Spin Wave Technology Can Be Utilized to Improve the Design of the Magnetic Systems Used for Levitation and Propulsion in These Systems

Basics Of MagLev Transportation

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the basics of MagLev (Magnetic Levitation) transportation systems and then to go on to describe how spin wave technology can be utilized to improve the design of the magnetic systems used for levitation and propulsion in these systems. The primary advantage of spin wave technology over conventional electromagnetic systems is that the MagLev rails or MagLev guide ways can be dispensed with and the transportation compartment can be made to push against spin waves present in any type of ground material. This claim sounds extraordinary but in this chapter it will be explained in simple terms how it is possible. There are two main processes taking place in MagLev systems: levitation and propulsion. Electromagnetic systems are used for both functions. Usually, each electromagnetic system works independently of the other but some systems combine the electromagnetic designs into one system that both lifts and propels. Both the levitation and the propulsion functions are based on utilizing the push of opposing magnetic fields and/or the pull of attracting magnetic fields. Here are some links to give you the basics of the EM (electromagnetic) theory involved.

233 Chapter 41 Click on the little diagrams at these first two links:

♦ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/ magfie.html#c1 ♦ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/ faracon.html#c1

At the following link just skip down to Chapter 31 if you want:

♦ http://maxwell.byu.edu/~spencerr/websumm122/web.html

If your browser has Java enabled then try these links:

♦ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/ magneticlines2/ ♦ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/faraday2/ ♦ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/lenzlaw/ ♦ http://www.micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/ pulsedmagnet/

MagLev systems usually use either LIM (Linear Induction Motor) or (LSM (Linear Synchronous Motor) propulsion so here are some sites about these motors:

♦ http://unofficial.capital.edu/admin-staff/dalthoff/lim.html ♦ http://www.theproductfinder.com/motors/elemot.htm ♦ http://www.nctransportation.com/LinearMotor.html ♦ http://www.prod.sandia.gov/cgi-bin/techlib/access-control.pl/ 1995/951268.pdf ♦ http://www.baldor.com/pdf/brochures/br1800/Section6.pdf ♦ http://www.calinear.com/ ♦ http://www.xrefer.com/xrefs.jsp?xrefid=508565 ♦ http://www.ecn.purdue.edu/ESAC/Example_Simulations/ example.whtml

234 Basics of MagLev Transportation Here are some links to give you an overview of various MagLev systems:

♦ http://www.skytran.net/press/sciam01.htm ♦ http://www.maglev2000.com/works/how-04.html ♦ http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/phy209s/projects/ EDWDAV004/edwdav004.htm ♦ http://www.rtri.or.jp/rd/maglev/html/english/ maglev_frame_E.html ♦ http://www.llnl.gov/str/Post.html ♦ http://www.pa.msu.edu/people/roberson/Inductrack/ post.pdf_1.pdf ♦ http://www.pa.msu.edu/people/roberson/Inductrack/ ieee1099.pdf ♦ http://www.pa.msu.edu/people/roberson/Inductrack/ Inductrack_files/frame.htm

Now that you have an idea of what MagLev levitation and propulsion is all about, we will explain how spin wave technology can be utilized to design an improved MagLev system. Some basic design changes are made to utilize the characteristics of spin waves. Later MagLev design examples are given that will seem impractical using conventional magnetic levitation equipment but this is just to give preliminary insight into how it can be done using spin waves.

235 236 42

Propagation Velocity in MagLev Systems

To describe how to use spin waves for a MagLev system, comparisons are made to a MagLev system using LSMs (Linear Synchronous Motors) or LIMs (Linear Induction Motors). The forward speed of the bogie (train compartment) of a MagLev system that uses LSMs is determined by the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic fields of the guide rail coils that push against the magnets of the bogie. The frequency and wavelength of the electromagnetic fields that do the pushing have to be considered. The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in free space is referred to as “c”. This velocity is constant and is approximately c = 3*108 meters/ second. This velocity is established by the coefficient of inductive permeability and coefficient of capacitive permittivity of space itself.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave in Free Space

The velocity of an electromagnetic wave moving along a single wire is about 95% of the velocity in free space. This is due to the inductance down the length of the wire and the capacitive coupling of the surface of the wire to free space. Keep in mind that even though electromagnetic signals move along the wire at almost the velocity of light, the current of electrons within the wire will have an average drift

237 Chapter 42 in one direction or the other at a much lower velocity in reaction to the changing electromagnetic signals on the wire. This is called drift current.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave in a Wire

