Nationalism, Unification of Germany and Unification Of

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Nationalism, Unification of Germany and Unification Of

Nationalism is a theory that defends the existence of nations. A nation is a territory with a shared language, culture and values. After the French Revolution, in Europe there were uprisings demanding more individual liberty in 1820 and 1830. But the most extended was in 1848 The Italian Unification or Italian Risorgimento. In the middle of the 19th century, Italy was composed of several states; some of them were independent and other were under Austrian control. They only shared a common language, Italian. Important figures in Italian Unification: Mazzini: creator of “Young Italy”, a group born to spread the ideas of unification, revolution and republicanism Garibaldi: He gathered volunteers (The Red Shirts), who conquered the states in the south c)Vittorio Emanuele II: parliamentary king of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He became Vittorio Emanuele II, king of Italy d)Camilo de Cavour: Vittorio Emmanuele´s Prime Minister. He united the northern states of Italy. The kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia was helped by the French king Napoleon III in the war against Austria. As a compensation he received from Victor Emmanuel Nice and Savoy. In 1861 the kingdom of Italy was proclaimed. Only Venetia (under Austrian control) and the Papal States were not part of it. They joined in 1866 and 1870. The unification of Germany: In 1815 Germany was divided into 39 states. The most powerful of them was Prussia. Important figures of the German Unification: a) William I: Prussian King. He strengthened the army and named Bismarck as Prime Minister. In 1871 he was proclaimed emperor. b)Bismarck: chancellor of William I. He held an important role in German government and greatly influenced German politics. He gained the nickname “Iron Chancellor”. The German Empire (Second Reich) was created in 1871. His emperor was William I..

