Monetary and Fiscal Unification in Nineteenth-Century Germany : What Can Kohl Learn from Bismarck? / Harold James
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Star Wars: the Fascism Awakens Representation and Its Failure from the Weimar Republic to the Galactic Senate Chapman Rackaway University of West Georgia
STAR WARS: THE FASCISM AWAKENS 7 Star Wars: The Fascism Awakens Representation and its Failure from the Weimar Republic to the Galactic Senate Chapman Rackaway University of West Georgia Whether in science fiction or the establishment of an earthly democracy, constitutional design matters especially in the realm of representation. Democracies, no matter how strong or fragile, can fail under the influence of a poorly constructed representation plan. Two strong examples of representational failure emerge from the post-WWI Weimar Republic and the Galactic Republic’s Senate from the Star Wars saga. Both legislatures featured a combination of overbroad representation without minimum thresholds for minor parties to be elected to the legislature and multiple non- citizen constituencies represented in the body. As a result both the Weimar Reichstag and the Galactic Senate fell prey to a power-hungry manipulating zealot who used the divisions within their legislature to accumulate power. As a result, both democracies failed and became tyrannical governments under despotic leaders who eventually would be removed but only after wars of massive casualties. Representation matters, and both the Weimer legislature and Galactic Senate show the problems in designing democratic governments to fairly represent diverse populations while simultaneously limiting the ability of fringe groups to emerge. “The only thing necessary for the triumph of representative democracies. A poor evil is for good men to do nothing.” constitutional design can even lead to tyranny. – Edmund Burke (1848) Among the flaws most potentially damaging to a republic is a faulty representational “So this is how liberty dies … with structure. Republics can actually build too thunderous applause.” - Padme Amidala (Star much representation into their structures, the Wars: Episode III Revenge of the Sith, 2005) result of which is tyranny as a byproduct of democratic failure. -
Eugen Richter and Late German Manchester Liberalism: a Reevaluation
Eugen Richter and Late German Manchester Liberalism: A Reevaluation Ralph ~aico* or several generations now there has existed an overarching interpretation of modern history conditioning and shaping the views held by nearly all educated people on the issue of F - - socialism and the market economy. This interpretation goes roughly as follows: once there was a "class"-"the" bourgeoisie-that came into being with the colossal economic and social changes of early modern history, and strove for recognition and domination. Liberal- ism, which admittedly helped to achieve a limited degree of human liberation, was the ideological expression of the bourgeoisie's self-in- terested struggle.' Meanwhile, however, another, much larger class came into being, "the" working class, victims of the triumphant bourgeoisie. This class strove in its turn for recognition and domina- tion, and, accordingly, developed its own ideology, socialism, which aimed, through revolution, at the transition to a higher, broader level of human liberation. The natural and inevitable conflict of interests of these two classes- basically, of the exploiters and the exploited- fills modern history, and has led in the end, in the welfare state of our own time, to a kind of accommodation and compromise. With this historical paradigm I think we are all quite familiar. Recently, however, a different interpretation has begun to gain ground. The outstanding historian Ernst Nolte, of the Free Univer- sity of Berlin, has expressed its central point: *Ralph Raico is professor of history at the State University College at Buffalo, New York. This paper is based on a lecture given at Professor Christian Watrin's Wirtschaftspolitisches Seminar at the University of Cologne, June, 1988. -
Note on Gold Operations Involving the Bank for International Settlements and the German Reichsbank, 1St September 1939 - 8Th May 1945
BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS NOTE ON GOLD OPERATIONS INVOLVING THE BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS AND THE GERMAN REICHSBANK, 1ST SEPTEMBER 1939 - 8TH MAY 1945 Basle 12th May 1997 This publication is available on the BIS World Wide Web site (http://www.bis.org). © Bank for International Settlements 1997. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SCOPE OF THE REPORT AND OVERVIEW p.1 1.1 Scope of this report 1.2 Summary of gold transactions for the account of the Reichsbank 2. GOLD CREDITED TO THE REICHSBANK ACCOUNTS WITH THE BIS p.4 2.1 Opening balance on 1st September 1939 2.2 New gold deposited with the BIS by the Reichsbank during the war 2.3 International postal payments received on behalf of the Reichsbank 2.4 Gold sold by the BIS to the Reichsbank 2.5 Summary: total amount of gold credited to the Reichsbank accounts with the BIS 3. GOLD DEBITED FROM THE REICHSBANK ACCOUNTS WITH THE BIS p.8 3.1 Interest payments on pre-war BIS investments in Germany 3.2 International postal payments paid for the account of the Reichsbank 3.3 Payments in gold to the Yugoslav Railway Administration 3.4 Gold sold by the Reichsbank to the BIS 3.5 Gold withdrawn by the Reichsbank from its gold accounts with the BIS 3.6 Summary: total amount of gold debited from Reichsbank accounts with the BIS 4. POSTWAR INVESTIGATION INTO THE WHEREABOUTS OF THE GOLD p.11 BARS DEPOSITED BY THE REICHSBANK WITH THE BIS DURING THE WAR 5. -