The velocity of an electromagnetic wave in a coaxial cable is slower still than an electromagnetic wave along a single wire. It is typically around 65-75% of the velocity in free space. This is due to the inductive and capacitive coupling to the coaxial shield. It takes more time as a signal moves along the wire to charge up the capacitance between the wire and the shield. There is also self inductance of the center conductor and finally a mutual inductance with the shield such that a changing magnetic field from the signal moving along the wire induces current in the opposite direction in the shield. This in turn generates its own magnetic field which induces a CEMF (counter electromotive force) opposing and thus slowing the propagation of the signal along the wire.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave in a Coax Cable

The propagation velocity of an electromagnetic wave through a series of large coils and large capacitors is slower still. This is due to the much greater time it takes to charge up the capacitors and to overcome the greater self-inductance of the coils.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave in a Series of Coils and Capacitors

For MagLev propulsion systems, the propagation of the signal energizing the succession of coils along the guide rails can be slowed down even more by simply switching on each coil in succession at the rate desired.

Diagram of an Electromagnetic Wave of a Series Switched Coils

In each of the above examples the propagation velocity gets slower and slower and the physical wavelength of the electromagnetic wave

238 Propagation Velocity in MagLev Systems gets shorter and shorter compared to the wavelength of the same frequency electromagnetic wave in free space. The system of electromagnetic coils and capacitors has the effect of compressing the wavelength and slowing the propagation of the signal. If the coil excitation frequency is 10 Hz (10 Hertz = 10 cycles per second) for example, this equates to an electromagnetic wavelength in free space of: (1 divided by (10 cycles per second)) x (3x108 meters per second) = 3x107 meters This wave travels through space at a velocity of 3x108 meters per second.

Diagram Comparing Wavelength in Free Space to Wavelength in Series of Coils and Capacitors

If a MagLev system used a succession of coils and capacitors along the MagLev guide rails then it is the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic coil excitation signal that determines the velocity of the bogie. In a MagLev system using LSMs the bogie will move exactly at the propagation velocity. In a MagLev system using LIMs the bogie will have a certain amount of slip and will travel at a somewhat slower rate than the propagation velocity of the electromagnetic coil excitation signal that pushes and pulls on the magnetic fields of the bogie. It is necessary to be able to adjust the propagation velocity in order to control the bogie velocity and this can be done in various ways. Adjusting the capacitance between the coils can change the propagation velocity but this alone is not very practical. One way to solve this problem is to have a switched system in which the guide way coils can be switched on and off in a faster or slower succession. Another solution is to have a succession of excitation coils driven by a succession of multiple phases of the same AC coil excitation signal. This then becomes the same as a multi-pole rotary motor coil that has been laid out flat. The multiple phases of a higher frequency coil excitation signal will drive the excitation coils at a faster succession rate. The propagation velocity of the coil excitation signal then becomes dependant of the frequency of the excitation signal. This allows the bogie to be easily accelerated by simply increasing the frequency of the coil excitation signal. There will likely still be various values of capacitors switched in along the succession of coils to maintain an optimum power correction

239 Chapter 42 factor for various ranges of coil excitation frequencies. Also, only those excitation coils will be driven that are where the bogie is at any particular time rather than all the excitation coils along the whole length of the guide rails. Now let’s get back to analyzing the whole thing in terms of how it can be implemented using spin waves to propel the bogie. For bogies driven by LSMs, the wavelength of the coil excitation signal will match the pitch (spacing between North-South-North-South poles) of the bogie magnets. The bogie magnets have static magnetic fields that push and pull against the magnetic fields of the drive coils along the guide rails.

Diagram of magnetic fields of bogie and guide rail coils

The North-South-North-South fields of the drive coils can be thought of like teeth on a timing belt. It’s the propagation velocity of the belt that matters and the pitch of the teeth will match the pitch of the bogie magnets. Since the magnetic fields of the bogie magnets are static they can be said to have a propagation velocity along the bogie of zero. A more generalized equation for the bogie velocity would be as follows: v1 = Propagation Velocity of Guide Rail Drive Coils’ Magnetic Fields v2 = Propagation Velocity of Bogie Magnetic Fields vb = Bogie Velocity vb = v2 – v1 This means that if the bogie’s magnetic fields propagation velocity is zero then: vb = v1 Also, if there are magnetic fields on the bogie moving at the same rate and direction as the magnetic fields of the guide rail drive coils then: v1 = v2 vb = v1 – v2 = 0 so the bogie will not move. This is like walking at the same speed but in the wrong direction on an escalator or an airport moving walkway.

