 1979 backfit Aegis into a fourth cruiser. Alterna be procured. Such cost figures do not even aircraft material readiness will decrease with tively, for the life-cycle cost of the nuclear take into account the additional costs that the annual average being equivalent to that carrier and its airwings the Navy could pro would be associated with the procurement of achieved in fiscal year 1977." cure at FY '79 prices its stated requirement nuclear powered escorts to protect the carrier. In his assessment of the current naval for 15 DDG 47's and 4 new Aegis nuclear Admiral Holloway has testified that the balance this year Admiral Holloway stated, cruisers with at least $5 billion to spare. surface escorts for a nuclear carrier should "In the event of conflict the U.S. could prob While these escort requirements are still number at least three if only cne is an Aegis ably retain control of the North Atlantic sea somewhat controversial and subject to equipped ship. The Congress has currently lanes to Euroue, but would suffer serious loss change because of the reevaluation of needs authorized and appropriated funds for 9 non es to both U.S. and allied shipping in the and the tradeoffs that can be made among Aegis nuclear cruisers, the last of which will early stages. . . . If Pacific fleet assets were various systems in performing certain mis be delivered in 1980. Given Admiral Hollo to be shifted to the European theater in a sions, the point is fairly clear. High value way's requirements the construction of an NATO conflict, the U.S. forces remaining in nuclear ships such as the Nimitz will also additional nuclear carrier would reouire the the Pacific would be sufficient to protect the mean fewer ships at a time when the Navy construction of at least one additional nu sealanes from the continental U.S. to Hawaii is concerned over the size of the fleet. The clear Aegis equipped cruiser and one nuclear and Alaska, but only the mmtary lines of cost of another nuclear carrier will, in short exact tremendous opportunity costs. non-Aegis cruiser. communication to our allies in the Western The $18 billion investment in a nuclear If the Navy and the Department of De Pacific." fense can conclude after a thorough and ob carrier alone needs to be put into perspective. Last June's Congressional Budget Office A comparison between the Carter and Ford report on the U.S. sea control mission con jective review of alternatives that an ad Administration 5-yr shipbuilding programs ditional carrier is necessary and fiscally the cluded that currently, "even with present wisest choice, I find the CVV the preferred makes a good start. The Ford plan submitted missions unchanged, there· is a need to add alternative. Again supporters of the Nimitz in January, 1977 called for 156 new ships significantly to the surface escort force. Es and 20 modernizations of existing ships. The will undoubtedly trot out studies claiming cort force levels have fallen far short of DOD it is the most cost-effective carrier. Again, Carter plan submitted this year calls for goals, and modifications of total force re 70 new constructions and 13 modernizations. I would hasten to point out that such con quirements have not in themselves elimi clusions are largely the result of the assump The Carter plan thus represents a cut of 86 nated the gap between escort requirements new ships and 7 modernizations. While de tions under which the studies were con ferring for the moment on any arguments and escorts available to the fleet." In 1974 then Secretary Schlesinger enunci ducted. about how large a construction program we A case history is illustrative. In late 1975 should have, it is interesting to note that ated a requirement for 250 surface escorts, Secretary of Defense Schlesinger initiated the difference in cost between the Ford and 210 of which were to be in the active fleet. the CVNX study. A skeptic of carriers of Carter plans is $17 billion dollars. In other Secretary Brown, as far as I know, has not the Nimitz variety, Schlesinger called for words, we could, if these estimates are in the yet changed that requirement. The current an examination of the cost-effeotiveness of ballpark, procure those 86 new ships and 7 force level of cruisers, destroyers, and frigates smaller nuclear carriers (no conventionally additional modernizations for less than the at the end of fiscal year 1977 stood at 171. powered alternatives were considered). Dr. life cycle cost of a new Nimitz carrier and its For the procurement price of another Nim Schlesinger specifically desired to build a airwings. Nothing better states to me the itz carrier and its airwings we could purchase carrier that would cost less than the $2 bil opportunity costs of building large, high 46 frigates for the escort role in time of war. lion plus Nimitz and couched his guidance to value ships. To say that we have overemphasized power the Chief of Naval Operations strictly in Althoug some members of the Committee projection may be an understatement. The economic terms. He made no reference to would have us believe that money grows on Congressional Research Service recently cal missions or the types of aircraft such a car trees, we are realistically faced with a prob culated that roughly 65 % of our surface fleet rier