German Unification Notes
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The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism. -
Beyond the Boat
Beyond the Boat RIVER CRUISE EXTENSION TOURS Welcome! We know the gift of travel is a valuable experience that connects people and places in many special ways. When tourism closed its doors during the difficult months of the COVID-19 outbreak, Germany ranked as the second safest country in the world by the London Deep Knowled- ge Group, furthering its trust as a destination. When you are ready to explore, river cruises continue to be a great way of traveling around Germany and this handy brochure provides tour ideas for those looking to venture beyond the boat or plan a stand-alone dream trip to Bavaria. The special tips inside capture the spirit of Bavaria – traditio- nally different and full of surprises. Safe travel planning! bavaria.by/rivercruise facebook.com/visitbavaria instagram.com/bayern Post your Bavarian experiences at #visitbavaria. Feel free to contact our US-based Bavaria expert Diana Gonzalez: [email protected] TIP: Stay up to date with our trade newsletter. Register at: bavaria.by/newsletter Publisher: Photos: p. 1: istock – bkindler | p. 2: BayTM – Peter von Felbert, Gert Krautbauer | p. 3: BayTM – Peter von Felbert, fotolia – BAYERN TOURISMUS herculaneum79 | p. 4/5: BayTM – Peter von Felbert | p. 6: BayTM – Gert Krautbauer | p. 7: BayTM – Peter von Felbert, Gert Kraut- Marketing GmbH bauer (2), Gregor Lengler, Florian Trykowski (2), Burg Rabenstein | p. 8: BayTM – Gert Krautbauer | p. 9: FC Bayern München, Arabellastr. 17 Burg Rabenstein, fotolia – atira | p. 10: BayTM – Peter von Felbert | p. 11: Käthe Wohlfahrt | p. 12: BayTM – Jan Greune, Gert Kraut- 81925 Munich, Germany bauer | p. -
Year of Le Nôtre
ch VER ât Sail ecouverture conférence de presse version déf.indd 1 aules 18/01/2012 13:01:48 3 CONTENTS Press conference - 26 january 2012 Foreword 4 Versailles on the move 7 The exhibitions in versailles 8 Versailles to arras 12 Events 13 Shows 15 Versailles rediscovered 19 Refurnishing versailles 21 What the rooms were used for 26 Versailles and its research centre 28 Versailles for all 31 2011, Better knowledge of the visitors to versailles 32 A better welcome, more information 34 Winning the loyalty of visitors 40 Versailles under construction 42 The development plan 43 Safeguarding and developing our heritage 48 More on versailles 60 Budget 61 Developing and enhancing the brand 63 Sponsors of versailles 64 Versailles in figures 65 Appendices 67 Background of the palace of versailles 68 Versailles in brief 70 Sponsors of the palace of versailles 72 List of the acquisitions 74 Advice for visitors 78 Contacts 80 4 Foreword This is the first time since I was appointed the effects of the work programme of the first phase President of the Public Establishment of the Palace, of the “Grand Versailles” development plan will be Museum and National Estate of Versailles that I considerable. But the creation of this gallery which have had the pleasure of meeting the press. will present the transformations of the estate since Flanked by the team that marks the continuity Louis XIII built his hunting lodge here marks our and the solidity of this institution, I will review the determination to provide better reception facilities remarkable results of 2011 and, above all, the major for our constantly growing numbers of visitors by projects of the year ahead of us. -
Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein BONEBANK: a GERMAN- DANISH BIOBANK for STEM CELLS in BONE HEALING
Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein BONEBANK: A GERMAN- DANISH BIOBANK FOR STEM CELLS IN BONE HEALING ScanBalt Forum, Tallin, October 2017 PROJECT IN A NUTSHELL Start: 1th September 2015 End: 29 th February 2019 Duration: 36 months Total project budget: 2.377.265 EUR, 1.338.876 EUR of which are Interreg funding 3 BONEBANK: A German-Danish biobank for stem cells in bone healing 20. Oktober 2017 PROJECT STRUCTURE Project Partners University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck (Lead Partner) Odense University Hospital Stryker Trauma Soventec Life Science Nord Network partners Syddansk Sundhedsinnovation WelfareTech Project Management DSN – Connecting Knowledge 4 BONEBANK: A German-Danish biobank for stem cells in bone healing 20. Oktober 2017 OPPORTUNITIES, AMBITION AND GOALS • Research on stem cells is driving regenerative medicine • Availability of high-quality bone marrow stem cells for patients and research is limited today • Innovative approach to harvest bone marrow stem cells during routine operations for fracture treatment • Facilitating access to bone marrow stem cells and driving research and innovation in Germany- Denmark Harvesting of bone marrow stem cells during routine operations in the university