Animated diagram of bogie not moving but with moving magnetic fields and guide rail coils magnetic fields

240 Propagation Velocity in MagLev Systems If the propagation velocity of the bogie’s magnetic fields is in the opposite direction then the bogie velocity will be: v2 = - v1 vb = v1 – (-v1) = 2 * v1

Animated diagram of bogie moving and with moving magnetic fields and guide rail coils magnetic fields

Now consider a system where there are standing waves on the drive coils such that the drive magnetic fields are toggling in North- South orientation but that have a propagation velocity of zero.

Animated diagram of guide rail drive coils’ signal and toggling drive coil magnetic fields

It is also possible for there to be standing waves on the bogie magnetic field coils making bogie magnetic fields that are toggling in North-South orientation but that have a propagation velocity of zero.

Animated diagram of bogie magnetic field coils’ signal and toggling bogie magnetic fields

If both the bogie and the guide rail coils have standing waves then there is a way to propel the bogie. The phase of the standing waves of the bogie relative to the standing waves of the guide way drive coils can be adjusted so that the two sets of magnetic fields push against each other in one direction or the other depending on the direction and amount of phase shift. However, once the phase shift causes the bogie to be pushed to a new position, the phases will be back in alignment. To maintain a phase shift, the bogie’s standing waves must not be perfect standing waves but will need to have a small propagation velocity in addition to being standing waves. Then the bogie’s velocity will equal the propagation velocity of its partially standing waves/partially traveling waves.

Animated diagram of toggling bogie magnetic fields pushing against toggling guide rail coil magnetic fields

241 242 43

Levitating with Spin Waves

If you have studied the various web links about Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s Law and the web links about various MagLev systems then you should already understand the theory of MagLev levitation. Modifications to these basic designs will be described to explain how it would be done with spin waves. Repelling and/or attracting forces of the guideway magnetic fields with the bogie magnetic fields will push or pull a bogie up causing it to levitate. There will be alternating magnetic field orientations along the guideway and alternating magnetic field orientations of the bogie’s magnetic fields. The phase of the bogie’s alternating magnetic fields can be adjusted to control the amount of repulsive and attractive forces with the magnetic fields of the guideway. Previously, the amount of forward or reverse propulsion force on the bogie was described as caused by adjusting the phase of the alternating magnetic fields. This is still true. Now there will be another type of phase adjustment that can be made to control the degree of levitation. To understand the difference it is necessary to describe better how the magnetic fields of a guideway and of a bogie are created using spin waves. The magnetic fields of spin waves are caused not by current flow of electrons but by the changing spin axis orientations of electrons. A magnetic field can be created by the flow of electrons through a coil of wire as has already been described.

243 Chapter 43 Diagram of coil of wire and its magnetic field

A magnetic field can also be created from many electron spin axis orientations all pointing in a similar direction. Each individual electron will already have its own little magnetic field associated with its own particle spin characteristics.

Diagram of electron spin and its magnetic field

When all the spin axes orientations point in a similar direction then it makes a large macroscopic magnetic field.

Diagram of many electron spins and their magnetic field

The electron’s spin axis also has a tendency to precess like a gyroscope.

Animated diagram of an electron spin precessing and its magnetic field

Many electron spin axes all precessing together at microwave frequencies will send out microwave frequency electromagnetic waves.

Animated diagram of many electron spins precessing and their magnetic field

For our application we want all the electrons to precess together but we don’t want to make large microwave frequency electromagnetic waves. There is a way to prevent this. For every electron that precesses clockwise we will have an electron that precesses counter-clockwise. The combined electromagnetic waves from these motions will cancel each other except for waves of changing magnetic field orientation.

Animated diagram of two electrons’ spins precessing opposite directions

244 Levitating with Spin Waves Both North poles point the same way and then both South poles point that same way. Now we need many electron pairs doing the same thing. It is not important that their precession axes all be pointing similar directions but they do need to all lay in the same plane and precess in phase at the same rate such that all the North poles point a particular direction and then all the South poles point that same direction.

Animated diagram of many electron pairs precessing opposite directions with various precession axis orientations but all in the same plane

Now we have a magnetic field that alternates North-South-North- South but it does not send out microwave frequency transverse electromagnetic waves. These magnetic field waves can pull on similar magnetic waves from the guideway that are alternating in phase.

Animated diagram in phase magnetic waves and attractive forces

Similarly, they can push against alternating magnetic fields from the guideway that are of opposite phase.

Animated diagram of opposite phase magnetic waves and repulsive forces

The phase changes associated with the attractive or repulsive bogie levitating forces are demonstrated below using just a pair of electrons of the guideway and one pair of electrons of the bogie.