would be capable of handling. lem of best allocating scarce resources. It is is primarily tasked with missions in support However, Admiral Holloway provided a unfortunate that the debate over the carrier of the U.S. Navy's 13 aircraft carriers. If different set of guidelines to the study group. this year has focused largely on a straight amphibious forces are added to this cate His guidance called for a carrier that "will up and down comparison of the relative gory then roughly 83% of our surface ves be capable of operating modern aircraft capabilities of the CVN versus the CVV. The sels could be said to be oriented toward across all the Navy's missions". (emphasis real question is what we incrementally gain power projection. added) A Congressional Research Service from spending a sum of money on a CVN Now the Armed Services Committee is ask analysis of the guidance noted that this versus what we gain from spending it in ing the House to build yet another power "implies that the carrier must be able to other ways. projection ship at a time when the Navy's operate F-14 and heavy attack aircraft and ability to control the sea lanes is being ques Admiral Holloway testified before the Sen be able to survive in the most severe threat tioned. environment a naval force can be expected ate Armed Services Committee last year It may be argued by some that an em that he believed we should have enough nu to face today, that is, the saturation attack phasis on sea control is ill-advised in light conducted by coordinated land, air, ship and clear powered task groups to constitute a of the short war scenarios which are cur "strategically significant segment of the submarine opposition near the Soviet home rently in vogue. Sea control they might claim land." CRS concluded, "With these guide fleet." "My personal view of the number of would be most important in an extended carrier task groups needed ranges from a lines the subsequent finding that a Nimitz conventional war in Europe since convoys follow-on class is required is assured." low of four to a high of six." While the more may not reach Europe in substantial num detailed justifications for such numbers re bers until the third week of war. While this The type of scenario the carrier is forced mained unexplored at that time, it is clear argument has some merit, the ability to to operate in will usually determine which that at least the minimal requirement for successfully exert sea control, at the very is cost-effective. As the Sea-Based Air Plat nuclear carriers will be met by the com least, represents a vital hedge against a form Study showed this year there is gen missioning of the Vinson in the early 80's longer war. If we do not have the capability erally no one superior cost-effective platform and that with service life extension to the to fight a longer war the U.S. might well be across all scenarios. Power projection sce Enterprise we will retain these carriers in forced to choose between the use of tactical narios in the highest threat areas do tend to the active force well past the year 2000. The nucle~r weapons, with the consequent threat relatively favor the Nimitz. The Navy jumps same cannot be said for other Navy require of escalation, or surrender, should the course on this relative advantage to justify the cost ments. of the war favor the Soviets. Sea control of the nuclear carrier. At a most fundamental level the material capabilities thus increase our options and But the greater relative effectiveness of the readiness of the Navy's ships and aircraft give the Soviet Union more to think about. Nimitz class carrier is overshadowed by their still remain well below par largely due to Still we have needs to make our current absolute vulnerability. There is no question 14000 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 but that the carrier would be extremely dif OVNX study in comparing the air wings of a sented data to the Seapower Subcommittee ficult to sink, but it is subject to being easily Nimitz sized carrier and a smaller nuclear on procurement costs of the proposed nu put out of action. The Sea-Based Air Plat carrier with approximately the size airwing clear powered strike cruiser and a hypotheti form Study confirms that 2-5 missile hits of the CVV concluded that in tasks other cal strike cruiser that was conventionally yield a significant probablllty that a CVN than power projection the two wings were powered. Everything was held constant ex would be put immediately out of action. roughly comparable if the CVV was · con cept for the propulsion system. The procure "Immediate out of action" as defined by the figured for sea control. The CVV is as Secre ment cost for the nuclear cruiser was study "means the ship is unable to launch tary Claytor said this year, " ... by any ac $1,014,000,000 in FY 78 prices, the conven or recover aircraft for at least one hour after count a highly capable weapons system." It is tional cruiser $766,000,000. Four conventional the attack. The ship is inoperable at least a sound alternative to another Nimitz in cruisers could thus be procured for the price for a short time, and may also be inoperable those roles the oa.rrier can be expected to suc of 3 nuclear cruisers. These equal cost buys, for a much longer time