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How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia
— Early draft. Please do not quote, cite, or redistribute without written permission of the authors. — How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815∗ Thilo R. Huningy and Nikolaus Wolfz Abstract We analyze the formation oft he German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna—notably Prussia’s control over the Rhineland and Westphalia—affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. The new borders were not endogenous. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia, but followed from Britain’s intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. For many small German states, the resulting borders changed the trade-off between the benefits from cooperation with Prussia and the costs of losing political control. Based on GIS data on Central Europe for 1818–1854 we estimate a simple model of the incentives to join an existing customs union. The model can explain the sequence of states joining the Prussian Zollverein extremely well. Moreover we run a counterfactual exercise: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it different, as collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna,”’Britain unified Germany”’. JEL Codes: C31, F13, N73 ∗We would like to thank Robert C. Allen, Nicholas Crafts, Theresa Gutberlet, Theocharis N. Grigoriadis, Ulas Karakoc, Daniel Kreßner, Stelios Michalopoulos, Klaus Desmet, Florian Ploeckl, Kevin H.
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Unification of Germany 1815–1867 300 Km 200 Miles of EAST EMPIRE RUSSIAN PRUSSIA KRAKOW REPUBLIC 100 150 SILESIA 0 0 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE* Sadowa Vienna SWEDEN Gastein
© Diagram Unification ofGermany THE AGEOFREVOLUTION WORLD HISTORY ONFILE™ WORLD HISTORY EVENTS 1815 1815 Congress of Vienna establishes German Confederation (replacing the old Holy Roman Empire)—loose Prussia 1815 SWEDEN defensive alliance of 39 independent states. Popular demands for a unified German state put aside Prussian gains by 1867 States joining Prussia to form the North German DENMARK 1825 Confederation 1867 Additional states SCHLESWIG 1848–1849 Revolution in Germany follows success of forming the German February Revolution in Paris. Liberal government reforms Empire 1871 NATIONALISM, STATE BUILDING&SOCIALREFORM1830–1914 STATE NATIONALISM, instituted. Attempts by Prussia to establish union of northern EAST 1815–1867 German states by agreement fails HOLSTEIN PRUSSIA 1859–1861 Unification of Italy. Leads to renewal of popular 1835 demand for German unification HANOVER 1862 Otto von Bismarck becomes chancellor (chief minister) NETHERLANDS All electronic storage,reproduction, ortransmittal iscopyrightprotected bythepublisher. of Prussia—a brilliant diplomat and politician and chief architect Berlin of German unification RUSSIAN 1863 King Frederick VII of Denmark annexes Duchy of BELGIUM EMPIRE Schleswig and claims control of Duchy of Holstein (Holstein is SILESIA 1845 a member of the German Confederation) LUXEMBURGLUXEMBOURG SAXONY 1864 Prussia and Austria ally and invade Denmark, forcing Prague Frederick VII to withdraw. Austria controls Holstein; Prussia Sedan Sadowa controls Schleswig (Convention of Gastein, 1865) REPUBLIC Paris LORRAINE OF Jun–Aug 1866 Seven Weeks’ War. Prussia occupies Holstein. KRAKOW Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and other German states ally with Austria. Prussia declares German Confederation dissolved ALSACE BAVARIA 1855 Vienna Jul 1866 Battle of Sadowa. Prussia defeats Austria and allies. Formation of North German Confederation (1867) under FRANCE SWITZERLAND AUSTRIAN EMPIRE* Prussian control.
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Introduction
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On 10 March 1952, the Soviet Leader Iosif Stalin Proposed—Or
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The Unification of Germany
New Dorp High School Social Studies Department AP Global Mr. Hubbs The Unification of Germany Nationalism means pride and love for one’s country. Nationalism can have both a positive and negative effect on nations. Feelings of nationalism helped the German and Italian states become independent nations. The 39 German states did not become a nation easily. One reason was that each state was ruled by individual princes. The princes did not want to lose their power, and because of that many princes did not want a united Germany. Religion also made it hard to unite the German states. The people in northern Germany were Protestants and the people in the south were Catholic. There have been many wars that have occurred between the Catholics and the Protestants, and for this reason many they did not want a united Germany. Otto von Bismarck led the unification of Germany. Bismarck was prime minister of the German state of Prussia. Bismarck ruled by a policy known as “blood and iron”, blood meant war and iron meant absolute monarchy. Bismarck said that wars with other countries would unite the German people. He thought that wars give people a reason to work together, and these wars would spark a feeling of nationalism in Germany. Bismarck then strengthened the Prussian army and started three different wars. Bismarck’s wars started in 1864 when Prussia teamed with Austria to fight Denmark. Prussia and Austria were two German speaking nations in Europe. Prussia and Austria won the war. Two states from Denmark became part of Austria and Prussia.
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The Unification of Germany
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Te Kingdom of Württemberg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871. Bodie Alexander Ashton School of History and Politics Discipline of History Te University of Adelaide Submitted for the postgraduate qualification of Doctor of Philosophy (History) May 2014 For Kevin and Ric; and for June, Malcolm and Kristian. Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations xi Notes xiii Introduction 15 Chapter 1 35 States and Nation in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Chapter 2 67 Stuttgart and Vienna before 1848 Chapter 3 93 Te Kingdom of Württemberg and Early Kleindeutschland Chapter 4 123 Independence and South German Particularism, 1815-1848 Chapter 5 159 Te Years of Prophecy and Change, 1848-1849 Chapter 6 181 Counterrevolution, Reaction and Reappraisals, 1850-1859 Chapter 7 207 Six Years of Autumn: 1860-1866 Chapter 8 251 Te Unification of Germany, 1866-1871 Conclusion 295 Bibliography 305 ABSTRACT _ THE TRADITIONAL DISCOURSE of the German unification maintains that it was the German great powers - Austria and Prussia - that controlled German destiny, yet for much of this period Germany was divided into some thirty-eight states, each of which possessed their own institutions and traditions. In explaining the formation of Germany, the orthodox view holds that these so-called Mittel- and Kleinstaaten existed largely at the whim of either Vienna or Berlin, and their policies, in turn, were dictated or shaped by these two power centres. According to this reading of German history, a bipolar sociopolitical structure existed, whereby the Mittelstaaten would declare their allegiances to either the Habsburg or Hohenzollern crowns. Te present work rejects this model of German history, through the use of the case study of the southwestern Kingdom of Württemberg.
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Unification of Germany
Unification of Germany The Unification of Germany into the German Empire, dominated by Prussia with a federalist structure was announced on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles in France. This event would have a major impact on European politics for decades. Background of the Unification of Germany Before unification, Germany was a collection of small kingdoms that came into existence following the Treaty of Verdun in 843. These kingdoms would form the basis of the Holy Roman Empire. Yet, there was no homogenous German identity until the 19th century. This was in part due to the autonomy of the princely states and most inhabitants not ruled directly by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire largely identified with their prince instead of the German emperor This system of having small states within the empire was called “practice of kleinstaaterei” or “practice of small states”. It was during the onset of the Industrial Revolution that brought about an improvement in transportation and communication, ultimately bringing far-flung regions in close contact with each other The scenario changed upon the defeat and dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire by France during the Napoleonic Wars in 1806. Even though a German Confederation was re-established following the French defeat in 1815, a huge wave of German nationalism swept through the region at the beginning of the 19th century. This wave of nationalism gave rise to the demands of a centralized authority by the mid 19th century. The rise of Prussia The Congress of Vienna in 1815 had established a confederation of German states under the leadership of the Austrian Empire.
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