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in opposite directions and sending out magnetic waves that are in-phase

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in opposite directions and sending out magnetic waves that are 45 degrees out of phase

245 Chapter 43 Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in opposite directions and sending out magnetic waves that are 90 degrees out of phase

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in opposite directions and sending out magnetic waves that are 135 degrees out of phase

Animated diagram of both pairs precessing in opposite directions and sending out magnetic waves that are 180 degrees out of phase

However, the magnetic forces between the two are only ever attractive or repulsive if the magnetic fields diverge as opposed to being completely homogeneous. Before this line of explaining things continues, it may be necessary to first explain more about naturally occurring alternating magnetic waves within materials and to explain about diverging magnetic fields from large bodies of material that are experiencing this phenomena. Please read the next chapter, Diverging Alternating Magnetic Fields (Chapter 44).

246 44

Diverging Alternating Magnetic Fields

If a small magnetized sample of material is in a large magnetic field and it has become oriented such that its magnetic field is oriented with the large magnetic field, then it is not the strength of the large magnetic field alone that determines how strongly the small magnetic sample is attracted. Rather, it is also the amount of divergence of the large magnetic field that determines how strongly the small sample is attracted towards the diverging magnetic fields.

Diagram of sample in non-diverging magnetic field

Diagram of sample in diverging magnetic field

This same phenomena is true when the strong magnetic field is an alternating magnetic field. If a small sample of material is radiating magnetic waves that are in-phase with the magnetic waves of the diverging magnetic field, then both the strength and the amount of divergence affect how strongly the sample is attracted. It is the natural tendency of paired electrons in orbitals around all atoms to precess clockwise and counter-clockwise and to develop in- phase magnetic waves among all of them. With a large body of atoms like the Earth, all of these in-phase magnetic waves add in strength.

247 Chapter 44 However, this is not the only natural source of magnetic waves. There are also extremely high frequency precessional motions of quarks within protons and neutrons of all atoms. These motions generate their own frequency of magnetic waves. These also have a natural tendency to move to a state where all their magnetic fields alternate in phase. The typical transverse electric field components normally induced are cancelled due to the nature of the compensating precessional motions for sets of quarks and for pairs of electrons. The total attractive force of the alternating magnetic fields of various frequencies that remain from all particle precessional motions within the Earth is equal to an accelerating force of exactly 1G at sea level. In other words, gravitational force can be explained as caused by the attraction among all matter as a consequence of in-phase magnetic waves. At any given distance out from the center of the Earth there will not be perfect phase alignment among the magnetic waves that are all at that exact distance from the center. Instead there will be spin waves and spin temperature fluctuations of the otherwise perfect phase alignment of these magnetic waves. These magnetic waves are not the same as the following that you may find if surfing the internet for “magnetic waves”:

♦ http://www.space.com/news/solarwind.html ♦ http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/solarmag.html ♦ http://www-solar.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~robert/statement.html ♦ http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ast08jul99_2.htm ♦ http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/gsfc/spacesci/swind/swind.htm ♦ http://www.planetary.org/news/articlearchive/headlines/1999/ headln-071399.html ♦ http://history.nasa.gov/presrep99/pages/smithso.html ♦ http://science.nasa.gov/newhome/headlines/ ast02sep99_1.htm

The difference is that the magnetic waves described in the NASA articles, as well as the other articles, are waves of changing magnetic field intensity and orientation over periods of perhaps 300 seconds or more. However, the magnetic waves described in this paper are oriented along the same direction that the magnetic waves travel, completely toggle in direction of orientation and toggle at extremely high frequencies. The magnetic waves described in this chapter are radiating outward in

248 Diverging Alternating Magnetic Fields all directions from gravitational centers as opposed to directions somewhat related to the orientation of magnetic poles of a large body like the sun. The magnetic waves described in this chapter are present between all matter all of the time. The waves have associated with them a slight natural attractive force towards any centers of divergence. As more mass accumulates at these centers this naturally causes the divergence to increase. These diverging alternating magnetic waves have the attributes we associate with gravity.