or indefinitely." cessfully perform. however, yield the following differences in The Navy's stock reply to the vulnerablllty There is no denying that there are certain weapons capablllties: of carriers to cruise missiles is that in 1969, advantages to nuclear power including un nine major caliber bombs exploded on the limited propulsion endurance, the abi11ty to (4) Con flight deck of the Enterprise, the first nuclear sustain high speeds and thus reduce long (3) Nuclear ventional carrier, and that she was judged to have been transit times, as well as greater freedom from able to resume flight operations within sev logistic support. But the ut1lity of such ad ASW Helicopters______6 8 eral hours. vantages is highly situation specific. The ad 8" guns______3 4 I have always found myself somewhat vantages of nuclear power can thus be over Close-in weapons systems___ 6 8 amused by this example. The presumption stated. Some examples make this point. Aegis systems______3 4 seems to be that the inablllty to operate 1. While the nuclear carriers endurance Sonars ------3 4 aircraft for several hours is no big deal and and abi11ty to maintain high speed is a sig Harpoon antiship missiles __ 48 64 that the luxury of repairing the damage and nificant advantage in terms of time of transit Tomahawk cruise missiles ___ 24 32 resuming operations would be as available at distances of around 8,000 miles, that bene Missile launchers______6 8 in wartime as it was to the Enterprise in fit is greatly discounted in shorter transits. peacetime. If the carrier cannot operate its If a 4,000 mile transit is assumed (e.g. the All else being equal, the larger the number aircraft it is basically useless, as are its distance from the Western Atlantic to the of ships makes the conventional battle group escorts whose sole function is to protect the eastern Mediterranean and thus a likely sce more resistant to battle damage. Not only is carrier. In such circumstances the carrier nario in a NATO war) both a conventional the number of targets increased but fewer would have to high-tall it for safety, if it task force and a nuclear task force would hits can be expected because of the larger could. One would also have to assume th~t arrive at approximately the same time. While number of defensive systems. Also because of the carrier would be struck while conducting the nuclear carrier could sustain high inten the larger number of ships the loss of 1 or 2 air operations. If the carrier is unable to sity combat for 10 days without replenish recover its aircraft for the period it is out is less severe a problem in the conventional ment upon arrival, the conventional carrier task group. of commission they would have nowhere to could do so for 2 to 3 days. Given the lethality land other than in the drink. The carrier This type of comparison is significant since of modern warfare that is probably all the supporters of nuclear power wm argue that may be able to resume operations in several time it would take for the outcome to be hours, but it may not have any aircraft to Navy studies have shown that the life-cycle decided. costs of nuclear and conventional task forces operate. 2. Proponents of the nuclear carrier point The vulnerabU1ty of the carrier would be are roughly equal. You may wonder how that to the fact that the nuclear carrier has a. 13 can be when on a ship for ship basis nuclear meaningless if we could be assured that no to 15 year fuel supply built into its propul cruise missiles would hit the carrier. Sup powered vessels cost 30% more than their sion system and fret about the dwindling conventional counterparts. Equality in cost porters of the Nimitz and its high threat supply of fuel for conventionally powered power projection mission point to the sub in achieved by using fewer escorts in the carriers. Again this advantage seems over nuclear powered task force. The above com stantial upgrading of fleet air defense that stated. DOD, even as the largest single user will accompany the full deployment of F-14's parison in m111tary effectiveness is valid. The of the nation's energy, accounts for only 1.7 two task forces that are being compared in and the incorporation of the Aegis anti-air percent of the total national consumption. warfare system into carrier escorts. the Navy studies are not equal in their anti Of that 1.7 percent only 11 percent goes for air and anti-submarine capab1lities. The GAO bas done several summaries of ship operations. The U.S. is also currently in Navy and DOD studies on the Aegis system. Finally numbers are important from a per the process of building a b11llon barrel stra ceptual point of view. In debates over the I would urge my colleagues to read them. To te)?ic petroleum reserve. In time of war there quote from the conclusion of one of those relative strengths of the U.S. and Soviet will be oil for the milltary. In any event, navies a lot of facts and figures get tossed studies published last year: fossil fuel will be required to operate aircraft "It is generally agreed that no present around-numbers of ships, total tonnage, from either a nuclear or conventioned carrier. numbers and types of arma.ments-but I or proposed aircraft interceptor or area SAM 3. While less dependent on logistical sup system can prevent