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Climate Intelligence, a Strategy for Sustainable Urban Tourism Development in Historic City of Gaz Borkhar, Isfahan, Iran

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Climate Intelligence, a Strategy for Sustainable Urban Tourism Development in Historic City of Gaz Borkhar, Isfahan, Iran International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering (IJCRCE) Volume 4, Issue 3, 2018, PP 1-10 ISSN 2454-8693 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-8693.0403001 www.arcjournals.org Climate Intelligence, a Strategy for Sustainable Urban Tourism Development in Historic City of Gaz Borkhar, Isfahan, Iran Elham Zadbagher-Seghalani1, Saeid yaghoubzadeh2, Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari3*, Saeid Eslamian4, Vijay P. Singh5, Nicolas R. Dalezios6 1Municipality of Gaz Borkhar, Isfahan Province, Isfahan, Iran. 2Office of Natural Resources of Gaz Borkhar, Isfahan Province, Isfahan, Iran. 3*Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. 4Department of Water Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. 5Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A and M University, 321 Scoates Hall, 2117 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-2117, U.S.A. 6Laboratory of Hydrology, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece & Department of Natural Resources Development and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece. *Corresponding Author: Dr. Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari, Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Abstract: Climate intelligence denotes compatibility ability of a land’s people in contrast to the good and bad climate of that region. Climate intelligence in old and historic cities of the country leads to culture, buildings, and structures, which are famous as tangible and intangible heritage. Around the old Caravansary of Gaz town, where surrounding the Caravansary that has been survived from aggression and land usage change by the owners, there are the gardens built in 5-6-meter depth of the ground surface. These gardens have been established in this way for coordination with climatic conditions such as wind, humidity, and access to water source (the adjacent aqueduct). Now that necessity for understanding the climate and confrontation with its changes has been raised after the years, these pistachio gardens are suitable examples of climatic sustainability, which are able to guide the farmers and gardeners in similar climatic regions. In addition, they can be also used as urban green space in touristic region and public rest place. Thus, in addition to using a pleasant space, the visitors also are familiarized with unknown parts of thinking of the pasts, and can observe part of Iranian cultivation and culture in coordination with the climate. Keywords: Climate intelligence, sustainable tourism, pistachio garden, aqueduct, Gaz Borkhar 1. INTRODUCTION Diverse climate and sometimes, violent nature has caused that residents of these regions attempt to have inventions and innovations in coping with natural conditions. Developing abilities of people over the time for compatibility with their living region's climate constitutes climate intelligence. In this study, historical city of Gaz Borkhar and the trees planted in the deep gardens besides a beautiful historical building and its potential in creating a recreational space for tourists is investigated. These gardens can be studied in terms of tourism in two ways. One is planting trees in this form, which is a smart technique agriculturally in using water resources and controlling destruction resulting from temporal winds. On the other hand, presence of various aqueducts suggests water deficiency and attempt of people in achievement to water. Therefore, those visiting Gaz town, in addition to observe historical buildings including caravansary, can relax and enjoy in these regenerated gardens, and get familiar with the value of water and soil for the people of the region. The historic town of Gaz Borphar is located in a relatively flat plain with a total area of 27 km2, which has no natural terrain. The city is located 8 km north of Isfahan and is adjacent to the Isfahan-Tehran highway. In terms of administrative division, it is a town of Isfahan province, Shahinshahr and Meymeh town (Figure 1). International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering (IJCRCE) Page | 1 Climate Intelligence, a Strategy for Sustainable Urban Tourism Development in Historic City of Gaz Borkhar, Isfahan, Iran Gaz Caravansary is located near Isfahan - Tehran Highway and can accommodate domestic and foreign tourists (Picture 2) [1-26]. Figure1. Situation of Gaz town in Isfahan province and Shahinshahr and Meymeh town Figure2. Situation of caravansary and old pistachio gardens in vicinity to Gaz town and Isfahan - Tehran Highway Gaz has semi-arid climate in terms