249 250 Bibliography

Armstrong, A. H.. An Introduction to Ancient Philosophy. The Newman Press, 1949

Einstein, Albert. Principle of Relativity. Dover Publications, 1924 found at: http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/

Feynman, Richard P. Feynman Lectures on Physics, Volume 2. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1970

Hawking, Stephen W. A Brief History of Time. New York, NY: Doubleday Dell Pub, 1998

Kittel, Charles. Introduction to Solid State Physics. John Wiley & Sons, 1996

Lerner, Rita G. and George L. Trigg, eds. Encyclopedia of Physics. John Wiley & Sons, 1990

Rajam, J B. Atomic Physics. New Delhi: S. Chand & Co., 1966

Stanford, Ray. Socorro Saucer, in a Pentagon Pantry. Blueapple Books, 1976

Williams, W. and L. Pearce. The Origins of Field Theory. University Press of America, 1966

251 252 Index

2 slit apparatus 194 Ankalle, Dramar 131 2 slit experiment 46 Anomalous energy 202 2D plane 194 Antenna 113 2nd law of thermodynamics 164 caduceus coil 219 3D space 175 coil 113 3D Space - 3D Time 168 designs 132 3D time 164, 175 loop 121 4th dimension 169 reflecting 123 reflector Absolute zero 139 87, 88, 114, 116, 119, 125, 133, 220 Acicular magnetic particle 93, 190 Antenna’s inductance 220 Acicular particles 190 Antiferromagnetic 101 Acoustic spin 49 Antigravity propulsion 195 Acoustic spin waves 68 Antimatter 173, 178 Acoustic vibration 49 Armstrong, A. H. 28 Acoustic-magnetic resonance 52 Arrow of Time 163 Adverse affects 220 Ashcroft 134 Aether 27 Atom 18, 98, 142, 149, 159, 213 Air conditioning 16 Atomic lattice Air pressure 109 50, 88, 102, 105, 206 Air tank 17 Attractive forces 139 Alternating magnetic field 155 Avalanche 88, 128–129 Ampere 19 Ancient Greeks 28 Bar magnet 206 Ancient Philosophy 28 Barium 80, 133 Angular momentum 181 Barium Ferrite 49, 54, 68 Angular momentum energy 61 Barometric air pressure 109 Anisotropic 84, 93 Barometric pressure gradient Anisotropic magnetic particles 190 26, 206

253 Beat frequency 88, 121–122 Credit card 190 Bloch equations 134 Crystal lattice 101 Bloore, Mark 149 Curie temperature 88, 111, 127, 187 Bogie 237, 239 Current loop 189 Cylinder 119 Caduceus coil antenna 219 ferromagnetic 115, 120 Capacitive coupling 237 Capacitor 16, 20 Dark matter 174 Car battery 16 DeBroglie 27, 180 Cavity wall 191 Dilation, time 215 CEMF 58 Dipole 111 Chaotic motion 28 magnetic 45, 206 Charge 16, 26, 206 Dirac 47 electric 16 Diverging magnetic field 247 Charge, substance of 26 Doppler shift 172 Cigar shaped UFOs 69 Drift current 238 Circular reflector 187 Dynabee 98, 181 Classical electrodynamics 95, 97, 153, 181, 212 Easy axis 82, 84 Classical physics 45 Einstein 166 Coaxial cable 238 Electric Coercive force 83, 127 charge 16, 18 Coercivity 83, 191 field 205 Coherent field energy 26 magnons 115, 116 field force 26 precessing electrons 214 force 16, 201, 215 precession 93, 141, 191 Electric field, total 29 spin waves Electrical appliances 121 116, 187, 190, 209, 214 Electrocaloric effect 109, 111 Compensated spin 161, 184 Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, Compression wave 208, 209 On the 166 Computer simulation 190 Electrogravity propulsion 195 Condenser 16, 20 Electromagnetic Conductive sphere 57 energy exchanged 213 Contraction, length 215, 217 levitation 233 Copper pipe 57 propulsion 233 Coulomb 19 theory 233 field 31 wave 27, 183, 186, 187, 237 force 19 Electron 26 potential 33 angular momentum 47, 55–56 Coulomb’s Law 19 classical radius 31 Counter electromotive force 238 coherent precessing 214 Counter electromotive force (CEMF) free 137 58 mass 33

254 paired 194, 213 Epoxy 84, 132 paramagnetic resonance Exchange coupling 194 105, 113, 208 Exchange energy 156, 194 unpaired Exchange interaction 99 102, 113, 115, 194, 206 Eye point 194 angular momentum 98, 155 in orbitals 179 Faraday’s Law 151, 243 precessing 96, 205 Ferrimagnetic 79, 102 precessional phase 160 Ferrite spin 46, 49 barium 49, 54, 132, 133 spin, compensated 82 crystals 80, 84 spin resonance 208 cubical crystals 81 spin, uncompensated 82, 83 hard 79, 84, 88 structure of 29 hexaferrites 81 Electrostatics 15 magnetic 79 Ellipsoid cavity 65 powder 80, 84 EM radiation 139 soft 79, 84, 87 EM waves 95, 97, 137 Ferromagnetic 79, 101, 104, 105 exchanged 83 cylinder 120 transverse 147 cylinder of 115 Emission material 132 RF 131 resonance 124, 208, 211 stimulated 124 Ferrous material 79 Energy Feynman, Richard P. 24, 173 angular momentum 61 Field coil 88, 93, 114, 132 anomalous 202 Field Theory 27 density 34 Film 124 electric field 26 Flying cigar 68 electromagnetic, exchanged 213 Flying saucer 69 exchange 194 Flying vehicle 141, 195 gravitational 39 Flywheel battery 63, 75 transferred 210 Flywheel disk 63 178 Football games 119 electromagnetic 101, 107 Force flows 25 electric 16, 215 heat 53, 108, 109, 114, 115 electric field 26 local, density 36 gravitational 140, 248 storage 189 magnetic 215 thermal 107, 115 strong nuclear 140, 150 Energy level Free electrons 137 quantum 179 Free space 237 Energy state 185 Freon 16 Entropy 111, 120, 164 lattice 113, 114 spin 113, 114