some saturation missiles have never heard anyone focus on ship port nuclear ships are not free from such propulsion. from getting through, despite the great so needs. Although they require no fuel oil, phistication of air defense technology. There 'I1he House's overwhelming rejection of the nuclear ships are dependent on supoport ships Stratton amendment to add $2.4 b11lion to · is a good chance that some of these leakers for ammunition. supplies, and aircraf+; fuel. will put carriers out of action." the First Budget Resolution clearly demon rt is a waste of resources to plan our naval strates that this body is unwil11ng to spend The carrier is highly likely to face such a forces exclusively on the basis of the need unlimited amounts of money on defense. saturation attack if it ventures near Soviet for long. high speed tra11sits. to be followed waters or attempts to project power on the This makes it urgent that we prioritize and by extended engagements. We wm have four ensure that our investments are the wisest flanks of NATO. nuclear task groups. That is enough given Ironically it has been pointed out both in ones. The CVV is not cheap. But it would other demands on our defense dollars. result in life-cycle cost savings of from $5 to the Naval Force Planning Study and by Sec The greatest drawback of nuclear ships is $7 b111ion, enough money, at current prices, retary Brown this year to the Seapower Sub their expense. Nuclear ships wlll mean fewer to procure 12-17 attack submarines. committee that not even a nuclear powered ships. and a conseouent inabllity to increase Design work on the CVV is not far enough task force could venture into high threat the size of the fleet. According to a 1975 De advanced to award a contract in fiscal year areas until that threat bad been attrited by nartment of Defense estimate, the Ion~ range 1979, but the Administration has included land-based air and antisubmarine warfare impact of buying all nuclear powered strike such a carrier in its plans for fiscal year 1980. forces. Thus carriers, except at grave risk, force surface combatants could be to reduce The lapse of a year w111 give the Administra would not be able to project power on the the number of strike combatants by about tion time to study alternatives and fully flanks of NATO in the crucial early stages of 25 to 35 ships than if the same amount of justify the need for another carrier. In either a war, and according to some sources up to money were to be spent on comparable con case, the investment in a fifth nuclear carrier 90-120 days after the onset of a war. ventionally powered ships. is a bad choice.e The Nimitz carrier simply cannot effective And numbers of ships are important! This ly accomplish what it was maximixed to do Is most apparent in sea control where thou and it is too gold plated to be worth the sands of miles of ocean must be covered. No GOVERNMENT EXEC~VE ON price iti other tasks where many of its assets one ship. no matter how capable can be in ADMINISTRATOR JAY SOLOMON become superfluous. Bigger and better does two places at once. But numbers are also not mean cost-effective. imPortant in battle engagements. Jf a com The CVV, while retaining some power pro parison is made between the effectiveness of HON. HENRY S. REUSS jection capabilities, would be designed pri equal cost carrier task f!I"Oups that are on marily for sea control, the Navy's primary station, then the conventional force is more OF WISCONSIN responsiblllty, and would not demand the effective than the all-nuclear one. Because IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES large numbers of offensive aircraft carried by they are less costly conventional ships can Tuesday, May 16, 1978 the Nimitz. The CVV would emphasize air be procured in greater quantities. and more defense while providing sufficient offensive ships mean more offensive and defensive • Mr. REUSS. Mr. Speaker, since Jay capab111ty to engage any Soviet surface ships systems or more firepower. Solomon, Administrator of the General that are deployed in the open ocean. The As an example last year the Navy pre- Services Administration, took over, the May 16, 1978 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 14001 GSA has played a major role in the re areas so as to avoid conflicts with high of fragmented land ownership and in vitalization of our Nation's distressed potential areas for oil and gas deposits. holdings in co:;1servation system units cities. The May issue of Government Only 5 percent of these lands are re that would be neither in the State nor Executive cites Mr. Solomon and his moved from future exploitation. One Federal interest. agency as playing a key role in the suc third of the lands classified by the U.S. At the same time that it seeks these cess of the President's urban policy. Geological Survey as less favorable are State inholdings, the State administra With a Presidential mandate behind within the bill's boundaries. These also, tion is promoting State-Federal classifi it, GSA is starting to put U.S. Govern however, contain some of Alaska's most cation of national interest lands through ment employees back into the cities. It productive waterfowl nesting areas. Here a politically appointed joint commission. is pushing to open up