hospitals Odense and Lübeck Cross-border biobank for bone marrow stem cells located in Odense and Lübeck Organisational and exploitation model for the Danish-German biobank providing access to bone marrow stem cells for donators, patients, public research and companies 5 BONEBANK: A German-Danish biobank for stem cells in bone healing 20. Oktober 2017 ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR Harvesting of 53 samples, both in Denmark and Germany Donors/Patients Most patients (34) are over 60 years old 19 women 17 women Germany Isolation of stem cells possible Denmark 7 men 10 men Characterization profiles of stem cells vary from individual to individual Age < 60 years > 60 years 27 7 9 10 women men 6 BONEBANK: A German-Danish biobank for stem cells in bone healing 20. -
How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia
— Early draft. Please do not quote, cite, or redistribute without written permission of the authors. — How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815∗ Thilo R. Huningy and Nikolaus Wolfz Abstract We analyze the formation oft he German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna—notably Prussia’s control over the Rhineland and Westphalia—affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. The new borders were not endogenous. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia, but followed from Britain’s intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. For many small German states, the resulting borders changed the trade-off between the benefits from cooperation with Prussia and the costs of losing political control. Based on GIS data on Central Europe for 1818–1854 we estimate a simple model of the incentives to join an existing customs union. The model can explain the sequence of states joining the Prussian Zollverein extremely well. Moreover we run a counterfactual exercise: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it different, as collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna,”’Britain unified Germany”’. JEL Codes: C31, F13, N73 ∗We would like to thank Robert C. Allen, Nicholas Crafts, Theresa Gutberlet, Theocharis N. Grigoriadis, Ulas Karakoc, Daniel Kreßner, Stelios Michalopoulos, Klaus Desmet, Florian Ploeckl, Kevin H. -
OF Versailles
THE CHÂTEAU DE VErSAILLES PrESENTS science & CUrIOSITIES AT THE COUrT OF versailles AN EXHIBITION FrOM 26 OCTOBEr 2010 TO 27 FEBrUArY 2011 3 Science and Curiosities at the Court of Versailles CONTENTS IT HAPPENED AT VErSAILLES... 5 FOrEWOrD BY JEAN-JACqUES AILLAGON 7 FOrEWOrD BY BÉATrIX SAULE 9 PrESS rELEASE 11 PArT I 1 THE EXHIBITION - Floor plan 3 - Th e exhibition route by Béatrix Saule 5 - Th e exhibition’s design 21 - Multimedia in the exhibition 22 PArT II 1 ArOUND THE EXHIBITION - Online: an Internet site, and TV web, a teachers’ blog platform 3 - Publications 4 - Educational activities 10 - Symposium 12 PArT III 1 THE EXHIBITION’S PArTNErS - Sponsors 3 - Th e royal foundations’ institutional heirs 7 - Partners 14 APPENDICES 1 USEFUL INFOrMATION 3 ILLUSTrATIONS AND AUDIOVISUAL rESOUrCES 5 5 Science and Curiosities at the Court of Versailles IT HAPPENED AT VErSAILLES... DISSECTION OF AN Since then he has had a glass globe made that ELEPHANT WITH LOUIS XIV is moved by a big heated wheel warmed by holding IN ATTENDANCE the said globe in his hand... He performed several experiments, all of which were successful, before Th e dissection took place at Versailles in January conducting one in the big gallery here... it was 1681 aft er the death of an elephant from highly successful and very easy to feel... we held the Congo that the king of Portugal had given hands on the parquet fl oor, just having to make Louis XIV as a gift : “Th e Academy was ordered sure our clothes did not touch each other.” to dissect an elephant from the Versailles Mémoires du duc de Luynes Menagerie that had died; Mr. -
Guides to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va
GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA. No. 32. Records of the Reich Leader of the SS and Chief of the German Police (Part I) The National Archives National Archives and Records Service General Services Administration Washington: 1961 This finding aid has been prepared by the National Archives as part of its program of facilitating the use of records in its custody. The microfilm described in this guide may be consulted at the National Archives, where it is identified as RG 242, Microfilm Publication T175. To order microfilm, write to the Publications Sales Branch (NEPS), National Archives and Records Service (GSA), Washington, DC 20408. Some of the papers reproduced on the microfilm referred to in this and other guides of the same series may have been of private origin. The fact of their seizure is not believed to divest their original owners of any literary property rights in them. Anyone, therefore, who publishes them in whole or in part without permission of their authors may be held liable for infringement of such literary property rights. Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 58-9982 AMERICA! HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE fOR THE STUDY OP WAR DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECOBDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXAM)RIA, VA. No* 32» Records of the Reich Leader of the SS aad Chief of the German Police (HeiehsMhrer SS und Chef der Deutschen Polizei) 1) THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION (AHA) COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF WAE DOCUMENTS GUIDES TO GERMAN RECORDS MICROFILMED AT ALEXANDRIA, VA* This is part of a series of Guides prepared -
Hitler's American Model
Hitler’s American Model The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law James Q. Whitman Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford 1 Introduction This jurisprudence would suit us perfectly, with a single exception. Over there they have in mind, practically speaking, only coloreds and half-coloreds, which includes mestizos and mulattoes; but the Jews, who are also of interest to us, are not reckoned among the coloreds. —Roland Freisler, June 5, 1934 On June 5, 1934, about a year and a half after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Reich, the leading lawyers of Nazi Germany gathered at a meeting to plan what would become the Nuremberg Laws, the notorious anti-Jewish legislation of the Nazi race regime. The meeting was chaired by Franz Gürtner, the Reich Minister of Justice, and attended by officials who in the coming years would play central roles in the persecution of Germany’s Jews. Among those present was Bernhard Lösener, one of the principal draftsmen of the Nuremberg Laws; and the terrifying Roland Freisler, later President of the Nazi People’s Court and a man whose name has endured as a byword for twentieth-century judicial savagery. The meeting was an important one, and a stenographer was present to record a verbatim transcript, to be preserved by the ever-diligent Nazi bureaucracy as a record of a crucial moment in the creation of the new race regime. That transcript reveals the startling fact that is my point of departure in this study: the meeting involved detailed and lengthy discussions of the law of the United States. -
A History of German-Scandinavian Relations
A History of German – Scandinavian Relations A History of German-Scandinavian Relations By Raimund Wolfert A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Raimund Wolfert 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations Table of contents 1. The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League.............................................................5 2. The Thirty Years’ War............................................................................................11 3. Prussia en route to becoming a Great Power........................................................15 4. After the Napoleonic Wars.....................................................................................18 5. The German Empire..............................................................................................23 6. The Interwar Period...............................................................................................29 7. The Aftermath of War............................................................................................33 First version 12/2006 2 A History of German – Scandinavian Relations This essay contemplates the history of German-Scandinavian relations from the Hanseatic period through to the present day, focussing upon the Berlin- Brandenburg region and the northeastern part of Germany that lies to the south of the Baltic Sea. A geographic area whose topography has been shaped by the great Scandinavian glacier of the Vistula ice age from 20000 BC to 13 000 BC will thus be reflected upon. According to the linguistic usage of the term -
The Censorship of Literary Naturalism, 1885-1895: Prussia and Saxony
Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Peer Reviewed Articles History Department 2014 The Censorship of Literary Naturalism, 1885-1895: Prussia and Saxony Gary D. Stark University of Texas at Arlington Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/hst_articles Part of the History Commons ScholarWorks Citation Stark, Gary D., "The Censorship of Literary Naturalism, 1885-1895: Prussia and Saxony" (2014). Peer Reviewed Articles. 