255 Frequency Hurricane 53, 107, 108, 109, 206 beat 121 Hysteresis 88, 127 fundamental precession 138 characteristics 186 Larmor 114, 121, 187 curve 81 microwave 190, 209 loop 81, 84 precession 124, 191, 133, 207 loss 84, 125, 129 resonant 220 magnetic 124 Fundamental precession frequencies 138 Incoherent light 185 Inductance Generator rotor 190 mutual 238 Gerrard, Steve 69 self 238 Gravitational Inductor 84 attraction 38 Inertia 182, 195 energy 39 Inhomogeneous field 151 field 39, 175 Inhomogeneous magnetic field 152 force 140, 248 Intelligent life 147 Gravity Interference 140, 147, 149, 153, 154, 158, 159– pattern 194 160, 249 Iron 79, 133, 206 theory of 141 Green, Martin (David) 34 Juillard, Jérôme 43 Guideway 243 Gyromagnetic factor 47 Kiln 80 Gyroscope 104, 183, 186, 207 Kittel, Charles 105, 134 Korostelev, Vladimir 49 Halbach, Klaus 74 Halbach magnet-array 74 Larmor frequency Harmonious precessional motion 104, 114, 121, 187 156, 213 Laser Harmony cooling 202 precessional 138, 203 spin wave 185, 187 83, 98, 99, 137– pulsed 127 138, 149, 152, 155 Lasing medium 93, 113, 114, 127 Harris, Steven B. 33 Lattice Hawking, Stephen 163 atomic 206 Heat entropy 102, 113, 114 capacity 107 temperature 111–112, 113 energy 53, 114, 115 vibrations 103 radiant 187 Laws of thermodynamics 53 84 LC tank circuit 116 Helmholtz, Hermann von 27, 203 Length contraction 215, 217 Herring, Richard 150, 154 Lenz’s Law Hertz 210 57, 177, 190, 209, 210, 243

256 Leyden jar 16, 20 Magnetite 80 Light Magnetization reversal 124 speed of 167 Magnetocaloric Effect velocity of 167 52, 88, 101, 102, 103, 108, Light bulb 209, 210 109, 111, 129 Light pulse 165 Magnon Linear Induction Motor 234, 237 95, 102, 104, 105, 113, 115, Linear Synchronous Motor 119, 124, 130, 183 234, 237 coherent 115, 116 Local energy density 36 laser 113, 118, 123 Loop antenna 121 Mass 29 Loop of wire 205 Matter 173, 178 Lotus shape 25 motion 164 phase shifted 175 Maghemite 80 waves 180 Maglev guide ways 233 Maxwell 203 Maglev rails 233 Maxwell model 203 Maglev systems 233 Mermin 134 Magnet 206 Metastability 128 permanent 79, 84 Metastable 187 Magnet-array 74 spin 187 Magnetic spin state 186 anomaly 47 state 124, 185 avalanche 186 Microwave frequencies 190, 209 dipole 45, 183, 206 Microwaves 128 domain 84, 93 Millikan, Robert A. 20 doping 191 Minkowski space-time 168, 169 energy storage 189 Molecular dipoles 111 flux 206 Momentum flux density 208 spin wave 209 force 215 Motion hysteresis 124 chaotic 28 levitation 233 precessional 181 moment 132, 183 Motion in time 167 tape 93 Motionless motor 74 waves 68, 143, 149, 159, 248 Motor Magnetic field 205 multi-pole rotary 239 alternating 155 motionless 74 inhomogeneous 152 Motor-generator 75, 209, 210 sweeping 146 Multi-pole rotary motor 239 toggling 138 Mutual inductance 238 Magnetic particle 93, 209 acicular 190 Nano-crystal 191, 210, 212 anisotropic 190 NASA 248