GSA business to the choice has been made, and rightly The Carter administration and the In more small and minority businesses. It is so, that the preservation of a critical terior Committee unequivocally rejected developing the "living buildings" con habitat outweighs the benefits to be this proposal for State participation cept-the idea of turning Federal build gained from the development of these in Federal lands management. And wisely ings back to their owners. the taxpapers, lesser quality resource deposits. so, because the basic thrust of the State's for community purposes. Mr. Solomon is More than two-thirds of Alaska's proposal is to manage the national in also credited with bringing $2 million to lands lie outside of the proposed con terest lands for developmental purposes $3 million of art into the buildings in the servation areas. These lands will remain in exchange for similar management of last year alone. open to resource development. Certainly State lands. This would defeat the pur The article in Government Executive the existence of the Alaska oil pipeline pose of the whole national interest lands notes that Mr. Solomon does not stand and the plans for a natural gas pipeline effort. These lands are intended for the on ceremony. He does not care if it hap signify our Nation's commitment to the national park, wildlife refuge, and river pens to be less than the top echelon of development of energy sources. Our systems, not multiple-use management. an agency coming to talk to him. Accord commitment to the preservation of un It is not even clear that the State will ing to Mr. Solomon: equaled natural splendor must likewise be able to manage its own lands for de It could be the man at the bottom-as long be strong. velopment purposes. This November in as he can tell us what they are planning so We must not pass up this important Alaska, voters will decide whether to dis we can work to eliminate the inevitable de chance to safeguard the lands and wild pose of 30 million acres of the State's lays caused by our being brought in at the life of Alaska. We must preserve the un land into private ownership on a first last minute. spoiled nature of these areas for all come-first-served basis. This "home Mr. Solomon works hard to know his Americans, today and for decades to steading" initiative would provide that customers' needs. When his people talk come.• grants of 40 to 60 acres, depending on to agencies he tells them to "lay it on the length of residency in Alaska, could the line." He says: be staked by the first individuals on the THE FATE OF NATIONAL INTEREST scene. There are no incentives for agencies tore LANDS IN ALASKA But the term "homestead" that initia play with you; you hav~ to communicate. And then, if necessary, take the problems to tive proponents use is misleading, since the appropriate committees in Congress. there is no requirement to farm or even HON. BRUCE F. VENTO live on the staked land in order to gain Mr. Solomon says the GSA is the busi OF MINNESOTA title. After 1 year, the owner could sell, ness end of the Federal Government. But IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES subdivide, or commit the land to any use. more than that, under his direction the Tuesday, May 16, 1978 And if the Alaskans' only requirement is GSA is a catalyst-a catalyst in there successfully challenged in court, as has vitalization of our cities.• • Mr. VENTO. Mr. Speaker, as the happened in the case of other Alaska House is about to debate the fate of laws, Alaskans could see a flood of "out federally owned national interest lands siders" eager to pick off the best of the ALASKA NATIONAL INTEREST in Alaska, it is instructive to look at how LANDS CONSERVATION ACT free land. Alaskans are dealing with the future of According to the initiative proponents, State lands. Under the Alaska Statehood over 28,000 voters, or more than twice HON. WILLIAM LEHMAN Act, the Congress gave the new State of the number required, have signed peti OF FLORIDA Alaska an unprecedented grant of 104.6 tions placing it on the ballot. Informed IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES million acres of land, an area the size of political opinion in Alaska is that this California, plus approximately 45 million scheme is almost certain to pass. Tuesday, May 16, 1978 acres of tide and submerged lands. To What are the ramifications of this e Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. Speaker, I wish date, the State has selected about 75 scheme for the National Interest Lands to reaffirm my support for the Alaska million acres of its statehood grant. for which Congress has responsibility? National Interest Lands Conservation These selections encompass much of the If Congress allows the State to select Act. This legislation is the . product of most habitable and economically valua portions of the National Interest Lands, lengthy and thorough review conducted ble lands in the State. As the Alaska the new conservation system units could by two committees. The new compromise Department of Natural Resources re become riddled with thousands of bill developed by the Interior Committee cently reported to the people of Alaska: "homesteads" staked on these State and the Merchant Marine Committee The existing state