19. https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/hst_articles/19 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History Department at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peer Reviewed Articles by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYMPOSIUM: THE CENSORSHIP OF LITERARY NATURALISM The of Censorship Literary Naturalism, 1885-1895: Prussia and Saxony GARY D. STARK has been written in recent years about the emergence of modernist culture in^w de siecle Europe and the resistance MUCH it met from cultural traditionalists. The earliest clashes be? tween traditionalism and modernism usually occurred in the legal arena, where police censors sought to uphold traditional norms against the modernist onslaught. How successful was the state in combatting emer? gent modernist cultural movements? Arno Mayer, in a recent analysis ofthe persistence ofthe old regime in Europe before 1914, maintains that: "In the long run, the victory of the modernists may have been inevitable. In the short run, however, the modernists were effectively bridled and isolated, if need be with legal and administrative controls."1 In Germany, the first stirrings of modern literature?if perhaps not yet of full modernism?began with the naturalists, also called the "real- ists," the "youngest Germans," or simply "the Moderns."2 Naturalists Research for this essay was made possible by generous grants from the National En? dowment for the Humanities, the German Academic Exchange Service, and the Uni? versity of Texas at Arlington Organized Research Fund. -
Queen Victoria's Family Tree
Married Divorced QUEEN VICTORIA’S FAMILY TREE Affair Assassinated Legitimate children Twice in chart Illegitimate children King or Queen Albert, Queen Prince Consort Victoria 1819-1861 1819-1901 Topic of a Bax of Things blog Prince Arthur Princess Alice Prince Alfred Princess Helena Princess Louise Duke of Prince Leopold Princess Beatrice of the United Duke of Saxe- of the United Duchess of Argyll Connaught Duke of Albany of the United Vicky EDWARD VII Kingdom Coburg and Gotha Kingdom and Strathearn Kingdom Princess Royal King of the 1843-1878 1844-1900 1846-1923 1848-1939 1853-1884 1857-1944 United Kingdom 1850-1942 1840-1901 1841-1910 Frederick III Ludwig Maria Prince Christian John Campbell Princess Louise Margaret Princess Helena Prince Henry German Emperor Alexandra GD of Hesse Grand Duchess of Russia of Schleswig-Holstein Duke of Argyll of Prussia of Waldeck and Pyrmont of Battenberg of Denmark 1837-1892 1853-1920 1831-1917 1845-1914 1860-1917 1861-1922 1858-1896 1831-1888 1844-1925 Wilhelm II Prince Princess Victoria Alfred, Hereditary Prince Princess Margaret Princess Alice Alexander Mountbatten German Emperor & Prince Christian Victor Albert Victor of Hesse and by Rhine of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha of Connaught of Albany Marquess of Carisbrooke King of Prussia 1867-1900 1864-1892 1863-1950 1874-1899 1882-1920 1883-1981 1886-1960 1859-1941 1) Princess Augusta of Engaged to Prince Louis Gustav VI Adolf Alexander Cambridge Schleswig-Holstein (1858-1821) Marie Albert, Lady Irene Denison Mary of Teck of Battenberg King of Sweden 1st -
The King and His Army: a New Perspective on the Military in 18Th Century Brandenburg-Prussia
international journal of military history and historiography 39 (2019) 34-62 IJMH brill.com/ijmh The King and His Army: A New Perspective on the Military in 18th Century Brandenburg-Prussia Carmen Winkel* Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [email protected] Abstract Brandenburg-Prussia has always occupied a special place in the German-speaking historiography. However, this has not resulted in a particularly differentiated state of research. Rather, the Prussian military of the 18th century is still characterized by at- tributes such as ‘monarchic’ and ‘absolutist, which unreflectively continues the narra- tives of 19th-century historiography. This article is explicitly challenging this image by assuming a differentiated concept of rulership as well as of the military in the 18th cen- tury. Using the aristocratic elites, it will examine how Frederick William I (1713–1740) and Frederick II (1740–1786) ruled the army, and ruled using the army. Keywords Brandenburg-Prussia – Absolutism – Frederick II – Nobility – Networking – Patronage – State Building 1 Introduction Prussia has in many respects been regarded as the archetype for the military in the Early Modern period, resulting in its developments being written large- ly for the early modern military in general. Brandenburg-Prussia has always * Dr Winkel earned her PhD from the University of Potsdam (Germany), researching the 18th century Prussian Army. University positions in Germany and China preceded her current post as Assistant Professor at Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University in Saudi Arabia. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2019 | doi:10.1163/24683302-03901003Downloaded from Brill.com10/01/2021 06:17:56AM via free access <UN> The King and His Army 35 occupied a special place in the German-speaking historiography.