257 Neill Podkletnov’s experiments 141 Greg 153 Pointlike particle 30 Neutron Polarity 18 83, 99, 142, 149, 159, 195, 213 Polasek, John C. 37 New Mexico 69 Pop protons 201 Newman, Joseph 202 Population inversion Newsgroup 71, 123, 149 126, 127, 133, 186 NMR 202 Positron 26 Nuclear force 140, 150 Power supplies 121 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 202 Poynting vector 24, 25 Nuclear spins 184 Precessing electrons 205 Nuclear strong force 201 Precession Nuclei 213 angle 47, 97 Nucleus 99, 201 axis 96 coherent 141 On the Electrodynamics of Moving phase 46 Bodies 166 rate 88 Orbital motion 180, 181 synchronized 125 Orbital motions 99 synchronized motion 213 Orbitals 138 Precession frequencies fundamental 138 Paired electrons 194, 213 Precession frequency Parallel-plate capacitor 34 87, 104, 124, 133, 191, 207 Paramagnetic resonance 113 Precessional harmony 138, 203 Past and future 175 dis-harmony 47 Permanent magnet 79, 84 Precessional motion 137, 181, 195 Permanent magnet rotor 71, 209 harmonious 213 Permeability 178, 237 Precessional phase 141, 194, 208 Permittivity 178, 237 Precessional radiation 140 Permittivity of space 37 Precessional rotation 195 Perovskites 80 Pressurized air 16 Phase Probability waves 180 difference 137 Propagation velocity 237 precessional 208 Propulsion shifted matter 175 antigravity 195 Philadelphia Experiment 174 electrogravity 195 Phonon Proton 50, 101, 103, 104, 114, 116, 119, 130 83, 99, 142, 149, 159, 195, Photon 201, 213 27, 95, 101, 103, 105, 114, 119, pop 201 129, 138, 183, 185 popping 203 stimulating 87, 185, 186 Pulsed laser 127 Physics, classical 45 Pusch, Gordon D. Physics, quantum 46 29, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159

258 QED 30 Sea of standing waves 194 Quantum energy level 179 Self inductance 238 Quantum level 153 SETI project 147 Quantum physics Simulation 190 46, 82, 95, 180, 194 SlinkyTM 208, 209 Quark Socorro 69 83, 99, 140, 142, 149, 159, 195, 201, 213 Socorro Saucer 69 precessing of 194 Solid state 134 precessional motions of 27, 248 Solid state rotor 75 Solid-state rotor 68, 75, 177 Radiant heat 187 Southampton UFO Group 69 Radiation Space, 3D 175 EM 139 Space, compressible, warpable 28 precessional 140 Space-time 168 thermal 140 Spanner, Michael 31 Rajam, J B 27 Special relativity 169, 215 Recording tape 84, 132, 190 Speed of light 167 Rectify 121 Spherical cavity 211 Reflector antenna Spin 123, 220, 113, 114, 116, 119, 125 compensated 161, 184 Reflector, circular 187 metastable 187 Renormalization 21 nuclear 184 Renormalized theory 30 temperature processes 164 Resistor 209 entropy 98, 102, 113, 114 Resonance flip 46, 83 electron paramagnetic 105, 208 states 127 electron spin 208 temperature 111, 113, 139 ferromagnetic 124, 208, 211 uncompensated 50, 102 nuclear magnetic 202 Spin state 186 113 metastable 186 Resonant cavity 65, 177, 212 Spin Up, Spin Down 46 ellipsoid 66 Spin wave Resonant frequency 220 95, 96, 113, 115, 177, 205, 207, 209 RF emissions 131 coherent 190 RF signal. 120 levitating with 243 Rotating magnetic disk 76 momentum 97, 190, 209 Rotor propagation velocity 98 permanent magnet 58, 71, 209 resonance 121 solid state 75 velocity of 75 solid-state 68 Spin wave laser 185, 187 Rotor design 71 Spin-lattice coupling 186 Rust 80 Spin-orbit coupling 103 Scattering experiments 33 interaction 105 Sea 179 Spinels 80