selected lands provide a selected lands for speculative and devel provides us with the opportunity to pre wide ranging balance of resource lands which opmental purposes. If Congress agrees serve for future generations the mag can be used to support the Alaskan economy. In many cases, state selections have high to place Federal lands in a new Federal nificent beauty and natural treasures of graded lands for particular resource poten State cooperative management system. it Alaska. tials. This is exemplified by our selection at could, overnight, become a one-sided Charges have been made that this bill Prudhoe Bay for oil and gas resources and deal with the Federal Government con constitutes a massive "lockup" of natural our selection of much of the best agricultural tributing lands to the "fifth system" f.or resources, and that we are preventing land in the state in the Matanuska, Susitna, multiple-use, but with the State losing the development of oil, gas, and mineral and Tanana river valleys. (emphasis added) its contributed lands to private appro deposits. These charges are misleading. Clearly, Congress intent in the Alaska priation under the initiative. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates Statehood Act that the new State be pro These major threats to the integrity that there is a total of 71.5 billion barrels vided a viable economic base has been of the National Interest Lands proposals of recoverable oil reserves in Alaska; 28.1 realized. Nonetheless, the State govern can be readily avoided: The House should billion barrels are located in onshore ment is now attempting to select part of flatly reject any proposed State selections deposits; and 43.4 billion are located off its remaining statehood eutitlement from of the new nati.onal conservation system shore. Just a small fraction of this the national interest lands-the new units. The State can select all of its re amount can be found within the bound national parks, wildlife refuges, and wild maining entitlement from a pool of more aries proposed in the new version of H.R. rivers being proposed by H.R. 39, on suitable lands not in conflict with H.R. 39. which we will soon be voting. 39 that it has identified in its own re The Interior Committee took care to The effect of such selections, if allowed source assessment. Furthermore, the draw the boundaries of the conservation by Congress, would be to create a pattern Congress should reject, as have the ad- 14002 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS May 16, 1978 ministration and the Interior Commit wilderness preservation movement. We don't realize is that, if that happens, they'll tee, any form of the State's pr.oposal for have no better reminder of these princi soon lose the very thing that gives them a a "fifth system" of joint classification of ples than the thoughts of Sigurd Olson. living now. Q : In listening to the local people, you State and Federal SENATE-Wednesday, May 17, 1978 The Senate met at 11:30 a.m. and was APPOINTMENT OF ACTING PRESI THE JOURNAL called to order by Hon. HARRY F. BYRD, DENT PRO TEMPORE JR., a Senator from the State of Virginia. Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. Presi The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk dent, I ask unanimous consent that the will please read a communication to the reading of the Journal of the proceed PRAYER Senate from the President pro tempore ings be dispensed with. The Chaplain, the Reverend Edward (Mr. EASTLAND). The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem L. R. Elson, D.O., offered the following The second assistant legislative clerk pore. Without objection, it is so ordered. prayer: read the following letter: U.S. SENATE, Eternal Father, in whom we live and PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE, ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC move and have our being, we offer our Washington, D.C., May 17, 1978 PRESERVATION work this day in service to Thee. Direct To the Senate: Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. Presi our energies. Control our thoughts and Under the provisions of rule I, section 3, dent, I ask unanimous consent that the feelings. Instruct our minds. Discipline of the Standing Rul.es of the Senate, I hereby Senate proceed to the consideration of our wills. Keep our eyes upon the ever appoint the Honorable HARRY F. BYRD, JR., a Senator from the State of Virginia, to per Calendar Order No. 722. lasting beauty Thou hast created. Let The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem our ears hear heavenly music. Use our form the duties of the Chair. JAMES 0. EASTLAND, pore. The bill will be stated by title. mouths to speak Thy truth. Make this President pro tempore. The assistant legislative clerk read as a day of obedience, a day of spiritual joy follows: and peace. Make this day's work a small Mr. HARRY F. BYRD, JR., thereupon A bill (S. 2699) to amend the act of June part of the kingdom of our Lord, in whose assumed the chair as Acting President 27, 1960 (74 Stat. 220), as amended by the name we pray. Amen. pro tempore. act of May 24, 1974 (88 Stat. 174, 176; 16 Statements or insertions which are not spoken by the Member on the floor will be identi1ied by the use of a "bullet" symbol, i.e., •