«Ich Wünschte Ein Bürger Zu Sein». Theodor Mommsen Im Wilhelminischen Reich
Originalveröffentlichung in: K. Christ - A. Momigliano (Hg.), Die Antike im 19. Jahrhundert in Italien und Deutschland, Bologna & Berlin 1988, S. 321-359 «Ich wünschte ein Bürger zu sein». Theodor Mommsen im wilhelminischen Reich von Jürgen Molitz I. -Politische Stellung und politischen Einfluß habe ich nie gehabt und nie erstrebt; aber in meinem innersten Wesen, und ich meine, mit dem Besten was in mir ist, bin ich stets ein animal politicum gewesen und wünschte ein Bürger zu sein. Das ist nicht möglich in unserer Nation, bei der der Einzelne, auch der Beste, über den Dienst im Gliede und den politischen Fetischismus nicht hinauskommt- Mommsens Kritik an der Politik seiner Zeit in der sogenannten 'Testamentsklausel' vom 2. September 1899 ist schon mehrfach in 2 ihrer Bedeutung gewürdigt worden . Dieses Dokument ist aber Abgekürzt zitiert werden die folgenden Titel: K. ZANGEMEISTER, Theodor Mommsen als Schriftsteller. Ein Verzeichnis seiner Schriften. Im Auftrage der königlichen Bi bliothek bearbeitet und fortgesetzt von Emil Jacobs, Berlin 1905 (ZJ); L.M. HARTMANN, Theodor Mommsen. Eine biographische Skizze. Mit einem Anhange: Ausgewählte politische Aufsätze Mommsens, Gotha 1908 (HARTMANN); A. HEUSS, Theodor Mommsen und das 19. Jahrhundert, Kiel 1956 (HEUSS); A. WUCHER, Theodor Mommsen. Geschichtsschreibung und Politik, Göttingen 1956 (WUCHER); L. WICKERT, Theodor Mommsen. Eine Biographie, 4 Bde., Frankfurt 1959-1980 (WICKERT). 1 Der Text der Testamentsklausel, weitergegeben durch ein ungenanntes Mitglied der Familie, wurde erstmals in der Zeitschrift -Die Wandlung-, 3, 1948, S. 69-70, veröffentlicht. Der vollständige Text ist bequem zugänglich z.B. bei WUCHER, S. 218- 219 sowie bei WICKERT, IV, S. 77 (-zur Unzeit ans Licht gebracht-). -
Joint Cabinet Crisis Europe 1864 Joint Cabinet Crisis
JOINT CABINET CRISIS EUROPE 1864 JOINT CABINET CRISIS TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................ 2 WELCOME LETTER .................................................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION TO CRISIS ...................................................................................................................................... 4 THE BACKROOM ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5 THE FRONTROOM.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 THE CHAIR ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 DEUS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 ANNOUNCEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 DIRECTIVES................................................................................................................................................................................... -
Whose Brain Drain? Immigrant Scholars and American Views of Germany
Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program Series Volume 9 WHOSE BRAIN DRAI N? IMMIGRANT SCHOLARS AND AMERICAN VIEWS OF GERMANY Edited by Peter Uwe Hohendahl Cornell University American Institute for Contemporary German Studies The Johns Hopkins University Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program Series Volume 9 WHOSE BRAIN DRAIN? IMMIGRANT SCHOLARS AND AMERICAN VIEWS OF GERMANY Edited by Peter Uwe Hohendahl Cornell University The American Institute for Contemporary German Studies (AICGS) is a center for advanced research, study and discussion on the politics, culture and society of the Federal Republic of Germany. Established in 1983 and affiliated with The Johns Hopkins University but governed by its own Board of Trustees, AICGS is a privately incorporated institute dedicated to independent, critical and comprehensive analysis and assessment of current German issues. Its goals are to help develop a new generation of American scholars with a thorough understanding of contemporary Germany, deepen American knowledge and understanding of current German developments, contribute to American policy analysis of problems relating to Germany, and promote interdisciplinary and comparative research on Germany. Executive Director: Jackson Janes Board of Trustees, Cochair: Fred H. Langhammer Board of Trustees, Cochair: Dr. Eugene A. Sekulow The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) alone. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies. ©2001 by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies ISBN 0-941441-55-5 This Humanities Program Volume is made possible by the Harry & Helen Gray Humanities Program. Additional copies are available for $5.00 to cover postage and handling from the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Suite 420, 1400 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. -