259 Spiral arms 25 Thermodynamics Spread spectrum 147 2nd law of 164 Spring, waves in 208 Thin film 124 Standing waves 179, 180, 182, 241 Thomas, Jet 38 Stanford, Ray 69 Thomson, JJ 20 State Time 178 metastable 185 3D 164, 175 Stator coil 73, 210 Arrow of 163 Stator sphere 58, 177 cosmological 163 Stator windings 209 dilation 215 Stern-Gerlach apparatus 154, 158 motion in 167 Stern-Gerlach experiment 47 nature of 163–175 Stimulating photons 88, 185, 186 psychological 163 Strong nuclear force 140, 150 Time travel 175 Strontium 80 Toggling magnetic field 138 Substance of charge 26 Transferred energy 210 Sun 108 Transmutation 201 Superconductive material 211 Transportation compartment 233 Superconductor test apparatus 141 Traveling waves 241 Sweet, Floyd 49, 53 Trim capacitors 220 Switching power supplies 121 Tuning diodes 87 Synchronized precessional motion Twister 203 213 Synchronous precessional motion UFO 69, 122 195 Uncle Al 80, 124 Uncompensated spin 50, 102 Tank circuit 116 Units of measure 16 Tape Universe recording 132 contract 164 Temperature expand 164 Curie 127, 187 Unpaired electrons 115, 194 139 Unsolved Mysteries 69 lattice 111–112, 113 spin 111–112, 113 Vehicle 182 Temperature processes, spin 164 Velocity of light 167 Tesla 207 Vortex 28, 202 The Wave 119 Vortex, eye 25 Theory of gravity 141 Vortices 28 Thermal energy 115, 157 Warner, Joseph D 82 motion 101 Water 108 radiation 140 Water vapor 107 Thermodynamic 107, 108 Wave 27 phase changes 108 acoustic spin 68 Thermodynamic system 108

260 coherent spin 88, 116, 141, 187, 209, 214 compression 208, 209 electromagnetic 27, 183, 186, 187, 237 EM 95, 97, 137 EM, exchanged 83 EM, transverse 147 magnetic 68, 143, 149, 159, 248 magnetic field 147 matter 180 probability 180 spin 96, 113, 131, 177, 205, 207, 209 spin, coherent 190 spin, momentum 190 traveling 116, 241 spin 115 spin resonance 121 standing 220 traveling 220 Wave, The 119 Waves sea of standing 194 standing 124, 129, 179, 180, 182, 241 Weather system, circulating 26, 31 Weight loss 141 Whirlpools 27 Williams, L. Pearce 27 Windmill 53 Work 210 Wrist exerciser 181

Zamora, Lonnie 69

261 Summary: Potential of Spin Wave Technology

Signal Processing: There are 2 basic forms of motion of all electrically charged particles. Either they can change in position or change in spin axis orientation. Much of electronics today is based on the first of these 2 forms of motion. Signal processing electronics can be advanced by using devices based on the propagation of changing spin axis orientations.

Communications: Almost all forms of radio communication today are based on the radiation of electromagnetic waves from electrically charged particles that move back and forth changing position. Communications technology can be advanced by instead using electromagnetic waves radiated from the precessional rotations of electrically charged particles. Fluctuations can be induced in and propagate through the sea of electromagnetic standing waves among all matter in the universe.

Power Generation: It should be possible to build spin wave lasers and spin wave electrical power generation devices. It should be possible to absorb some of the energy present in standing waves among all matter and convert it to electricity to power electrical equipment. This can be accomplished through spin wave interactions with the electromagnetic standing waves among all matter.

Propulsion: It should be possible to create and sustain spin wave processes within a flying vehicle that utilizes a metallic resonant cavity, also serving as a “Faraday cage”. These spin wave processes can be used to shift the phase of the precessional motions of all atomic particles of the vehicle and its contents relative to the phase of standing waves radiated to and from the precessional motions of all external matter. This can create electromagnetic forces between vehicle and these standing waves among all external matter. Force vectors can be controlled to lift and propel the vehicle at very high speeds.

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George J Bugh grew up on a small ranch-farm in the hill country near Austin, Texas. His Father had been an officer in Air Force Intelligence, working as a district director of the OSI and later working at the Pentagon before he retired to Austin, Texas. After graduating from high school in 1975, George Bugh also joined the Air Force where he became a specialist in the field of flight simulators. After four years in the Air Force, he attended college and obtained a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering technology at the DeVry Institute of Technology in Irving, Texas. After graduation he was employed by a major aerospace company, again working on flight simulators. Twenty years later George Bugh is a senior staff electronics engineer. He works with electronics, electromagnetic devices and test equipment for research and testing of advanced aircraft designs using flight simulation studies. On his own time he has made it his personal mission to figure out if there could be any truth to claims of excess electrical power output from many unusual electromagnetic devices discussed on the Web by different inventors. He has spent the last seven years studying physics, relativity, the nature of time and spin wave processes. His personal research and theories are not related to his day job. After receiving permission from his day job employer, George Bugh has given the copyrights to his research files to the Vasant Corporation.

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