of climate and it is considered as mild semi-desert climate climatologically. Its rainfall is lower than Isfahan and its evaporation is higher than Isfahan. The soils of the region are generally clay with relatively high adhesion with a little amount of sand. Although now Gaz is famous for car exhibitions and brick production, it dates back to the advent of Islam. Although now Gaz is famous for car exhibitions and brick production, it dates back to the advent of Islam. Hamdullah Mostofi in “Nazhat-ol-Gholub” wrote: “Bahman Ibn Isfandiyar built a fire temple in village Jaz (Arabic pronunciation of Gaz). Seemingly this fire temple was turned into the mosque following invasion of Arabs to Iran and influence of the Islam.” Gaz Borphar, with ancient Namaz Hill remaining from the Parthian era, is the oldest archaeological document of the region and it has the grave of Khamra. Gaz Jame Mosque, Abbasi Caravansary, Museum of Anthropology of Borkhar, Agha Mahmoud Mosque, Imamzadeh Shah Nematollah Holy Shrine, Sadat Cemetery, Adib Boroumand Cultural Foundation, old bulwark of city, Aminyan and Suleiman old houses, and Bagh Salar are among the historic monuments of Gaz town which can familiarize tourists with natural culture of this city [27-49]. Agriculture of Gaz was famous in the past. Existence of numerous aqueducts in the region indicates a long and lively history of the population in agriculture. However, successive droughts and the deep excavation in the region, and lack of due maintenance and dredging have caused dehydration of the town's aqueducts, descended groundwater, and thus, agricultural stagnation and the destruction of gardens. In the past, pistachio trees in Isfahan were planted only in Jarghuye and Gaz Borphar regions. Presence of pistachio gardens in Gaz Borkhar made wealth for the owners. Some of these International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering (IJCRCE) Page | 2 Climate Intelligence, a Strategy for Sustainable Urban Tourism Development in Historic City of Gaz Borkhar, Isfahan, Iran gardens had beautiful stone doors. Name of the owner and the garden construction date were engraved on the doors. One of these stone inscriptions belonged to Ramazan 950 AH (921 SH). Most of pistachio gardens have been destroyed in recent decades because of water shortage and negligence. One of the old sites left in the western part of the city and near Abbasi Caravansary covers the trees remaining from pistachio garden that are located in a depth of 4-5 meters of the ground. This implantation method, which is described in the following, was used for optimal utilization of water sources and climatic conditions of the region. There was an old aqueduct in Abbasi Caravansary of Gaz town. Figure 3 indicates aerial image of the old area under study, and Figure 4 shows its status currently. This aqueduct has been abandoned for years. The gardens discussed in this study are located in vicinity of the aqueduct, which are currently not in use and have become a site for garbage accumulation (Fig. 5). Figure3. Situation of Gaz caravansary and surrounding pistachio gardens (about 50 years ago) Figure4. Current status of Gaz caravansary and surrounding pistachio gardens Figure5. Pistachio garden in three-meter depth and Gaz caravansary in its background International Journal of Constructive Research in Civil Engineering (IJCRCE) Page | 3 Climate Intelligence, a Strategy for Sustainable Urban Tourism Development in Historic City of Gaz Borkhar, Isfahan, Iran Surface soil of Gaz region is soft lacking adequate strength for locating on the aqueduct canal. Since the plain is relatively flat and the canal slope is low, thus the upper parts of the aqueduct canals were 3-4 meter wide open. Thus, those who had water share and were mainly rich people built their gardens in the vicinity of the aqueduct canal in the ground depth so that they could use the water utilizing the gravity. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Reviving historical and cultural heritage can be one of the good opportunities for economic, social, and cultural prosperity of local communities. Rescuing local cultural values, developing national creativity and ancient customs, along with raising cultural level of the local population, are among the benefits of restoring the historical heritage of a region (Ismagilova et al., 2014). Social, emotional, and symbolic aspects of visiting a touristic region in relation with living quality of residents are important in satisfaction of tourists (Kastenholz, 2012). Important role of stakeholders in sustainable tourism development is manifested when studying the community-based tourism in less-developed countries (Sotear and Lynnaire, 2014). Sustainable tourism development is facilitated along with integration of sensitivity, knowledge, and environmental behavior as well as local attachment. Environmental knowledge
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