How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia
— Early draft. Please do not quote, cite, or redistribute without written permission of the authors. — How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815∗ Thilo R. Huningy and Nikolaus Wolfz Abstract We analyze the formation oft he German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna—notably Prussia’s control over the Rhineland and Westphalia—affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. The new borders were not endogenous. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia, but followed from Britain’s intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. For many small German states, the resulting borders changed the trade-off between the benefits from cooperation with Prussia and the costs of losing political control. Based on GIS data on Central Europe for 1818–1854 we estimate a simple model of the incentives to join an existing customs union. The model can explain the sequence of states joining the Prussian Zollverein extremely well. Moreover we run a counterfactual exercise: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it different, as collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna,”’Britain unified Germany”’. JEL Codes: C31, F13, N73 ∗We would like to thank Robert C. Allen, Nicholas Crafts, Theresa Gutberlet, Theocharis N. Grigoriadis, Ulas Karakoc, Daniel Kreßner, Stelios Michalopoulos, Klaus Desmet, Florian Ploeckl, Kevin H. -
GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, and the RECONSTRUCTION of CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented In
NEW CITIZENS: GERMAN IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS, AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF CITIZENSHIP, 1865-1877 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Alison Clark Efford, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Doctoral Examination Committee: Professor John L. Brooke, Adviser Approved by Professor Mitchell Snay ____________________________ Adviser Professor Michael L. Benedict Department of History Graduate Program Professor Kevin Boyle ABSTRACT This work explores how German immigrants influenced the reshaping of American citizenship following the Civil War and emancipation. It takes a new approach to old questions: How did African American men achieve citizenship rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments? Why were those rights only inconsistently protected for over a century? German Americans had a distinctive effect on the outcome of Reconstruction because they contributed a significant number of votes to the ruling Republican Party, they remained sensitive to European events, and most of all, they were acutely conscious of their own status as new American citizens. Drawing on the rich yet largely untapped supply of German-language periodicals and correspondence in Missouri, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., I recover the debate over citizenship within the German-American public sphere and evaluate its national ramifications. Partisan, religious, and class differences colored how immigrants approached African American rights. Yet for all the divisions among German Americans, their collective response to the Revolutions of 1848 and the Franco-Prussian War and German unification in 1870 and 1871 left its mark on the opportunities and disappointments of Reconstruction. -
Occasional Paper by Alastair Clark and Andrew
Macroprudential Policy: Addressing the Things We Don’t Know Alastair Clark Andrew Large Occasional Paper 83 30 Group of Thirty, Washington, DC About the Authors Alastair Clark, CBE, formerly Executive Director and Adviser to the Governor of the Bank of England, has since 2009 been Senior Adviser to HM Treasury on Financial Stability and is a member of the UK’s new interim Financial Policy Committee. He has also acted as an independent adviser to overseas public authorities in relation to financial stability and crisis prevention issues. He has been at various times a member of many international groups linked to the G20, the Financial Stability Board, and the Bank for International Settlements. In 2005 he co-chaired, with Walter Kielholz, a G30 Study Group looking at the systemic impact of reinsurance. He holds degrees from Cambridge University and the London School of Economics. Sir Andrew Large retired in 2006 as Deputy Governor of the Bank of England where he had served since 2002. He now acts independently for central banks and governments in relation to financial stability and crisis prevention issues. Andrew Large’s career has covered a wide range of senior positions in the world of global finance, within both the private and public sectors. He is in addition Chairman of the Senior Advisory Board of Oliver Wyman, Senior Adviser to the Hedge Fund Standards Board, Chairman of the Advisory Committee of Marshall Wace, and Chairman of the Board Risk Committee of Axis, Bermuda. ISBN 1-56708-154-1 Copies of this paper are available for $10 from: The Group of Thirty 1726 M Street, N.W., Suite 200 Washington, D.C. -
