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Gender Roles and Stereotypes Revealed in Recent Best-Selling

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GENDER ROLES AND STEREOTYPES REVEALED IN RECENT BEST-SELLING ADOLESCENT LITERATURE: A CONTENT ANALYSIS A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ________________________________________________________________________ by DAWN CASTAGNO-DYSART Dr. Carol Gilles, Dissertation Supervisor DECEMBER, 2016 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School of the University of Missouri, have examined the dissertation entitled: GENDER ROLES AND STEREOTYPES REVEALED IN RECENT BEST-SELLING ADOLESCENT LITERATURE: A CONTENT ANALYSIS presented by Dawn Castagno-Dysart, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. _____________________________________ Professor Carol Gilles ______________________________________ Professor Lenny Sánchez _______________________________________ Professor Laurie Kingsley ________________________________________ Professor Linda Esser Dedicated to my Grandma Sadie Castagno who was the teacher I aspire to be. A woman who in a time when few men had a college degree, chose to obtain a master’s degree rather than remarry when her husband died. Thank you, Grandma for passing on your love of learning and teaching to me. Dedicated to my children, Owen and Gwendolyn who demonstrate daily what it means to be young feminists. Dedicated to my husband, Chris who has been beside me through this journey. Without his love and support I never would have made it. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My desire to earn a Ph.D. became a goal for me when I decided not to take the spot offered to me the University of Missouri Law School after earning my bachelor’s degree. I told myself that if I wasn’t going to law school I would someday get a Ph.D. And so, in August 2006, my journey as a Ph.D. student at the University of Missouri began. This has been a long journey for me spanning ten years. I began as a full-time student and then had my first child. I decided to take only one class a semester at that point. After having my second child I took a two-year maternity leave. When my daughter went to pre-school, I decided it was time to start back part-time. This has led me to this point, finally the end is in sight. I have worked with many amazing professors along the way. Dr. Laurie Kingsley was not only my instructor, but guided me through my first IRB submission and research project. She provided me with practical advice and was always willing to listen. Her classes were engaging and pushed me to analyze and think deeply about what I was reading and the assignments. Linda Esser stayed on my committee and was a second reader on my dissertation even though she retired. I appreciate her willingness to continue to provide me with guidance and feedback. Dr. Gilles has been and excellent advisor and made the dissertation writing process as painless as it can be. Not only have you guided me through my dissertation, but your multicultural children’s literature course gave me the background knowledge I needed for my dissertation. You encouraged me to consider new ways of thinking about ii various issues related to gender and feminism in children’s literature. Everything I have learned I am already using or planning to use in my new positon as a literacy specialist. I would like to say thank you to my fellow graduate student and friend, Ariel Robinson. I truly cannot express how much your friendship has meant to me. I never would have made it through the last year and a half without having you to listen and give me advice about not only my research, but my life. Honestly, my mental sanity would be in question if you had not been there for me. Of course I must acknowledge my parents. I learned the value of hard work at a young age when I started working at age 10 as a waitress at my father’s pizza restaurant. Those Sundays, which did not end until I graduated from college, greatly shaped me into the person I am today. I do not think my father realizes how much those Sundays mean to me. Just my dad and me working together. You can imagine over the years all the talks we had. It was from those Sundays that I learned the value of a hard work ethic, to never give up, and to always be honest. Both my parents taught me the value of an education and my parents told me from a young age that I could be anything I wanted to be. My mother has always been there to listen and give advice when I need it. She was my first running buddy and I love her for that. I will never be able to thank my parents enough for everything they have done for me. My children and husband have put up with so much as I have worked on this degree, especially as I have worked on my dissertation. I have to acknowledge them for their patience when I have been distracted or unable to do something with them because I have to “work on my dissertation.” These have been very common words over the last iii year. They will be extremely happy to never hear those words again. I cannot imagine my life without the support of my husband or my children. I love you all. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Rationale ......................................................................................................................... 2 Theoretical Frameworks ................................................................................................. 5 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 7 Definitions for This Study .............................................................................................. 8 Best Seller’s Book List ................................................................................................. 10 Limitations .................................................................................................................... 12 Dissertation Overview .................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 15 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 15 Feminist Literary Theory .............................................................................................. 15 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 15 Roots of Feminist Literary Theory ............................................................................ 16 Major Feminist Literary Theorists ............................................................................ 18 Feminist Literary Theory in the Last Twenty Years of the Twentieth Century ....... 23 Cultural Assumptions ................................................................................................ 26 A Look to the Future ................................................................................................. 27 Summary ................................................................................................................... 29 Gender Studies .............................................................................................................. 30 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 30 Gender Role Development ........................................................................................ 30 “Sex” and “Gender” .................................................................................................. 31 Role of Culture in Gender Development .................................................................. 31 Summary ................................................................................................................... 37 Children’s Literature ..................................................................................................... 37 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 37 Gender Bias in Children’s Books .............................................................................. 38 Gender Bias in Adolescent Literature……………………………………………………………………41 v Gender Bias in Caldecott Winning Books ................................................................ 42 Gender Bias in Newbery Award Winning Books ..................................................... 45 Gender Bias in Twilight and The Hunger Games ..................................................... 49 Summary ................................................................................................................... 54 Transactional Theory .................................................................................................... 55 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................
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