The Franco-Prussian War in French and German Literature, 1871-1900
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository Cultural Memory and National Representation: The Franco-Prussian War in French and German Literature, 1871-1900 Christina B. Carroll A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2010 Approved by: Karen Hagemann Lloyd Kramer Donald Reid © 2010 Christina B. Carroll ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT CHRISTINA CARROLL: Cultural Memory and National Representation: The Franco- Prussian War in French and German Literature, 1871-1900 (under the direction of Lloyd Kramer) This thesis examines the memory of the Franco-Prussian War in nineteenth-century French and German literature from a transnational and comparative perspective. It focuses on how four writers – Alphonse Daudet, Émile Zola, Theodor Fontane, and Detlev von Liliencron – used representations of the war to construct visions of their respective nations, which they defined against the enemy “other” and delineated in political, social, gendered, and racial terms. As it makes clear, although these authors directed their texts at a national audience, many of their works crossed the border – so even as the writers posited themselves against each other, they remained in dialogue. The thesis also incorporates reviewers’ responses to these writers’ representations, and considers the scope of their popular appeal. It contends that this ongoing, contested, and transnational process of negotiation between writers, reviewers, and readers helped shape the memory of the war and understandings of nation in nineteenth-century France and Germany. -
A History of German-Scandinavian Relations
A History of German – Scandinavian Relations A History of German-Scandinavian Relations By Raimund Wolfert A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Raimund Wolfert 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Table of contents 1. The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League.............................................................5 2. The Thirty Years’ War............................................................................................11 3. Prussia en route to becoming a Great Power........................................................15 4. After the Napoleonic Wars.....................................................................................18 5. The German Empire..............................................................................................23 6. The Interwar Period...............................................................................................29 7. The Aftermath of War............................................................................................33 First version 12/2006 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations This essay contemplates the history of German-Scandinavian relations from the Hanseatic period through to the present day, focussing upon the Berlin- Brandenburg region and the northeastern part of Germany that lies to the south of the Baltic Sea. A geographic area whose topography has been shaped by the great Scandinavian glacier of the Vistula ice age from 20000 BC to 13 000 BC will thus be reflected upon. According to the linguistic usage of the term -
International Economic and Financial Cooperation: New Issues, New Actors, New Responses
International Economic and Financial Cooperation: New Issues, New Actors, New Responses Geneva Reports on the World Economy 6 International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies (ICMB) International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies 11 A Avenue de la Paix 1202 Geneva Switzerland Tel (41 22) 734 9548 Fax (41 22) 733 3853 Website: www.icmb.ch © 2004 International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Centre for Economic Policy Research 90-98 Goswell Road London EC1V 7RR UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7878 2900 Fax: +44 (0)20 7878 2999 Email: [email protected] Website: www.cepr.org British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 1 898128 84 7 International Economic and Financial Cooperation: New Issues, New Actors, New Responses Geneva Reports on the World Economy 6 Peter B Kenen Council on Foreign Relations and Princeton University Jeffrey R Shafer Citigroup and former US Under Secretary of the Treasury Nigel L Wicks CRESTCo and former Head of HM Treasury Charles Wyplosz Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva and CEPR ICMB INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR MONETARY AND BANKING STUDIES CIMB CENTRE INTERNATIONAL DETUDES MONETAIRES ET BANCAIRES International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies (ICMB) The International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies was created in 1973 as an inde- pendent, non-profit foundation. It is associated with Geneva’s Graduate Institute of International Studies. Its aim is to foster exchange of views between the financial sector, cen- tral banks and academics on issues of common interest.